河南省夏播花生主要数量性状与产量的相关和通径分析

对河南省夏播花生的8个主要数量性状与单株生产力进行相关分析,结果表明：饱果数、生育期与花生单株生产力达极显著正相关;结果枝数、侧枝长与花生单株生产力达显著正相关;主茎高、饱果率与花生单株生产力相关性不显著。而百果重与花生单株生产力为负相关,其中百果重与单株生产力达显著水平。通径分析结果表明：8个主要数量性状与单株荚果生产力的直接通径系数顺序依次为：侧枝长〉结果枝数〉饱果数〉生育期〉饱果率〉百果重〉总分枝数〉主茎高。在夏播花生育种工作中,要注重花生饱果数多、生育期长、结果枝数多、饱果率高的花生材料的选育,这样才能选育出产量高的花生新品种。     

花生主要农艺性状与产量之间的关系及产量预测的研究

本文利用相关和回归分析,研究了6个花生品种主要农艺性状与产量之间的关系,研究结果表明,不同类型花生品种的主要农艺性状与产量之间的相关差异很大,单株结果数,饱果数,单株果重与产量之间关系极为密切,其它性状与产量之间的关系因品种类型不同各有差异,农艺性状值的变化对产量影响很大,证明用性状与产量之间的相关性预测花生产量是可行的。     

六个花生品种（系）的性状相关与回归分析

对０１￣０６六个花生品种（系）的主要经济性状进行相关分析，简单相关系数达显著标准的有：主茎高与侧枝长；单株总果数与单株生产力；主茎高与单株饱果数。并对上述三对性状进行回归分析，求出了其相应的直线回归方程。     

印度尼西亚东爪哇省适宜花生品种筛选

大田条件下,以印度尼西亚东爪哇省当地花生品种“Tala1”为对照,通过比较我国22个花生品种成熟期的植株、荚果产量和产量性状,筛选适宜当地气候环境的花生品种。结果表明:从植株性状看,“四粒红”主茎节数、主茎高和侧枝长显著高于对照;白沙1016、湘花2008、花育23和对照差异不显著,其他品种均显著低于对照品种。不同花生品种的荚果产量差异显著,通过对荚果产量聚类分析,筛选出6个高产花生品种、8个中产品种和9个低产品种。从产量性状看,不同产量水平花生的饱果率、双仁果率差异不显著,但中高产花生品种单株结果数和公顷果数显著高于低产品种。产量与其他植株性状的相关性分析结果表明,荚果产量与实收株数、单株果数和公顷果数呈极显著正相关。综上所述,本文通过对花生荚果产量聚类分析,筛选出6个适于印度尼西亚东爪哇省气候环境的花生品种;通过栽培措施提高单株和公顷结果数是提高花生荚果产量的重要途径。     

丘陵红壤旱地春花生主要农艺性状与产量相关性研究

本文利用相关和通径分析方法,研究了湖南红壤旱地两种不同水肥条件下,花生品种(系)主要农艺性状与产量的相互关系。研究结果表明,单株结果数与饱果数对产量影响最大,适宜的分枝数和生育期、中等荚果和籽仁是我省红壤旱地花生高产选育的重要目标。     

花生单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析

利用灰色关联度分析法分析12个花生品种中11个主要农艺性状与单株产量之间的关联度.分析结果显示11个主要农艺性状与单株产量的关联度分别为主茎高(0.657),总分枝数(0.633),侧枝长(0.652),饱果数(0.665),结果枝数(0.693),单株结果数(0.693),百果重(0.675),百仁重(0.715),千克果数(0.705),千克仁数(0.708),出油率(0.688).表明在花生育种过程中百仁重、千克仁数、千克果数、饱果数和单株结果数与单株产量的关联度比主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、结果枝数、百果重和出油率与单株产量的关联度要高.     

花生单株产量与主要农艺性状的灰色关联度分析（英文）

利用灰色关联度分析法分析12个花生品种中11个主要农艺性状与单株产量之间的关联度。分析结果显示11个主要农艺性状与单株产量的关联度分别为主茎高(0.657),总分枝数(0.633),侧枝长(0.652),饱果数(0.665),结果枝数(0.693),单株结果数(0.693),百果重(0.675),百仁重(0.715),千克果数(0.705),千克仁数(0.708),出油率(0.688)。表明在花生育种过程中百仁重、千克仁数、千克果数、饱果数和单株结果数与单株产量的关联度比主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、结果枝数、百果重和出油率与单株产量的关联度要高。     

抗感黄曲霉侵染花生主要农艺性状的遗传分析

采用７×７ 完全双列杂交对花生主要农艺性状进行了遗传分析，７ 个亲本中有５ 个抗黄曲霉品种（系），２ 个高产感病品种。结果表明， 花生荚果和花生仁大小与黄曲霉感染率呈正相关。单株果重与黄曲霉感染率呈显著正相关。单株果重、单株果数、出仁率、主茎高、分枝长、果枝数、主茎叶数、百仁重等性状是超显性遗传，上位性成分和显性成分占主要，在后代中选择优于亲本的单株的概率很低，容易因遗传漂移而影响选择效果。在抗黄曲霉育种中，产量性状很难突破亲本的局限，因此在选择亲本时必须选择综合性状优良的亲本进行杂交育种，才能有效。     

控释肥不同配比对丘陵红壤花生产量和主要农艺性状的影响

大田条件下,以花生品种仲恺花1号为材料,研究控释肥不同配比对丘陵红壤花生产量及主要农艺性状的影响。结果表明：相比单施普通氮肥,施用控释肥能显著增加产量,并且配施2／3控释肥和单施控释肥达极显著水平;配施2／3控释肥和单施控释肥能显著增加分枝数,极显著增加主茎绿叶片数,还能显著提高单株果重和单株饱果数;控释肥配施在结荚期和收获期冠层NDVI指数高。在控释肥的配施比在0．78时,产量最高。     

花生主要农艺性状的相关性及聚类分析

应用DPS统计软件对18个花生品系的主要农艺性状的考种数据进行变异性、相关性和聚类分析。结果表明,主茎高、总分枝数、结果枝数、单株荚果数变异系数较大。主茎高与侧枝长、百果重与百仁重均呈极显著正相关;单株荚果产量与主茎高、侧枝长、总分枝数、结果枝数、单株果数、百果重、百仁重均呈正相关,与出米率呈负相关。18个花生品系因参与聚类的性状组合不同而聚类结果各异,综合性状的聚类在D2=5.91水平下分为4大类,其中第一类(1号和13号品系)和第四类(8、11、18)表现良好,值得推广种植。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.

     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.