樟个木虱的生物学特性及防治

樟个木虱属同翅目个木虱科,在河南信阳危害香樟,一年发生3代,以2龄虫在香樟叶背越冬,3月上旬开始生长发育,3月中旬有少量羽化,羽化盛期为4月下旬,4月中旬于春梢上开始见卵和若虫,6月中旬随着夏梢不断萌发,成虫陆续羽化,5月下旬夏梢上开始见若虫,即为第二代若虫。9月上旬第二代若虫开始发育、羽化、交配、产卵于秋梢、秋叶,孵化发育至2龄后越冬。     

龙眼角颊木虱的防治措施

龙眼角颊木虱 ,属同翅目木虱科。是龙眼树上一种分布广而常见的重要害虫。在海南、广东、广西等有龙眼栽培的省、区均有发生。成虫与若虫均为害龙眼树。成虫在龙眼嫩梢、芽、嫩叶和花穗上吸食为害 ,若虫在叶背吸食 ,引起细胞组织变畸型 ,受害部位凹陷并向叶正面突起 ,呈现“钉状”虫瘿。为害严重时 ,叶片皱缩变黄、提早脱落、削弱树势、影响新梢抽发和叶片正常生长 ,影响产量和果实品质。另外 ,此虫还会传播龙眼鬼帚病 ,损失更大。1　发生规律据调查龙眼角颊木虱在海南省 1年发生 7代 ,以 3龄若虫在被害叶背洞内越冬 ,翌年 2月下旬越冬若虫…     

龟纹瓢虫对柑橘木虱的捕食功能反应及猎物偏好性

为评估龟纹瓢虫Propylea japonica对柑橘木虱Diaphorina citri的生物防治潜能，在实验室条件下测定龟纹瓢虫1~4龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食功能反应、搜寻效应、自身密度干扰反应以及捕食偏好性。结果表明，龟纹瓢虫1~4龄幼虫和成虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食功能反应均符合Holling II型功能反应类型，其各虫态龟纹瓢虫的瞬时攻击率分别为0.313、0.610、0.234、0.585和0.675，处理时间分别为0.088、0.077、0.013、0.008和0.016 d，龟纹瓢虫4龄幼虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食能力最大，为73.125，龟纹瓢虫成虫、3龄幼虫、2龄幼虫、1龄幼虫次之，捕食能力分别为42.188、18.000、7.922和3.557。各虫态龟纹瓢虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的搜寻效应随柑橘木虱5龄若虫密度升高而下降；在柑橘木虱5龄若虫密度一定的条件下，各虫态龟纹瓢虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫的捕食率随自身密度升高而下降，其自身密度干扰方程为E=0.421P^-0.52；当柑橘木虱5龄若虫和豆蚜Aphis craccivora 4龄若虫2种猎物共存时，龟纹瓢虫成虫对其食物选择性指数均小于1，表明龟纹瓢虫成虫对这2种猎物无捕食偏好性。表明龟纹瓢虫对柑橘木虱5龄若虫有较强的防控潜能。     

异色瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用

为测定异色瓢虫Harmonia axyridis(Pallas)成虫对枸杞木虱Paratrioza sinica YangLi的捕食作用,在室内测定了异色瓢虫成虫的捕食功能反应、种内干扰、自身密度干扰及捕食偏好性,并通过罩笼试验调查了异色瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱的田间防控效果。结果表明,异色瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食功能反应符合Holling Ⅱ型方程,对卵、1~2龄若虫、3~5龄若虫以及成虫的最大捕食量分别为111.5粒、511.6头、254.2头和113.6头。在异色瓢虫成虫生长周期30 d内能使枸杞木虱总虫口密度下降76.6%;对1~2龄枸杞木虱若虫的搜寻效率为1.01,处理时间为0.0020,均高于卵、3~5龄若虫与成虫;在150头/皿的猎物密度下,异色瓢虫成虫的最大捕食率达85.6%,益害比参考值为1∶150。异色瓢虫成虫对枸杞木虱的捕食作用受自身密度的影响显著大于种内干扰;在100头/皿混合猎物密度下,异色瓢虫成虫更偏好捕食木虱成虫,在300头/皿猎物密度下,异色瓢虫成虫更偏向于1~2龄若虫。研究表明,异色瓢虫成虫是具有控制潜力的捕食性天敌,人工释放异色瓢虫成虫可有效防控枸杞木虱。     

梨木虱的综合防治技术

梨木虱是梨树上主要害虫之一,在砀山地区１ａ发生６～７代。以成虫在树皮缝、杂草、落叶及土隙中越冬。越冬成虫于２月中旬开始出蛰活动。在梨树新梢尚未停止生长前,梨木虱主要集中在新梢顶部嫩叶处取食为害,以后各代若虫多在梨叶背面为害,且分泌大量蜜汁粘液,诱致煤...     

枸杞木虱啮小蜂寄生生物学研究

枸杞木虱啮小蜂(Tamarixia lyciumiYang)(新种)是枸杞木虱(Paratrioza sinicaYangLi)若虫期的重要寄生性天敌。第1~3日龄的木虱啮小蜂寄生寄主的能力较强。最喜寄生枸杞木虱4龄若虫,其次为5龄和3龄若虫。1头蜂一般一次只产1粒卵,寄生1头寄主,对已被寄生的寄主具有明显的辨别能力。在试验条件下,不能在沙枣木虱和柽柳木虱等其他寄主上产卵寄生,只寄生于枸杞木虱。对不同龄期(3、4、5龄)枸杞木虱若虫的功能反应均符合HollingⅡ型反应,相同寄主密度下,4龄时寄生数量最大,拟合的圆盘方程为:Na=0.560 9N/(1+0.027 1N)。枸杞木虱啮小蜂具有较强的种内干扰作用,随自身密度(P)的增加,对枸杞木虱4龄若虫的发现域(a)随之降低,用Hassell-Varley模型拟合为:a=0.122 2P-0.464 1。     

当阳市2000年梨木虱的发生规律及防治效果

梨木虱在我市梨区发生较普遍 ,近几年随着农村产业结构调整 ,梨树栽培面积 0 .4万 hm2 左右 ,梨木虱在梨区都有不同程度的大面积发生 ,部分受害严重的梨区被害株率达 1 0 0 % ,造成树势衰弱 ,严重影响花芽分化 ,导致减产 ,果品品质下降 ,我站就梨木虱的危害 ,发生规律与防治进行了系统研究。1　为害特点与发生规律1 .1　为害特点梨木虱食性专一 ,主要为害梨木 ,据我们从 2月中旬开始在玉泉胡井村梨园定点系统观察 ,发现越冬成虫出蛰。成虫、若虫早春及食花、芽、嫩梢、叶及幼果汁液。夏、秋多在叶背取食 ,成虫及若虫食芽、叶及嫩梢汁液 ,受…     

石硫合剂和苦参碱与烟草浸提液混配对中国梨喀木虱防治效果的影响

在京郊有机梨园中国梨喀木虱越冬代成虫和1代若虫发生关键时期,以石硫合剂和苦参碱为主要防治药剂,混配一定比例的烟草浸提液,调查和分析了混配制剂对中国梨喀木虱成虫和若虫的防治效果。结果表明,对越冬代成虫,45%石硫合剂结晶与烟草浸提液2∶1混配后,药后7d防治效果由仅使用45%石硫合剂结晶的45.23%提高到67.16%;对第一代若虫,0.5%苦参碱与烟草浸提液4∶1混配后,药后7 d防治效果提高了14.23%。试验结果证明,在石硫合剂和苦参碱中添加一定比例的烟草浸提液可提高梨喀木虱越冬代成虫和第一代若虫的防治效果。     

天津市混栽梨园中不同品种梨树上中国梨喀木虱的发生规律

为明确梨木虱在不同品种梨树上的发生规律，于2015-2016年对天津市混栽梨园中3个品种梨树上中国梨喀木虱Cacopsylla chinensis的周年发生情况进行调查。结果表明，中国梨喀木虱冬型成虫在早酥梨树上的出现日期为2月底，在黄冠和晚秋黄梨树上的出现日期为3月上旬至中旬。3月中下旬始见第1代卵，4月上旬达高峰期，4月下旬孵化为若虫并达到高峰期，4月底至5月初始见第1代夏型成虫，5月上旬至下旬达高峰期；5月下旬第2代若虫孵化，6月初达高峰期，中旬成虫羽化，下旬成虫达高峰期；6月底至7月初第3代若虫陆续出现，7月上旬至下旬达高峰期，下旬成虫羽化；8月上旬第4代若虫出现，中下旬达高峰期；9月中旬第5代若虫出现，月底达高峰期。早酥梨树上中国梨喀木虱发生高峰期的数量显著高于黄冠和晚秋黄梨树上的数量，晚秋黄梨树上1、2代的发生量显著高于黄冠梨树上的发生量。     

抗褐飞虱水稻IR36活性成分及其对褐飞虱的拒食和忌避产卵作用

通过对抗性水稻品种IR36地上部分次生化合物的提取分离得到四种不同溶剂的萃取物。结果显示乙酸乙酯萃取物处理对褐飞虱若虫的活性最强。乙酸乙酯萃取物经柱层析分离得到白色针状晶体组分F4-1,分别测试了组分F4-1对褐飞虱若虫取食和褐飞虱成虫产卵的抑制作用。结果表明,组分F4-1对褐飞虱3龄若虫的取食有明显的抑制作用。在20μg/mL浓度时,褐飞虱3龄若虫蜜露分泌量明显减少,随着处理浓度的增加褐飞虱3龄、4龄若虫的蜜露分泌量均明显减少。在500μg/mL时,对褐飞虱3、4龄若虫的拒食率分别为68.95%和60.28%。在100和500μg/mL浓度时,褐飞虱3龄若虫的死亡率显著高于对照。组分F4-1在500μg/mL浓度时,对褐飞虱成虫的产卵有显著的抑制作用,产卵忌避率达91.03%。组分F4-1经气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)分析,其成分分别是(3α,24S)-5-烯-3-豆甾醇、反式-5,22-二烯-3α-豆甾醇、菜油甾醇和(3β,22Z)5,22-二烯-3-豆甾醇乙酯。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.