芦笋茎枯病抗性鉴定方法的建立及芦笋抗病种质资源的筛选

 芦笋(Asparagus officinalis Linne)又称石刁柏,由于其营养价值高,并能润肺、镇咳、祛痰,具有抑制肿瘤生长的药理功能,深受人们的喜爱。近年来,随着芦笋市场与栽培面积的扩大,在生产上病害的发生也逐年增加,尤其茎枯病的严重发生已严重影响了芦笋的产量与质量     

芦笋茎枯病的发生与防治

芦笋是石刁柏嫩茎的俗称。由于其营养价值高且具保健功能,故被视为高档蔬菜。近来年,在我国农村发展种植,作为保鲜、速冻和罐头加工出口国际市场,是国内出口创汇高效益的重要农产品。芦笋茎枯病[病原菌:Phomopsis aspara-gi(Sacc)Bubak]是世界上温暖多雨地区发生的一种毁灭性病害。我国所有种植省份均有该病发生,但以东南沿海省份最为严重,大流行年份往往造成大面积毁灭。     

多菌灵、百菌清对天门冬拟茎点霉的室内联合毒力测定

芦笋茎枯病是一种毁灭性病害。我国芦笋产区因该病危害造成基地成片翻耕改种或边种边毁的局面。在目前尚无优良抗病品种的情况下 ,化学防治仍是控制病害流行的有效途径。前人提出多菌灵(ｃａｒｂｅｎｄａｚｉｍ )、百菌清 (ｃｈｌｏｒｏｔｈａｌｏｎｉｌ)防治芦笋茎枯病 ,并在生产中推广应用[1] 。多菌灵与百菌清为结构不同的有机化合物 ,其对芦笋茎枯病菌的室内毒力尚无研究报道 ,作者于 1998年开展了此项工作 ,结果报道如下。1　材料与方法1 1　供试菌种天门冬拟茎点霉 [Ｐｈｏｍｏｐｓｉｓａｓｐａｒａｇｉ (Ｓａｃｃ .)Ｂｕｂａｋ]从采…     

芦笋茎枯病的换茎防病效果及产量效应

8月中下旬芦笋茎枯病严重发生时,利用芦笋有不断发新茎的习性,采用换茎防病措施,使芦笋茎枯病得到较好的控制。至10月中下旬,防病效果可达84.9％～98％,重病田换茎,翌年产量可增加70.1％～124％,芦笋长势好,茎数增加64.6％,生长系数增加103.7％,且有明显的增产后效应,至第3年,换茎仍比对照增产26.9％～48％,中度病田和轻病田换茎芦笋产量与对照无差异。     

芦笋褐斑病的发生调查与防治措施

芦笋褐斑病的发生调查与防治措施张来振，刘炳慧，李树强（江苏连云港市植保站，２２２００１）（赣榆县植保站）我市１９７８年开始引进芦笋种植，最多时种植面积达到４万余亩。１９８９年以来芦笋褐斑病上升为主要病害并逐年加重，严重地影响芦笋的产量和质量。我们从１...     

芦笋施用领潮专用有机肥料田间肥效试验

正芦笋是世界十大名菜之一,在国际市场上享有"蔬菜之王"的美称,芦笋富含多种氨基酸、蛋白质和维生素,其含量均高于一般水果和菜蔬,特别是芦笋中的天冬酰胺和微量元素硒、钼、铬、锰等,具有调节机体代谢,提高身体免疫力的功效。武汉市黄陂区的"黄陂芦笋"获得国家地理标志证明商标之一。本试验针对芦笋进行肥料效应田间试验,以达到平衡施肥、增产增收,改善品质的目的。1材料与方法1.1试验材料领潮牌专用有机肥料(有机质≥45%、氮+磷+     

芦笋生产中常见的非侵染性病害的成因及对策

芦笋又名石刁柏、龙须菜,是1种以嫩茎为食的多年生草本植物,一般1次栽培可连续采收10～15年.芦笋嫩芽除含较高的蛋白质外,还含有多种微量元素,是1种高档营养保健蔬菜.近年来国际、国内市场对芦笋的需求量日益增加,海丰总公司于2001年与1家外企合资生产经营4 000 hm2以"泽西巨人"、"泽西至上"为主的全雄性芦笋种植基地,目前已进入产出期.针对近几年来芦笋生产中常见的一些非侵染性病害的成因,总结实施了有效的防治措施.     

芦笋木蠹蛾发生规律初探

永济市自1987年开始种植芦笋,目前已发展到0.7万hm2,成为全市出口创汇的主导产业。随着种植时间的延长,种植面积的扩大,过去几乎查不到的木蠹蛾呈逐年加重趋势,发生面积已达0.4万hm2。尤其是在1～3年生的新笋田以及留母茎的老笋田发生为害十分严重,偏重发生面积达1300hm2,毁种面积6.7hm2。被害株率轻者1%～5%,重者20%～30%,有的甚至达60%,造成毁种,直接影响了芦笋的产量和品质。为了确保芦笋产业的正常发展,我们通过调查、观察,摸索了该虫的发生规律,并制定出综合防治措施。芦笋木蠹蛾(IsocerassibiricaAlpheraky)属鳞翅目,木蠹蛾科。为地…     

芦笋茎枯病值得重视

山东省芦笋种植面积占全国(20万亩)一半,烟台占全省的一半。近几年,烟台种植的芦笋发生芦笋茎枯病危害十分严重。如乳山县白沙滩乡共种植1800亩芦笋,发病面积就有500多亩,严重地块发病率在60％～70％;福山区的胜利村种植的芦笋一般发病率在30％左右。因病致使植株早衰,茎枝枯死,危害严重,直接影响来年芦笋产量。据日本报道,被此病危害的地区逐步扩大,1981年、1982年胆振管内的西胆振管地区茎枯病率高,受害面积达70％,芦农只能收获往年产量的30％,并且逐年蔓延,危害到其它作物,所以必须引起重视。初感病的成枯茎侧枝上有水渍状病斑,病斑呈梭形,病斑外围是红褐色,中央为灰色,后期病斑上密生黑色分生孢子器,病重时全株布满黑斑,病株相连,围茎一周,造成     

田间小气候与芦笋茎枯病发生关系及其防治对策

芦笋茎枯病是国内发展芦笋生产的大敌。为了进一步探讨此病在我县发生的规律,寻求新的防治对策。1991年2月至12月初,笔者根据芦笋不同生长发育期和我县气候特点,进行了芦笋茎枯病发生与山间气温关系的研究。现将情况初报于后:     

我国大豆胞囊线虫生理分化动态的鉴定和监测研究

 1994~1995年,对采自我国5省市(区)17个县(市)和其中4个多年重茬种植抗病品种开始感病地区的26个大豆胞囊线虫居群,在国际统一的鉴别品种上进行了生理小种鉴定。共鉴定出1~6个小种。其中6号小种当时为国内新记录;并扩大了1号、2号、3号、5号小种在国内的已知分布范围,生理小种1号在黑龙江、2号在内蒙古、3号在江苏、5号在山东,均为各该省(区)的新记录。而全国则仍以1,3,4号小种分布广,为主要致害小种。还明确监测出近年来在4个重要病区出现的大豆抗病品种持续连作重茬后失抗感病是各自的大豆胞囊线虫生理小种发生变异所致;而连作感病品种却仍为各自的原小种,只是病情加重;由之看出其病地重茬的危害具有两重性。     

Genetic relationship between races of Pseudomonas syringae pv.pisi and cultivars of Pisum sativum

Isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi from the UK and overseas were categorized into six races on the basis of their reactions to a range of differential pea (Pisum sativum) cultivars. Race 2 was predominant among the isolates examined and this probably reflects its relative international importance. A previously uncharacterized race (race 6) was virulent on all cultivars tested. Resistance to races 1-5 was widespread in commercial cultivars and breeding lines with more than 75% showing resistance to one or more races. A preliminary study of the inheritance of resistance indicated that for races 1, 2 and 3, resistance was controlled by different dominant genes. The genetic basis for the relationship between races of P. syringae pv. pisi and pea cultivars was explained in terms of a gene-for-gene relationship involving five matching gene pairs. With further clarification of the genetics of resistance this host-pathogen association will meet most of the requirements of a model system for the study of the genetic and molecular basis of pathogenicity and host specificity.     

Occurrence of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis Race 1 in Japan

In 1994, Fusarium wilt of melon cultivars which are resistant to races 0 and 2 of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis was observed in southern area of the Lake Biwa region, Shiga prefecture. In commercial fields, mature plants of cv. Amus which were grafted onto cv. Enken Daigi 2, and of cv. FR Amus showed yellowing, wilting and finally death before harvesting of fruits. Diseased plants had vascular and root discolorations, and their stem sections yielded typical colonies of F. oxysporum. When the Shiga strains were tested for their pathogenicity to 12 species of cucurbits, they caused wilts only on melon. Using race differential cultivars of melon, the Shiga strains were classified as race 1 of F. oxysporum f. sp. melonis, which has not been reported in Japan. To further characterize their pathogenicity, the strains were used to inoculate 46 additional cultivars of melon, oriental melon and oriental pickling melon. All the race 1 strains were pathogenic to the cultivars tested, and their host range was apparently different from those of strains belonging to other races (races 0, 2 and 1,2y). DNA fingerprinting with a repetitive DNA sequence, FOLR3, differentiated race 1 strains from strains of races 0 and 2, but not from race 1,2y strains. Received 2 July 1999/ Accepted in revised form 30 September 1999     

源自陕、甘野生小檗的小麦条锈菌有性生殖后代的毒性分析

 小麦条锈病是我国最具毁灭性的小麦病害之一,其流行常常造成小麦严重减产。种植抗病品种是防治该病害最经济、有效和环保的措施。但是,由于新毒性菌系的出现,抗病品种在种植短短数年内便“丧失”其抗病性。研究证实病原菌毒性变异产生新菌系是导致小麦品种抗病性“丧失”的根本原因。近年来,随着小麦条锈菌转主寄主小檗的确定,发现自然条件下我国小麦条锈菌在野生小檗上可以完成有性生殖。本研究通过对2015年自然发病小檗小麦条锈菌的分离及其单夏孢子堆纯化,利用中国鉴别寄主进行了毒性测定分析。从陕西、甘肃两省的3种感病小檗共分离获得小麦条锈菌菌系8个,其中有1个菌系与已知小种Su11-126的毒性完全匹配,其余7个为新菌系;93个单夏孢子堆群体可分为47个不同的致病类型,包括14个已知小种类型,33个新小种类型;有56个菌系与已知小种的毒性完全匹配,37个为新小种。本研究再次获得了条锈菌自然条件下存在有性生殖并因此导致新菌系产生的证据,证实了野生小檗在我国小麦条锈菌的生活史和病害循环中具有作用。     

Incidence and pathogenicity of races and isolates of Verticillium dahliae in Crete, southern Greece

Classification of 32 Verticillium dahliae isolates originating from 19 plant species in eight different botanical families to races and determination of host range pathogenicity were carried out. The physiological races of isolates were identified using the two differential tomato cultivars ??Belladonna?? (susceptible to both races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae) and ??Ace 55VF?? (resistant to race 1, susceptible to race 2 of V. dahliae). Among these isolates, 14 were race 2 (43.8%), 12 race 1 (37.5%) and six nonpathogenic (18.7%) on tomato. The host range pathogenicity of isolates was determined using four differential hosts (eggplant, turnip, tomato (Ve ^? ) and sweet pepper). Among isolates, five were pathogenic to both eggplant and turnip (15.6%), 21 to eggplant, turnip and tomato (65.6%), five to eggplant, turnip, tomato and sweet pepper (15.6%) and one was pathogenic to eggplant, turnip and sweet pepper (3.2%). The pathogenicity of isolates on the aforementioned five hosts was investigated on the basis of external symptoms and by calculating the relative areas under disease progress curves (relative AUDPC). Results showed that eggplant was the most susceptible, followed by turnip and tomato cv. Belladonna, while sweet pepper and tomato cv. Ace 55VF were less susceptible to all the isolates used. The pathogenicity of isolates varied from highly to mildly virulent on eggplant and turnip while on Belladonna, Ace 55VF and sweet pepper it varied from highly virulent to nonpathogenic. Belladonna exhibited a similar level of susceptibility to races 1 and 2 of V. dahliae, but was more susceptible than Ace 55VF to race 2. Interestingly, the isolates originating from eggplant were clearly more virulent than those originating from tomato and black nightshade on all solanaceous plants tested.     

小麦条锈菌生理小种条中32号及水源14致病类型在甘肃的流行与发展趋势

小麦条锈菌新毒性小种的产生与发展是造成条锈病大流行及品种抗锈性丧失的主导因素。1999～2004年采用条锈菌生理小种变异监测、致病性及寄生适合度测定、毒谱分析、哺育品种调查等方法,对条中32号及水源14致病类型的流行预测进行了系统研究。结果表明,条中32号及水源14致病类型已经成为甘肃省第一、二位优势小种,两小种毒性谱宽、致病力强、寄生适合度高、哺育品种面积大,其流行趋势已超过条中31号,将继31号后成为危害甘肃省小麦生产的流行小种。小麦条锈菌毒性群体结构已进入以条中32号和水源14致病类型为代表的Hybrid46和水源11致病类群占优势的新时期,这也对全国小麦条锈菌群体组成产生重要影响。     

A New Race of Spinach Downy Mildew in Japan

A new race of spinach downy mildew caused by Peronospora effusa occurred in Fukui, Japan. The fungus was capable of affecting spinach cultivars resistant to races 1, 2, 3 and 4, but not some other cultivars. Thus, the fungus had different pathogenicity from race 3 and race 4 of the pathogen and was considered to be a new race of spinach downy mildew in Japan. Received 26 April 2001/ Accepted in revised form 17 August 2001     

Pathogenic and Genetic Variation in the Japanese Strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis

ABSTRACT Pathogenic variation among 41 Japanese strains of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis was analyzed by pathogenicity tests with muskmelon, oriental melon, and oriental pickling melon cultivars. Based on pathogenicity to muskmelon cvs. Amus and Ohi and oriental melon cv. Ogon 9, 41 strains were divided into 3 groups that corresponded completely to Risser's races 0, 2, and 1,2y. To further characterize pathogenic variation within the forma specialis and races, strains were assayed for pathogenicity to 42 additional muskmelon, oriental melon, and oriental pickling melon cultivars. All strains of race 1,2y were pathogenic to all cultivars tested. Strains of race 0 were divided into six variants based on differences in pathogenicity to three muskmelon cultivars; strains of race 2 also were classified into six variants based on differences in pathogenicity to two muskmelon cultivars and one oriental melon cultivar. Genetic variation among strains was analyzed by DNA fingerprinting with four repetitive DNA sequences: FOLR1 to FOLR4. Thirty-six fingerprint types were detected among forty-one strains by pooling results of fingerprinting with four probes. Cluster analysis showed distinct genetic groups correlated with races: the fingerprint types detected in each of races 2 and 1,2y were grouped into a single cluster, and two distinct genetic groups were found in race 0. However, pathogenic variation detected within races 0 and 2 could not be differentiated based on the nuclear markers examined.     

玉米大斑病菌生理小种研究初报

 1980年至1981年两年的试验结果表明:我国玉米大斑病菌存在着两个生理小种,即生理小种1号和生理小种2号。病菌标样采自辽宁、广西、浙江、陕西、黑龙江等地玉米大斑病菌共105个标样,病菌经分离培养接种在具有Ht₁、,Ht₂单基因抗性寄主以及多基因抗性寄主上。测定结果证明:接种在具有Ht₁、Ht₂单基因抗性寄主上表现为褪绿斑的菌株,属于生理小种1号,其毒力公式为Ht₁Ht₂/O (有效抗性基因/无效寄主基因)。接种在具Ht₁单基因抗性寄主上表现有毒力产生萎蔫斑,而对Ht₂鉴别寄主表现无毒力产生褪绿斑的菌株属于生理小种2号,其毒力公式为Ht²/Ht¹。
目前玉米大斑病菌生理小种2号只在辽宁发现,尤以丹东地区出现频率较高。     

Identification and origin of races of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola from Africa and other bean growing areas

Isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. phaseolicola from Africa and other bean growing areas were categorized into nine races on the basis of their reactions to eight differential cultivars following artificial inoculation. Eight hundred and ninety-three isolates representing 303 disease occurrences were initially identified as P.s. pv. phaseolicola by their pathogenicity to bean, cultural and serological characteristics and phage sensitivity. These tests also served to distinguish P.s. pv. phaseolicola from the closely related pathovars P.s . pv. glycinea and P.s. pv. syringae . Detailed race determinations were carried out on 175 selected isolates of p.s. pv. phaseolicola representative of the different geographical regions and hosts in which the pathogen was found and nine races were identified. A number of races (1,2,5,6 and 7) were distributed worldwide with race 6 predominant. Other races were found mainly in Africa; races 3 and 4 in East/Central Africa and races 8 and 9 in Southern Africa. Most isolates were obtained from the major host, Phaseolus vulgaris . Alternative natural hosts included 10 legume species representative of seven different genera ( Cajanus cajan, Desmodium sp., Lablab purpureus, Macroptilium atropurpureum, Neonotonia wightii, Phaseolus acutifolius, P. coccineus, P. lunatus, Vigna angularis and V. radiata ). Of these, Desmodium sp. constitutes a new host record.