不同土壤肥力水平下元白菜施氮、磷、钾和锌的效应

对不同土壤肥力水平下元白菜施氮、磷、钾和锌肥的效应研究表明,不同土壤肥力水平下,元白菜施氮、磷、钾和锌均能显著增加产量,分别增产12.0%~35.8%(平均24.5%)、5.3%~14.1%(平均9.7%)、11.2%~15.3%(平均12.9%)和7.5%~11.3%(平均9.1%)。在较高、中等和较低土壤肥力水平下,元白菜经济最佳施氮(N)量分别为310.5、326.1~336.6和378.9 kg/hm2,适宜磷(P2O5)用量依次为60、60~90和90~120 kg/hm2。不同土壤肥力水平地块元白菜适宜施氮时,氮肥(N)利用率在15%~20%,适宜施磷时磷肥(P2O5)利用率在9.3%~11.0%;元白菜上钾肥利用率随土壤钾素水平的降低而呈增加的趋势,不同土壤肥力地块元白菜施K2O 120 kg/hm2时钾肥(K2O)利用率平均为20.4%。     

氮、磷、钾肥配施对南板蓝产量及靛玉红含量的影响

采用三因素五水平最优回归设计，研究了氮、磷、钾肥配施对南板蓝产量及靛玉红含量的影响。结果表明，不同的氮、磷、钾肥配施显著影响南板蓝的产量。N、P、K肥对南板蓝的增产效应为N〉P〉K，氮是主要的限制因子。不同的氮、磷、钾肥配施也显著影响南板蓝的靛玉红含量。施入氮肥明显地增加了南板蓝的靛玉红含量，磷、钾肥的施入在一定程度上降低了靛玉红含量。结合南板蓝的产量及靛玉红含量，确定氮、磷、钾肥适宜的用量组合区间，N为931．96～1035．55kg／hm^2，P2O5为140．80～172．80kg／hm^2，K2O为388．80～432．00kg／hm^2。     

宣威市紫色土辣椒氮磷钾肥配比试验研究

对紫色土辣椒氮、磷、钾适宜施用量研究表明，紫色土氮磷钾肥对辣椒产量的影响顺序是磷肥〉氮肥〉钾肥。磷是限制辣椒产量的主导因子。在施用菜籽饼肥600kg／hm^2，折N31．2kg／hm^2、P2O5 11.7kg／hm^2、K2O 8．1kg／hm^2的基础上，辣椒产量≥20400kg／hm^2的氮磷钾优化组合施肥范围：N=113．9～204．6kg／hm^2，P2O5=145．9～177．2kg／hm^2，K2O=49．3～153．8kg／hm^2，N：P2O5：K2O=1：0．87～1．28：0．43～0．75。建议氮、磷、钾肥适宜用量为：N159．2kg／hm^2，P2O5 161．5kg／hm^2，K2O 101．5kg／hm^2，N：P2O5：K2O=1：1．01：0．64，辣椒最高产量预测值为21961．5kg／hm^2，施肥利润5417．7元／hm^2，投产比1：5．00。适量的氮、磷、钾营养使得养分比例平衡，有利于增加辣椒收果数，提高鲜椒产量，从而增加效益。     

钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响

通过多年田间试验研究淮北平原砂姜黑土地区钾氮配施对生姜产量和品质的影响。结果表明：增施钾肥对生姜的生长发育有明显的促进作用，施钾的增产幅度，杨集点狮子头姜为32．3％和33．3％，平均增产33．8％；牛庄柴姜增产32．8％和42．0％，平均增产35．6％；农场试验施钾增产37．8％～41．2％，平均增产率高达39．7％。钾氮配施能有效提高生姜块茎维生素C和可溶性糖分含量，显著降低硝酸盐含量，改善生姜的外观和内在品质，大幅度增加生姜产值，每公顷增收12155～13082元，施用钾肥的产投比高达34．9：l和16．2：l。当前生产水平下，淮北砂姜黑土地区生姜钾肥的适宜施用量为K2O 260～300kg／hm^2，氮肥适宜用量为N 300kg／hm^2左右。     

沙田柚配施钾镁肥效应研究

沙田柚为对镁敏感作物。由于忽视施用镁肥，在生产上较容易观察到沙田柚叶片缺镁症状。研究了在施用氮磷肥的基础上配施不同用量钾镁肥对沙田柚叶片营养、柚果产量、品质及效益的影响。结果表明，施镁可明显减轻沙田柚叶片的缺镁症状，提高叶片镁素营养；在土壤有效钾含量中等，有效镁含量缺乏的情况下，施用钾肥（K2O）340．2kg／hm^2基础上配施镁肥（Mg）22．5及45．0kg／hm^2，果实产量提高1．2％～18．7％，种植效益提高0．4％～24．7％；施用钾肥（K2O）453．6kg／hm^2基础上配施镁肥（Mg）45．0、81．0及117．0kg／hm^2，果实产量提高11．2％～31．7％，种植效益提高11．7％～39．4％，同时柚果品质得到改善。在施用钾肥（K2O）340．2、453．6kg／hm^2的基础上，推荐镁肥适宜配施用量分别以（Mg）45．0、117．0kg/hm^2 为宜。     

氮磷钾配施对青贮玉米生物产量和营养品质的影响

采用二次回归正交组合设计，通过田间小区试验，研究了氮磷钾配合施用对青贮玉米产量和营养品质的影响。结果表明，综合考虑青贮玉米最大生物产量和经济效益，其适宜的氮肥（N）用量范围为308．4—365．0培柑，磷肥（P2O5）适宜用量范围为100．1—117．0kg／hm^2，钾肥适宜用量（K2O）范围为65．5～89．8kg俯。不同施氮和施磷水平对青贮玉米中粗蛋白含量有一定的影响。磷和钾的施用有助于干物质含量和钙的提高。     

玉米对钾、氮的吸收特性与施肥效应研究

施肥效应试验结果表明，施钾能明显提高玉米产量，在氮磷肥充足时，钾肥的增产效果显著。玉米钾吸收量明显以秸秆为主，超过子粒吸钾量的2倍。N来自土壤的数量为75．83kg／hm^2；K20来自土壤的数量为54．85kg／hm^2。NPK施肥处理吸钾总量平均高出NP处理82．7％，子粒和秸秆分别平均增加18．4％和132．5％；说明钾吸收量增加对秸秆产量贡献明显小于对子粒产量的贡献。各施氮和施钾处理的氮、钾均有不同程度盈余；不施氮肥，玉米对肥料钾的吸收量也相应减少。本试验钾肥（K2O）产投比以NPK2处理最高（3．46），经济效益也最好。因此，江淮地区同等肥力土壤，玉米钾肥推荐用量为136kg/hm^2。     

淮北砂姜黑土小麦施钾的增产效应

通过田间试验研究了淮北平原砂姜黑土地区小麦施钾的增产效应。结果表明，增施适量钾肥具有显著的增产效果，小麦子粒产量提高9．6％-25．0％，平均增产15．5％。小麦钾肥的增产效应与土壤有效K含量和施K量有极大关系。应用逐步回归分析方法，建立了钾肥（K2O）施用量x1、土壤有效K含量x2与小麦单位钾肥增产量y之间的多元线性回归方程：y=17．678-0．0446x1-0．0963x2。当前生产水平下，淮北平原砂姜黑土地区小麦钾肥适宜施用量为K2O 130kg／hm^2左右。     

海水灌溉库拉索芦荟氮磷配施效应研究

采用田间小区试验研究了30％海水灌溉下1年生库拉索芦荟氮、磷两因素各五水平组合的效应，建立了芦荟叶片产量与氮、磷用量的回归方程。结果表明：芦荟叶片产量在施氮、磷肥量分别为N2～N3及P2～P3范围内取得最大值；通过计算，30％海水灌溉下2年生芦荟叶片的最高产量为Ymax=26015kg／hm^2，最高产量下氮、磷肥施用量分别为Nmax=141．9kg／hm^2、P2O5max=84．0kg／hm^2。在同一施磷水平下，芦荟单叶重均随着施氮量的增加而增加，但相同施氮量的各施磷组合芦荟单叶重在P2～P3为最大。和对照（不施氮磷肥）相比，氮磷配合施用显著提高了芦荟成熟叶片蒽醌含量，以N3P3处理下的叶片蒽醌含量最大，比对照处理增加23％。氮磷配合施用芦荟甙增产效果为5％～132％，施氮量为N3的各P处理组合芦荟甙含量为最大，显著高于No，N1和N4的各施磷组合；而增施磷肥则有利于在低施氮量（N0，N1）下提高芦荟甙含量。     

玉米减量施肥研究

在吉林通化市长年高施肥量(N180kg／hm^2，P2O5 70kg／hm^2)的玉米栽培区，实行减量施肥效果明显。1999年在暗棕壤上试验，用氮量降低23kg／hm^2(实际用氮量150kg／hm^2)，比高施氮量的增产10％左右，2001～2002年分别在冲积土和白浆土上试验，用氮量降低36kg／hm^2(实际用氮量144kg／hm^2)，比高施氮量的分别增产5．65％、2．56％。1995年在白浆土和暗棕壤上试验，施P205量在36．6～91．8kg／hm^2间，形成的玉米产量没有本质上的差异，即多施磷和少施磷的效果是一样的。据此，吉林省东部地区玉米施氮量应由目前180kg／hm^2，减为140～150kg／hm^2，施P2O5量由目前70kg／hm^2，减为35～45kg／hm^2。     

Bioavailability of As,Cd, Co,Cr, Cu,Hg, Mo,Ni, Pb,Se, and Zn from Biosolids Amended Compost

Appropriate compost standards are being considered in Canada. Five aspects of compost safety and quality are being evaluated; probably the most controversial aspect is the standards for metals in compost. In order to assist in the development of appropriate standards, the authors began an extensive research project in October, 1993 to determine the bioavailability of metals from compost and compost-metal mixtures. Swiss chard was grown in compost-amended soils or compost in a growth room using five treatments of increasing percentages of compost in the media (0, 25 percent, 50 percent, 75 percent, 100 percent compost (v/v)). A Truro loamy sand and a race-track manure-biosolids compost (RTM-biosolids) supplemented with a high metal biosolids were used in a completely randomized design with five replicates. Dry matter yield, metal content in plant tissue, and total metal uptake were evaluated as well as the total and DTPA-extractable metal content in the compost-soil mixes. The results of this and five other experiments conducted by the authors will help determine whether the suggested limits for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn in composts are appropriate.     

Variation of N,P, K,Ca, Mg,Mn, Zn,and al in slash pine foliage

Abstract

The seasonal patterns of foliage nutrient concentrations and contents were monitored for two growing seasons in an 11‐year—old Pinus el1iottii stand. In the first growing season after needle initiation, N, P, K, Mg, and Zn concentrations decreased, but this was followed by an increase in the fall and winter months. Another drop in concentration of all elements, except P, occurred in the second growing season. Decreases in total contents indicated that this drop was a result of translocation to other tissues. In contrast to the mobile elements, the concentration and fascicle contents of Ca, Mn, and Al increased with aging of the needles.

Between‐tree variability was least for N, P, and Zn and the N, K, Mg, Mn, and Zn in the current foliage had consistently lower variation than that in the 1‐year‐old foliage. Between‐tree variation for K was lower in the winter than the spring.

For pine foliage, recommended sampling period for N, P, Mg, and Zn is mid to late summer and for the other elements it is late fall to late winter.

There are several sources of variation that influence the level of nutrients in tree foliage. The most important of these, apart from the tree nutrient status, are seasonal fluctuations, variation between trees, and age of needles . Smaller sources of variation are associated with position of the needles within the crown, diurnal changes, year to year variation, and analytical errors^1,2. These variables must be studied in order to develop suitable sampling techniques and in Pinus this has been undertaken for P. banksiana ¹, P. taeda ³, P. strobus ⁴, P. resinosa ⁴, P. sylvestris ⁵, and P. radiata ^6,7. However, foliage sampling has not been studied in detail for slash pine (Pinus elliottii Englem var. elliottii) and earlier studies with other pines have been largely confined to temperate or cool climates.

This study reports the variation in elemental concentrations with season, age of foliage, and between slash pine trees growing in a subtropical climate in Florida.     

Phytotoxicity of cobalt,vanadium, titanium,silver, and chromium

Abstract

The phytotoxicity of five nonessential elements (Co, V, Ti, Ag, Cr) to higher plants was studied in solution culture experiments with bush beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L. C.V. Improved Tendergreen). All, but in varying degrees, tended to concentrate in roots with a decreasing gradient to stems and leaves. Cobalt was one of the more mobile of the five trace metals. Its toxicity was expressed as severe chlorosis; 43 (with 10^‐5 M) and 142 (with 10^‐4 M) μg Co/g dry weight in leaves resulted in severe chlorosis. Vanadium as 10^‐4 M vanadate resulted in smaller plants but not in chlorosis. Leaf, stem, and root V, respectively, were 13, 8, and 881 μg/g dry weight. Titanium was somewhat mobile with considerable yield decrease at 10^‐4 M; leaf, stem, and root Ti concentrations, respectively, were 202, 48, and 2420 μg/g. Symptoms were chlorosis, necrotic spots on leaves, and stunting. Silver was very lethal at 10^‐4 M AgNO₃; at 10^‐5 M yields were greatly decreased, but plants were grown without symptoms. Leaf, stem, and root concentrations of Ag for this treatment, respectively, were 5.8, 5.1, and 1760 μg/g dry weight. Plants grown with 10^‐5 N Cr₂O₇ were decreased in yield by about 25% with or without EDTA (ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid) while the same level of Cr₂(SO₄)₃ was essentially without effect. For the two salts, the leaf, stem, root concentrations for Cr, respectively were 2.2 and 1.3, 0.7 and 0. 7, and 140 and 104 μg/g. Most of the trace metals studied here had interactions in the uptake and/or distribution of other elements.     

Thin layer chromatographic determination of aflatoxins, ochratoxins, sterigmatocystin, zearalenone, citrinin, T-2 toxin, diacetoxyscirpenol, penicillic acid, patulin, and penitrem A.

A general method is described for determining 16 mycotoxins in mixed feeds and other food products used in the manufacture of these feedstuffs. The mycotoxins are extracted and cleaned up by extracting with solvents of different pH. Thin layer chromatography is used to separate the toxins; toxins are then quantitated by the limit detection method. The minimum detectable concentration of mycotoxins in various products is: aflatoxin B1 or G1, 4--5 micrograms/kg; ochratoxin A or ethyl ester A 140--145 micrograms/kg; citrinin 600--750 micrograms/kg; zearalenone, 410--500 micrograms/kg; sterigmatocystin, 140--145 micrograms/kg; diacetoxyscirpenol, 2400--2600 micrograms/kg; T-2 toxin, 800--950 micrograms/kg; patulin, 750--800 micrograms/kg; penitrem A 14,000--14,500 micrograms/kg; penicillic acid 3400--3650 micrograms/kg.     

Organochlorine pesticide residues in different Indian cereals, pulses, spices, vegetables, fruits, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils.

A total of 244 samples of cereals (wheat flour, rice, and maize), pulses (arhar, moong, gram, lentil, and black gram), spices (turmeric, chili, coriander, and black pepper), vegetables (potato, onion, spinach, cabbage, brinjal, and tomato), fruits (mango, guava, apple, and grape), milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils (vegetable, mustard, groundnut, and sesame) collected from different cities of Northern Province (Utter Pradesh) were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography for the presence of organochlorine pesticide residues. Residues of hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)-1,1,1-trichloroethane (DDT) were detected in about 85% of the total samples of cereals, spices, milk, butter, Deshi ghee, and edible oils analyzed in the present study. However, the residue levels were either very small (less than 0.06 ppm) or not detected at all in pulses, vegetables, and fruits as compared with very high concentrations in wheat flour (4.42 and 0.12 ppm), butter (1.19 and 4.85 ppm), mustard oil (1.26 and 2.42 ppm), Deshi ghee (1.10 and 3.84 ppm), vegetable oil (1.02 and 0.59 ppm), groundnut oil (0.51 and 1.49 ppm), and chili (0.48 and 1.92 ppm). The levels of HCH and DDT residues detected in rice, maize, turmeric, corlander, black pepper, and all the vegetables and fruits were also lower than those found in wheat flour, oil, and fat samples analyzed in the present study. These findings suggest that a restricted and controlled use of such persistent pesticides may be useful for decreasing their contamination levels in different food items.     

Estimation of Reference Values for Cadmium,Cobalt, Chromium,Copper, Nickel,Lead, and Zinc in Brazilian Soils

Abstract

The objectives of this study were 1) to recommend reference values (RVs) and tolerance limits (TLs) for representative Brazilian soils and 2) to propose a model to calculate natural contents of cadmium (Cd), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) in a soil from the silt, clay, manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) values. A set of 256 soil samples was classified by similarity in seven groups, and the concentrations corresponding to the upper quarter of data collected were then calculated. These concentrations are proposed as RVs for Brazilian soils. Additionally, TLs were obtained for each group from the antilog expression (m+2s), where m=mean value and s=standard deviation of data transformed in log₁₀. The classification functions of discriminant analysis proved to be suitable to allocate new samples in the established groups. Thus, it is possible to evaluate soils under anthropic activity and, by comparison with reference values, to be aware of pollution risks in a given area.     

Evaluation of Decomposition Procedure to Determine Ba,Co, Cr,Cu, Ni,Mn, V,and Zn Total Content in Soil Samples

Different procedures have been proposed to decompose soil samples. Most of them regard determination with fertility aims. In this case, the contents available to the plants are considered. On the other hand, there are procedures to determine total content. The objective of this work was to propose a new decomposition procedure to determine barium (Ba), cobalt (Co), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn) total content in tropical soils with high content of oxides and silicate. According to the results, the digestion procedure proposed in this study provided satisfactory results for the contents recovery for the elements Ba, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, V, and Zn, above 90%, and the use of inverted aqua regia, hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), hydrofluoric acid (HF), pre-digestions and agitation was shown as a new alternative for the high silicate content soil sample total digestion, such as the oxisols.     

Caimans,Capybaras, otters,manatees, and man in amazonia

Amazonia, the world's largest tropical rain forest, is often assumed to be a virtually untouched wilderness. The region is often referred to as a demographic void; there is on average only about one person per sq. km. Yet in response to international market forces, the hand of man has penetrated deep into the imposing forests. Since colonial times, wildlife, particularly along rivers, has been exploited on a large-scale basis for commercial purposes. This paper focuses on the effects of the trade on some aquatic animals.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone

The total phenolics and antioxidant activities of fenugreek, green tea, black tea, grape seed, ginger, rosemary, gotu kola, and ginkgo extracts, vitamin E, and tert-butylhydroquinone, were determined. Grape seed and green tea were analyzed for their phenolic constituents using high-performance liquid chromatography. The total phenolics of the plant extracts, determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method, ranged from 24.8 to 92.5 mg of chlorogenic acid equivalent/g dry material. The antioxidant activities of methanolic extracts determined by conjugated diene measurement of methyl linoleate were 3.4-86.3%. The antioxidant activity of the extracts using chicken fat by an oxidative stability instrument (4.6-10.2 h of induction time) followed a similar trend in antioxidant activity as determined by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Seven phenolics in grape seed and green tea extracts were identified that ranged from 15.38 to 1158.49 and 18.3 to 1087.02 mg/100 g of extract, respectively. Plant extracts such as green tea and grape seed extracts can be used to retard lipid oxidation in a variety of food products.