胸膜肺炎放线杆菌地方分离株和参考菌株的生物被膜形成

通过玻璃试管和聚苯乙烯微孔板结晶紫染色法分别对胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(APP)的15个血清型国际参考菌株和22个中国地方分离菌株在体外形成生物被膜的能力进行了定性和定量分析.在15个血清型(无14型)的参考菌株中,只有5b、6和11型能在聚苯乙烯微孔板上形成生物被膜;而59%的地方分离株(涵盖13种血清型,无14和15型)在聚苯乙烯微孔板上表现出产生生物被膜的能力.结果表明,大多数血清型的APP能在体外形成生物被膜,尤其在地方分离株中更普遍;与低毒力血清型的菌株相比,高毒力和中等毒力血清型的菌株更倾向于形成生物被膜.     

猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌的鉴定和耐药性研究

猪传染性胸膜肺炎是由猪传染性胸膜肺炎放线杆菌(Actinobacillus pleuralpneumoniae,APP)引起的一种高度传染性呼吸道疾病,临床上准确鉴定该病原菌并合理选择抗生素施药十分重要。研究比较了应用传统方法、PCR方法和MALDI TOF方法鉴定45株临床APP,并比较了三种优势血清型的毒力表型,最后测定了其对临床34种常见抗生素的MIC。结果发现MALDI TOF微生物学鉴定方法具有快速、准确的优势;临床菌株血清型主要包括3型（20株）、1型（13株）、7型（7株）,其他血清型菌株5株,其中1型毒力最强;APP对罗红霉素、头孢噻呋、恩诺沙星、氨苄西林等高度敏感,对四环素、土霉素等耐药率较高。研究为临床快速鉴定APP和合理选择用药提供了参考依据,为APP临床耐药折点的制定奠定了基础。     

1株可形成生物膜鸡白痢沙门菌的分离鉴定

鸡白痢沙门菌在世界范围内引起养殖业的严重经济损失,虽然其病原体血清型一致,但不同菌株的生物学特性存在很大差异.沙门菌可形成生物膜,而处于生物膜状态的细菌可增强对外界的抵抗力,造成持续感染和重复感染 [1].因此,有必要在鸡白痢沙门菌分离鉴定的同时进行生物膜形成能力研究.我们从1例疑似鸡白痢的病鸡中分离出1株鸡白痢沙门菌,测定其生物膜形成能力,为进一步了解鸡白痢沙门菌生物膜的作用奠定了基础.     

BHI和SRFE培养条件对粪肠球菌15种因子表达的影响

通过了解粪肠球菌在BHI和SRFE培养基中生长不同时期时其15种因子的表达情况,为粪肠球菌致病机制的研究奠定基础。将粪肠球菌N10株在BHI和SRFE培养基中培养,分别提取其在2种培养基生长至对数中期、对数后期和稳定期时的总RNA,并进行SYBR Green I实时荧光定量PCR,从而测定15种因子的表达情况。结果显示,15种因子中的13种因子在SRFE培养基中表达量较高,与菌毛生成相关因子ebp ABC和rnj B以及与生物膜形成相关因子srt A、atn和psr在SRFE培养基中的表达量都高于其在BHI培养基中的表达量(P0.01),这说明SRFE培养基可能不仅有利于菌毛和生物膜的形成,而且也有利于其他毒力相关因子的形成,从而增加了粪肠球菌的致病性。     

猪胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型的PCR鉴定

据胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae,APP）生物I型各血清型之间外毒素（apx）基因组结构差异,参考GenBank上已发表的4种毒素（apxⅠ/apxⅡ/apxⅢ/apxⅣ）的核酸序列设计了6对特异性引物,对APP的12个血清型进行多重PCR扩增,得出不同的特异性的扩增片段,得以准确鉴定APP生物I型中的9种血清型,但其中血清型2和8,血清型5、9和11仍未能区分。     

副猪嗜血杆菌国内流行血清型菌株的生物学特性比较研究

本研究对我国最流行的HPS血清4、5、12、13和14型共16株细菌的菌体形态、生长速度、生化特性、小鼠毒力等生物学特性进行了比较研究。革兰染色镜检结果表明,除4型菌株H4L3外,同一血清型HPS的菌体形态比较一致;不同血清型HPS的菌体形态具有明显差异,且具有型特异性。培养结果表明,在TSA固体培养基上生长24h后的菌落平均直径大小依次为13型2.02mm、4型1.91mm、5型1.80mm、14型1.71mm、12型1.66mm,同一血清型的不同菌株之间无显著差别。生化试验结果表明不同血清型HPS的生化反应存在明显差异,即使是同一血清型的不同菌株之间也有较大差别。小鼠毒力试验结果表明,除4型外,毒力强弱依次为血清12型、14型、5型、13型,其LD50分别介于(2.7⁴.6)×108、(4.34.6)×108、(4.3⁷.9)×108、(1.07.9)×108、(1.0¹.3)×109、(2.31.3)×109、(2.3².8)×109 CFU之间,同一血清型的不同菌株之间无显著差别。在血清4型菌株中,H4L3的毒力明显偏强(LD50为3.6×108 CFU),其他菌株的LD50介于(1.42.8)×109 CFU之间,同一血清型的不同菌株之间无显著差别。在血清4型菌株中,H4L3的毒力明显偏强(LD50为3.6×108 CFU),其他菌株的LD50介于(1.4¹.6)×109 CFU之间。本研究为HPS不同血清型的快速鉴定、致病机理和疫苗研发等提供了理论依据。     

复合PCR进行胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型快速分型

根据胸膜肺炎放线杆菌（Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae，APP）各血清型之间外毒素apxⅠ、apxⅡ、apxⅢ、apxⅣA基因差异，设计6对引物，对16株标准菌株进行1次5对引物的多重PCR和1次根据apxⅣA基因设计1对引物PCR的扩增，得到各血清型特异性片段，并将片段特征相同的血清型归为同一组。通过这2步PCR分组情况的不同能将16株标准菌株中的大多数血清型区别开，但是仍然不能将血清2型和8型、血清9型和11型、血清5型中的2个亚型以及血清12型和13型区分开。又根据血清2型英膜多糖（CP）基因差异设计1对引物将血清2型和8型区分开。将此分型系统应用于23株未知病原菌检测，检测到胸膜肺炎放线杆菌9株，并全部能够将其分型。本试验PCR分型体系可以作为胸膜肺炎放线杆菌血清型分型的一种快速而有效的鉴定方法。     

新疆特色植物对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的影响

采用微孔板半定量法,探讨新疆特色植物甘草、盐穗木、醉马草、苦豆子的水煎液对金黄色葡萄球菌临床菌株生物膜形成能力的影响。结果表明,盐穗木和甘草水煎液通过2种方式抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成:低浓度时不影响细菌生长但抑制生物膜形成;高浓度时通过抑制细菌生长削弱生物膜形成能力。而苦豆子与醉马草水煎液对金黄色葡萄球菌生物膜形成的抑制作用则不依赖于其对细菌生长的抑制。     

猪源A型和D型多杀性巴氏杆菌强毒菌株的生物学特性比较研究

为分析猪源A型和D型多杀性巴氏杆菌(PM)的生物学特性差异,本研究对5株A型和5株D型猪源PM强毒菌株的生化特征、生长特性、毒力特性、16SrRNA基因分子特征等生物学特性进行了比较研究。在TSB液体培养基中的生长曲线测定结果表明这些菌株均能够高密度发酵培养;21种生化试验的反应结果表明,10株PM的生化反应均不一致,即使同一血清型的不同菌株之间也具有较大差别。对小鼠毒力试验结果表明,A型PM菌株的毒力(LD_(50)为4 cfu~26 cfu)显著强于D型菌株(LD50为2.1×10~4 cfu~5.2×10~5 cfu)。16SrRNA基因的序列分析结果表明,16SrRNA基因非常保守,这10株PM之间的同源性均在99.8%以上;在1 505 bp序列中,仅存在第57 bp(T/C)、239 bp(T/C)和376 bp(G/C)处3个多态性位点,并且不具有型特异性。本研究为猪源PM灭活疫苗菌株的筛选等提供了实验依据。     

甘肃寒旱区苜蓿根瘤菌抗逆性评价

对31个分离自甘肃5个不同生态区域的苜蓿根瘤菌株耐酸、耐碱和耐盐能力进行评价研究。结果表明,武威菌株耐盐能力最强,天水菌株耐酸能力最强,定西菌株大多数表现出突出的单一抗性,甘南菌株大多数兼备抗酸、抗碱等多抗能力;筛选出12个抗逆能力较强的菌株,其中W A 24菌株能在55 g/L N aC l盐培养基上生长,DA 53、QL 31B和TL 47菌株能在pH 3.5的酸性培养基上生长,DL 67和GA 26菌株能在pH 12的碱性培养基上生长。QA 33B菌株既能在50 g/L N aC l盐培养基上生长,又能在pH 12的碱性培养基上生长,DA 42、GL 21和W A 32可在pH 4.0~12的环境中生长。     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Feline intracranial neoplasia: retrospective review of 160 cases (1985-2001)

The purpose of this study was to determine the frequency of different tumor types within a large cohort of cats with intracranial neoplasia and to attempt to correlate signalment, tumor size and location, and survival time for each tumor. Medical records of 160 cats with confirmed intracranial neoplasia evaluated between 1985 and 2001 were reviewed. Parameters evaluated included age, sex, breed, FeLV/FIV status, clinical signs, duration of signs, number of tumors, tumor location(s), imaging results, treatment, survival times, and histopathologic diagnosis. Most of the cats were older (11.3 +/- 3.8 years). Primary tumors accounted for 70.6% of cases. Metastasis and direct extension of secondary tumors accounted for only 5.6 and 3.8% of cases, respectively. Twelve cats (7.5%) had 2 or more discrete tumors of the same type, whereas 16 cats (10.0%) had 2 different types of intracranial tumors. The most common tumor types were meningioma (n = 93, 58.1%), lymphoma (n = 23, 14.4%), pituitary tumors (n = 14, 8.8%), and gliomas (n = 12, 7.5%). The most common neurological signs were altered consciousness (n = 42, 26.2%), circling (n = 36, 22.5%), and seizures (n = 36, 22.5%). Cats without specific neurological signs were common (n = 34, 21.2%). The tumor was considered an incidental finding in 30 (18.8%) cats. In addition to expected relationships (eg, meninges and meningioma, pituitary and pituitary tumors), we found that lesion location was predictive of tumor type with diffuse cerebral or brainstem involvement predictive of lymphoma and third ventricle involvement predictive of meningioma.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.