复合肠道保护剂对良凤花肉鸡生长性能、肠道发育及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在研究复合肠道保护剂对良凤花肉鸡生长性能、肠道发育及肠道菌群的影响。选用1日龄的良凤花肉鸡375只,随机分成5组,每组5个重复,每个重复15只鸡,阴性对照组,饲喂不添加抗生素的基础饲粮;阳性对照组,在基础饲粮中添加0.3 g/kg那西肽和0.25 g/kg硫酸黏杆菌素;试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加1.5、2 g/kg和2.5 g/kg复合肠道保护剂,饲养期为70 d。结果表明:(1)在整个试验期,试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组料重比显著低于阴性对照组(P<0.05),试验Ⅲ组极显著低于阴性对照组(P<0.01),各试验组与阳性对照组相比均差异不显著(P>0.05)。(2)在肠道形态方面,试验Ⅲ组十二指肠V/C值极显著高于阳性对照组(P<0.01);试验Ⅱ组空肠V/C值显著高于阴性、阳性对照组(P<0.05);试验Ⅲ组回肠V/C值显著高阴性、阳性对照组(P<0.05)。(3)在肠道菌群方面,试验Ⅲ组乳酸杆菌数显著高于阴性对照组、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.05)。试验Ⅲ组大肠杆菌数和沙门氏菌数极显著低于阳性、阴性对照组、试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组(P<0.01)。由此可知,本试验条件下,在良凤花肉鸡饲粮中添加不同水平复合肠道保护剂,均可改善肠道微生物菌群,促进肠道消化吸收,提高生长性能。综合考虑,复合肠道保护剂可以替代抗生素,添加2.5 g/kg复合肠道保护剂效果较好。     

肠道寄生虫与肠道微生物相互作用研究进展

在脊椎动物的肠道内，存在着数量庞大、结构多样、动态变化的微生物群，它们对肠道的生理、代谢、免疫等具有重要的作用。在自然条件下，这些微生物和真核生物(如蠕虫、原生动物、真菌等)共同存在于脊椎动物肠道内。寄生虫与微生物群均可显著改变机体肠道生理与免疫环境，为它们之间的相互作用创造了机会。肠道微生物与寄生虫之间的相互作用会极大地影响感染的结果，进而对宿主的健康产生重要影响。如寄生虫感染会影响宿主与微生物的相互作用关系，从而促使或保护宿主免受细菌的侵害。另一方面，菌群又会影响寄生虫的定植、繁殖和毒性，使其沿着与宿主寄生性-互惠共生性的生存模式发展。这些相互作用的机理与结果是微生物学与寄生虫学之间交叉研究的前沿课题。笔者对近年来有关肠道寄生虫与肠道微生物间相互作用的最新研究成果进行了总结，并对其可能未考虑到的因素提出了自己的观点，旨在为肠道寄生虫病防控及肠道菌群研究提供参考。     

肠道菌群对仔鸡肠道发育、黏膜形态和免疫器官发育的影响

本试验旨在以"无菌鸡"为模型,研究添加鸡源性乳酸菌和盲肠内容物后,对仔鸡肠道发育、黏膜形态及免疫器官发育的影响。试验选用无特定病原体(SPF)种蛋80枚,经无菌孵化后,选择健康仔鸡60羽,分3组(每组20羽),转入3台无菌隔离器内饲养,并分别饲喂:无菌饲粮(CT组)、无菌饲粮+乳酸菌液(LB组)、无菌饲粮+鸡盲肠内容物(CC组);饲养21 d后试验结束,于试验7、14、21日齡从各组取6只进行屠宰,测定鸡肠道各段长度和免疫器官重量,并对肠道黏膜形态显微观察。结果显示:饲喂乳酸菌或盲肠内容物的仔鸡各阶段中的空肠长度均高于CT组,盲肠长度和体积均低于CT组的无菌鸡;仔鸡的脾脏指数高于CT组(P=0.010);饲喂乳酸菌或盲肠内容物后仔鸡的十二指肠、空肠和回肠隐窝深度降低、绒毛高度/隐窝深度增大。本试验说明,饲喂肠道菌群能促进仔鸡肠道发育,盲肠体积变小;同时促进脾脏的发育,提高机体免疫力。     

仔猪肠道免疫与肠道健康

肠道黏膜免疫系统是仔猪体内最大的黏膜免疫器官,在识别和清除有害物质的过程中发挥着重要作用,同时能够对营养物质和肠道益生菌形成免疫耐受,与仔猪的健康关系最为密切。随着养殖业进入全面减抗、限抗的时代,养猪业面临巨大的挑战。仔猪肠道健康决定了猪场的生产效益,正确认识仔猪肠道免疫系统,科学调节肠道免疫,提高仔猪抗病能力,是决定养猪生产能否成功的重要因素。     

溶菌酶多聚体对蛋鸡抗氧化、肠道形态及肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在探究溶菌酶单体和溶菌酶多聚体对蛋鸡抗氧化、肠道形态及肠道菌群影响比较。随机选取体重、生理状态基本一致的23周龄360只蛋鸡,随机分为3组,每组6个重复,每个重复20只。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,处理I组饲喂基础饲粮+500 mg/kg溶菌酶单体,处理II组饲喂基础饲粮+500 mg/kg溶菌酶多聚体。预试期7 d,正试期49 d。结果表明：与对照组相比,溶菌酶单体组和溶菌酶多聚体组蛋鸡血清丙二醛（MDA）含量、回肠隐窝深度以及肠道厚壁菌门相对丰度显著降低,绒/隐、肠道菌群Sobs指数、Shannon指数、Ace指数以及拟杆菌门相对丰富度显著提高,溶菌酶多聚体组蛋鸡血小板总数和粒细胞数目以及十二指肠绒/隐显著显著提高,十二指肠隐窝深度显著降低;溶菌酶单体组和溶菌酶多聚体组蛋鸡血清总抗氧化能力（T-AOC）以及过氧化氢酶（CAT）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性均有上升趋势,十二指肠、空肠、回肠的pH均有下降的趋势（P>0.05）。由此可见,本试验条件下添加溶菌酶多聚体可以提高抗氧化能力,改善肠道形态,提高肠道菌群丰富度,提高机体健康。     

鸡肠道免疫的研究进展

鸡肠道相关淋巴组织是粘膜相关淋巴组织的主要组成部分，是防止肠道病原感染的第一道防线，其中的肠道上皮，上皮间淋巴细胞，粘膜固有层淋巴组织在肠道免疫功能的调节方面起着重要的作用，本文就鸡肠道免疫研究进展做一综述。     

日粮添加金银花对肉兔生长性能、肠道抗氧化指标和肠道形态的影响

文章旨在研究日粮添加金银花对肉兔生长性能,肠道抗氧化指标和肠道形态的影响。试验将400只30日龄断奶仔兔随机分为4组,每组10个重复,每个重复10只。试验日粮在基础日粮中添加0%、0.05%、0.10%和0.2%的金银花提取物。结果表明,日粮添加金银花对肉兔生长性能有显著影响,与对照组相比,日粮添加0.1%金银花组的肉兔终末体重显著提高5.4%(P <0.05),平均日增重显著提高6.8%(P <0.05),料重比显著降低7.2%(P <0.05);此外,日粮添加金银花对肉兔平均日采食量无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮添加0.1%和0.2%的金银花提取物可显著提高肉兔肠道T-SOD和T-AOC活性（P <0.05）;日粮添加金银花对肉兔肠道CAT、Cu-Zn SOD和GSH-Px活性无显著影响（P> 0.05）。日粮添加0.1%和0.2%的金银花提取物可显著提高肉兔十二指肠绒毛高度和V/C值（P <0.05）,日粮添加0.05%和0.2%的金银花可显著提高肉兔回肠绒毛高度和V/C值（P <0.05）,此外,日粮添加金银花对肉兔十二指肠隐...     

苜蓿草粉对仔猪生长性能、肠道抗氧化指标和肠道形态结构的影响

文章旨在探究苜蓿草粉对仔猪生长性能、肠道抗氧化指标和肠道形态结构的影响。试验将320只日龄（28±2）相近、健康状况良好的仔猪分为4组,每组8个重复,每个重复10头,分别使用0%、3%、6%和9%的苜蓿草粉替代麸皮为各试验组日粮,试验共计76 d,其中6 d的适应期和70 d的正式试验。结果表明,日粮添加6%和9%的苜蓿草粉组仔猪终末体重显著提高3.2%和3.5%(P <0.05),平均日增重显著提高3.6%和4.3%(P <0.05),日粮添加9%的苜蓿草粉组仔猪料重比显著降低6.1%(P <0.05);此外,苜蓿草粉对仔猪采食量无显著影响（P> 0.05）。6%和9%的苜蓿草粉组仔猪十二指肠GSH-Px酶活性显著高于其他各组（P <0.05）,日粮添加苜蓿草粉显著提高仔猪空肠T-AOC能力（P <0.05）;补充6%和9%的苜蓿草粉组显著提高仔猪回肠GSH-Px和SOD活性,提高T-AOC能力（P <0.05）,此外,日粮添加苜蓿草粉对仔猪十二指肠SOD、CAT活性和T-AOC能力,对空肠GSH-Px、SOD和CAT活性,对回肠CAT活性均...     

肠道菌群的分析

可以通过测定猪肠道中乳酸茵和大肠杆菌的比率而评定猪的健康状态。     

猪营养与肠道健康

肠道不仅在消化吸收营养物质过程中发挥着重要作用,而且是机体的重要免疫屏障,肠道健康水平决定着动物的健康状况。肠道结构的完整性和功能的正常发挥均需要通过获取各种营养物质来维持,因此,日粮中各种营养成分对肠道健康十分重要。本文综述了近年关于猪肠道营养成分对肠道健康影响的研究进展。     

Comparisons of Angus, Charolais, Galloway, Hereford, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, Salers, and Shorthorn breeds for weight, weight adjusted for condition score, height, and condition score of cows

Breed differences for weight (CW), height (CH), and condition score (CS) were estimated from records (n = 12,188) of 2- to 6-yr-old cows (n = 744) from Cycle IV of the U.S. Meat Animal Research Center's Germplasm Evaluation (GPE) Program. Cows were produced from mating Angus and Hereford dams to Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Shorthorn, Galloway, Longhorn, Nellore, Piedmontese, and Salers sires. Samples of Angus and Hereford sires were 1) reference sires born from 1962 through 1970 and 2) 1980s sires born in 1980 through 1987. The mixed model included cow age, season of measurement and their interactions, year of birth, pregnancy-lactation code (PL), and breedgroup as fixed effects for CW and CS. Analyses of weight adjusted for condition score included CS as a linear covariate. The model for CH excluded PL. Random effects were additive genetic and permanent environmental effects associated with the cow. Differences among breed groups were significant (P < 0.05) for all traits and were maintained through maturity with few interchanges in ranking. The order of F1 cows for weight was as follows: Charolais (506 to 635 kg for different ages), Shorthorn and Salers, reciprocal Hereford-Angus (HA) with 1980s sires, Nellore, HA with reference sires, Galloway, Piedmontese, and Longhorn (412 to 525 kg for different ages). Order for height was as follows: Nellore (136 to 140 cm), Charolais, Shorthorn, Salers, HA with 1980s sires, Piedmontese, Longhorn, Galloway and HA with reference sires (126 to 128 cm). Hereford and Angus cows with reference sires were generally lighter than those with 1980s sires. In general, breed differences for height followed those for weight except that F1 Nellore cows were tallest, which may in part be due to Bos taurus-Bos indicus heterosis for size.     

Supplementation of broodmares with copper, zinc, iron, manganese, cobalt, iodine, and selenium

In experiment 1, 6 pregnant mares received a concentrate that contained a trace mineral premix that provided 14.3 mg Cu, 40 mg Zn, 28 mg Fe, 28 mg Mn, 0.08 mg Co, 0.16 mg I, and 0.16 mg Se/kg concentrate (group A). Seven mares received the same concentrate plus 502 mg Zn and 127 mg Cu once daily (group B). No differences (P > .05) in foal growth data, or Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum were observed. In experiment 2, 6 pregnant mares received the same concentrate as group A (group C), and 8 mares received the same concentrate fortified with 4× the trace mineral premix (group D). Group C mares had higher serum Zn concentration at 1 day (P < 0.01) and 56 days (P < 0.04). Group C mares had higher milk Fe concentration at 28 days (P < .01), and group D mares had higher milk Cu concentration at 56 days (P < .01). Group C foals had higher serum Cu concentration at 14 days (P < .03). The results from this study provide no evidence to indicate that supplementing late gestating and lactating mares with higher dietary trace mineral levels than those recommended currently by NRC has any influence on foal growth and development, or on the Cu, Zn, and Fe concentrations of the mare milk, mare serum, or foal serum.     

Concentrations of strontium,barium, cadmium,copper, zinc,manganese, chromium,antimony, selenium,and lead in the liver and kidneys of dogs according to age,gender, and the occurrence of chronic kidney disease

This study was conducted to measure the concentrations of strontium (Sr), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), manganese (Mn), chromium (Cr), antimony (Sb), selenium (Se), and lead (Pb) in canine liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla, and the association of these concentrations with age, gender, and occurrence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Tissues from 50 dogs were analyzed using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Cu, Zn, and Mn levels were highest in the liver followed by the renal cortex and renal medulla. The highest Sr, Cd, and Se concentrations were measured in the renal cortex while lower levels were found in the renal medulla and liver. Female dogs had higher tissue concentrations of Sr (liver and renal medulla), Cd (liver), Zn (liver and renal cortex), Cr (liver, renal cortex, and renal medulla), and Pb (liver) than male animals. Except for Mn and Sb, age-dependent variations were observed for all element concentrations in the canine tissues. Hepatic Cd and Cr concentrations were higher in dogs with CKD. In conclusion, the present results provide new knowledge about the storage of specific elements in canine liver and kidneys, and can be considered important reference data for diagnostic methods and further investigations.     

电感耦合等离子-质谱法测定饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅

应用电感耦合等离子-质谱技术(ICP-MS),建立饲料中钠、镁、铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、砷、硒、镉和铅等元素的测定方法。对饲料样品的前处理方法、仪器工作参数和11种元素标准曲线进行优化;并以加标回收、分析方法比对和重复测试说明方法的准确性和精密性。方法在0～1 000 ng/ml范围内线性良好,仪器检出限为0.557 7～5.072 ng/ml,具有良好的精密度,其回收率在88.1%～104.4%之间,相对标准偏差小于5.0%。同时与原子吸收和原子荧光方法进行比对,测定结果相近。所建立的方法简单、快速,可替代原子吸收和原子荧光方法测定饲料中的11种金属元素,为饲料的质量控制提供理想的元素分析方法。     

Granulocyte isolation from whole blood of goat, sheep, cattle, horse, dog, pig, and man

A simple two step procedure for the isolation of caprine, ovine, bovine, equine, canine, porcine and human peripheral blood granulocytes is described. After enrichment of granulocytes by centrifugation, contaminating erythrocytes are lysed hypotonically. Recovery, purity, and viability of the granulocyte suspensions are determined. FACScan analysis of the cell suspensions measuring cellular size by forward and sideward light scatter is compared with the corresponding analysis of whole blood leukocytes. Constituencies of the isolated cell suspensions and loss of granulocyte subpopulations through isolation procedure is discussed with regard to granulocyte function assays.     

Department of Clinical Veterinary Practices, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Dublin, Trinity College, Ballsbridge, Dublin 4

Circular excised skin wounds in the thoracic and metatarsal regions of the dog were studied. A similar sequence of events took place in the two regions although differences did occur due to the different reactions of the tissues which surrounded the wounds. None of the wound cavities became filled with exudate during the early stages of healing. In the thoracic wounds the cavities were largely filled by the swelling and inward movement of adipose tissue. Epithelium first grew on the wound surface in the sector of the wound that was situated in the direction of hair flow. The average time to complete epithelization was similar in both sets of wounds. A zone of alopecia developed around the wounds.