减氮密植模式下常规粳稻产量形成特征

以常规粳稻南粳9108和南粳5718为试材,探讨了减氮密植对常规粳稻产量形成特征的影响。结果表明,南粳9108和南粳5718在T1处理（较常规栽培减氮10%、增密15%）下的产量与CK（常规高产栽培）条件下基本持平,在T2（较常规栽培减氮20%、增密30%）和T3（较常规栽培减氮30%、增密45%）处理下的产量则较CK显著下降;T1处理下参试品种的有效穗数和每穗粒数与CK相当,T2和T3处理的有效穗数、每穗粒数、群体颖花量与CK相比显著下降,结实率和千粒重亦低于T1处理和CK。本研究表明,适宜减氮密植处理可以实现常规粳稻节氮、高产栽培。     

南粳9108钵苗机插超高产栽培技术探讨

试验选用优质食味粳米南粳9108,探索配套钵苗机插栽培技术高产形成途径及规律,建立常规优质稻米高产栽培关键技术,实践表明:南粳9108品种具有高产增产优势,结合精确定量栽培技术,有利于钵苗机插水稻在保证足量穗数的基础上,攻取大穗,提高群体颖花量,保证一定的结实率和千粒重,从而实现高产。     

优质超级杂交稻五优308产量构成分析及高产栽培途径

对优质超级杂交稻组合五优308的产量结构进行调查分析,结果表明:有效穗数和每穗实粒数与产量呈极显著正相关,每穗总粒数与产量呈显著正相关,结实率和千粒重与产量的相关性不显著.高产栽培途径应主攻有效穗数和穗粒数,争取单位面积内足够的有效颖花数.     

辽宁省主栽水稻品种高产群体形成规律研究

为构建东北平原南部水稻高产群体,揭示其产量形成规律,以辽宁省主栽高产水稻品种辽粳401和辽粳212为试材,进行了不同栽培密度试验。结果表明,高密度处理（行株距20.0 cm×13.3 cm）单位面积有效穗数显著增加,从而获得较高的产量水平,但与低密度处理（行株距30.0 cm×20.0 cm）的产量差异不显著。在低密度处理下,虽然有效穗数少,但每穗粒数增加,因此也具有相对较高的产量水平。高密度行株距配置可构建依靠增加群体分蘖数量和较多物质积累而获得高产的多穗型群体,低密度行株距配置可构建促进物质转移转化、提高收获指数形成大穗大粒而获得高产的大粒型群体。可见,通过平衡有效穗数和穗粒数二者之间的关系,保证群体颖花量,同时确保较高的结实率和千粒重,可获得稳定高产群体。     

浙江台州地区早籼稻产量与干物质生产特征研究

对7个早籼稻品种（系）的产量及其构成因素和干物质积累量进行了相关分析。结果表明,杂交稻产量高于常规稻,平均较常规稻高10.0%。相关分析表明,产量与总颖花数和有效穗数分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重呈负相关,但均不显著。通径分析表明,总颖花数、结实率和千粒重对产量的直接作用均为正效应,其中,总颖花数贡献最大,结实率次之,千粒重作用最小。随生育期的推进,干物质积累量品种间差异逐渐减小,完熟期干物质积累量以陵两优106表现最高,金早47表现最低。干物质总积累量和干物质平均日积累量与总颖花数和产量分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与结实率呈极显著负相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与产量相关度高于抽穗后干物质积累量。综上所述,台州地区早稻生产宜选用两系杂交早籼稻品种在生产上推广。生产中注重提高单位面积穗粒数,促进干物质积累量,更有利于早稻获得高产。     

高邮市水稻优质高产品种展示总结

高邮市在开发区腰圩村开展优质高产新品种展示,以求筛选适应性好、产量潜力大、综合性状优的新品种。结果表明:7个优质高产品种(系)中,南粳52产量最高,达到713.4 kg/667 m~2,其次依次为南粳0212、宁9026、宁9022、南粳9108、宁5837、宁3818。有效穗宁9022最高,为25.85万/667 m~2;每穗粒数南粳52最多,为127.7粒,宁9026第二,127.6粒;结实率南粳9108最高,为93.6%;千粒重南粳0212最高,达28.4 g,宁3818第二,为26.9 g。     

插植密度与插植苗数对超级稻产量和抗倒力的影响

2009年早、晚季以常规超级稻桂农占为试验材料,研究不同插植密度和栽插苗数对产量、产量构成和植株抗倒力的影响。结果表明,(1)栽插密度对晚季水稻产量具有极显著的影响,高密度有利于高产,但对早季水稻产量的影响不显著;插植苗数对早、晚季的产量影响较小,未达显著水平。(2)栽插密度对单位面积的有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数和群体颖花量影响较大,对结实率和千粒重影响较小;插植苗数对单位面积的有效穗数、每穗总粒数、每穗实粒数影响较大,对群体颖花量、结实率和千粒重影响较小。(3)丛、株抗倒力随插植密度的增大和插植苗数的增多而下降。综上所述,对于常规超级稻品种桂农占在高肥力稻田、适宜的施N量和合理的N肥运畴条件下,早季插植密度以24万丛/hm2、每丛插3苗,晚季插植密度以30万丛/hm2、每丛插4苗,能较好兼顾高产、高效和有效防止倒伏。     

南粳9108机插高产关键指标分析与配套栽培技术探讨

南粳9108是农业部认定的超级稻品种,也是食味性、适口性比较好的品种,具有高产优质多抗等优良特性,是高邮市高产栽培大面积主推品种。通过对近几年南粳9108机插试验示范与高产方的研究总结,得出南粳9108机插高产关键指标是,在稳定足够的穗数前提下,通过主攻大穗获得3 000万朵/667 m2以上颖花量,并保持常年的结实率与千粒重。其配套的技术,主要是控制播期实施生育进程与季节进程优化同步,控制播量规范化培育适龄壮秧,精细整地化解麦秸全量还田的不利影响,提高机插质量实施精确定量移栽,推广定量水浆管理与精确定量施肥技术,科学化学除草精准控制病虫草害。     

小苗机插大穗型杂交粳稻增产优势及形成特征

为探明小苗机插大穗型杂交粳稻在淮北地区的增产优势及其产量形成特征,选用在苏中地区表现较好的大穗型杂交粳稻甬优2640、甬优2638和甬优1640为试验材料,并以当地种植面积较大的超级稻品种连粳7号、新稻18和宁粳4号作为对照,在高产栽培条件下进行比较试验。结果表明,大穗型杂交粳稻的产量显著高于中穗型超级常规粳稻品种,因为其每穗粒数较多能形成群体足够总粒数,且结实率较高。中穗型超级稻虽群体穗数较多,但因每穗粒数不够多,造成总粒数明显少于大穗型杂交粳稻,故影响到产量的提高。大穗型杂交粳稻产量形成的鲜明特点是成穗率高,中后期叶面积指数、光合势、群体干物质积累和群体生长率显著大于中穗型常规粳稻。两年试验结果显示,每穗粒数与产量的相关系数最大,其次是总颖花数。在淮北地区小麦茬田小苗机插采用大穗型杂交粳稻有显著的增产优势,增产幅度在7.68%~12.14%。     

杂交水稻蓄留再生经济性状及其相关性研究

考察了9个杂交水稻头季稻与再生稻的经济性状和产量,分析了它们之间的相关性.结果表明,除头季稻有效穗组合间差异不显著外,其它经济性状包括头季稻每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重,再生稻有效穗、每穗总粒数、结实率、千粒重组合间差异显著;头季稻产量、再生稻产量组合间差异显著;头季稻产量与头季稻结实率、千粒重呈正相关,再生稻产量与再生稻每穗总粒数、结实率呈正相关;再生稻千粒重与头季稻结实率呈显著正相关;再生稻每穗总粒数、千粒重分别与头季稻每穗总粒数、千粒重呈正相关.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.