基于因子分析和聚类分析的杧果种质矿质元素含量评价

以53个杧果品种的套袋果实为试材,测定其10个矿质元素含量,运用因子分析和聚类分析等统计方法对矿质元素含量特征进行分析。结果表明,不同品种果实中矿质元素含量存在显著差异,10种元素平均含量依次为：K > P > Mg > Ca > Na > Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > B,变异系数在16.79%（P）~ 52.28%（Mn）之间;各矿质元素含量均服从正态分布;Mg与Mn、Zn、Cu、P、K、B之间,Zn、Cu、K两两之间,P与K之间均呈显著正相关;K、P、Ca、Mn和B是杧果果实的特征矿质元素;53个品种可以分为4类：（1）高K、P、Mg、Zn和Cu 含量的品种11个,（2）高Na和Fe含量的品种18个,（3）低Mg、Zn和K含量的品种8个,（4）低Ca、B和Mn含量的品种16个。     

Variation in nutrition along time and relative chlorophyll content of Leucospermum cordifolium cv. ‘High Gold’, and their relationship with chlorotic sypmptoms

Foliar samples, SPAD-502 measurements (both along the growing season), and soil samples were taken from protea plants (Leucospermum cordifolium), cultivar ‘High Gold’ cultivated in six commercial plantations of La Palma Island (Canarian Archipelago). Soil data (pH, available P, Ca, Mg, K and Na, and EC) ranged within normal levels for proteas, though O.M. was high. Drainage decreased the potential problem that could be caused by the high clay content of the soils. Leaves showed high concentrations of N, K, Mg, and Na, while Ca and Cu were normal. On the other hand, Fe and Zn presented some low foliar levels, while Mn values fluctuated depending upon the different plantations. N contents were higher in spring, and those of K, Ca, Mg, and Na increased with time. Relative chlorophyll contents (SPAD-502 measurements) were compared with macro- (N, P, Na, K, Ca, Mg) and micro- (Cu, Fe, Mn, Zn) foliar levels. Results showed no positive correlation between leaf chlorophyll and N content. Higher leaf N concentrations were observed in chlorophyll deficient than chlorophyll sufficient leaves at one site and vice versa at another site. In contrast, lower Mn, Fe and Ca concentrations, the last corresponding with higher ratios of N/Ca were observed in chlorophyll deficient than chlorophyll sufficient leaves at several sites. It is concluded that amendment of soils with Mn, Fe and Ca may prevent the development of chlorophyll deficiency symptoms, associated with diminished photosynthetic capacity, in this important commercial cultivar.     

贵州几种常见野菜营养成分分析

以常规方法对毕节常见野菜(刺儿菜、野葱、香椿、小茴香、苣卖菜、牛皮菜、香菜、木耳菜、苦菜)的营养成分进行测定和比较分析.结果表明:在所测定的野菜中,苦菜的纤维、脂肪、维生素E、锰和铁的含量丰富;刺儿菜含有丰富的蛋白质、维生素A、胡萝卜素、钙和钾;苣卖菜含有丰富的维生素A、胡萝卜素、锰、镁、钾和铜;野葱含有丰富的维生素C、钙和钾;牛皮菜含有丰富的锌、钾和钠;而小茴香的钠含量最高;香椿的锌和磷含量最高;木耳菜的镁含量最高.     

锥栗种仁发育期叶片与果实矿质元素含量变化

以‘长芒仔’锥栗为试材,对其种仁发育期营养枝叶片、结果枝叶片及果实（种仁、刺苞、果皮 + 种皮）中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 矿质元素含量及果实不同组织质量变化进行分析。结果表明：坚果从幼胚发生期至成熟期为种仁发育的关键时期,坚果、种仁和淀粉干质量较前期都有显著增长,分别增加了6.14 g（92.4%）、4.97 g（99.43%）及3.82 g（99.92%）。在种仁发育期,营养枝及结果枝叶片中Cu 含量呈显著下降变化,P、Zn 含量波动上升;果实刺苞中Ca、Fe、Cu 含量显著下降,Zn 含量上升后下降,其余元素变化甚微;果皮 + 种皮中N、P、K、Mg、Cu 含量前期变化甚微,后期显著下降,Ca、Zn 含量先增加后降低;种仁中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 含量均呈降低变化,种仁中各元素总量均呈显著上升趋势,在采收前1 周Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu 总量呈明显降低。种仁内淀粉总量与结果枝叶片及营养枝叶片中Cu 含量,刺苞中Cu 含量,果皮 + 种皮中K、Mn 含量呈显著负相关;与刺苞中Fe 含量,果皮 + 种皮中P、Mg、Cu 含量呈极显著负相关;而与种仁中的N、P、K、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 总量极显著正相关。     

Effect of rootstocks on the leaf mineral content of citrus

Leaves from ‘Valencia’, ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Washington Navel’ oranges grown on ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, ‘Sour Orange’, ‘Troyer’ citrange and ‘Rough Lemon’ root-stocks were analzed for N, P, K, Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. Significant differences among rootstocks were obtained for K, Ca, $\text{Ca}\text{K}$, Na and Cl, but not for N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. Scion leaves on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin tended to be low in K and high in $\text{Ca}\text{K}$ and those on ‘Rangpur’ lime were high in K and low in Ca and $\text{Ca}\text{K}$. ‘Troyer’ citrange induced higher uptake of Na and Cl than all other rootstocks. ‘Washington Navel’ leaves contained more Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn, and less Na, than ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Valencia’ leaves. ‘Valencia’ leaves contained more Ca and less K than the other two cultivars. The nutritional status of the trees was slightly low in N, K and Mn, optimum in Fe, Zn and Cu, normal-to-high in P, and contained non-toxic levels of Na and Cl. The statistical interaction of root stock and scion was found non-significant.     

Standardization of leaf-sampling technique for mineral composition of leaves of mango cultivar ‘Chausa’

The effects of leaf age, leaf position on the shoot, sampling-direction and sampling-height of leaves of mango cultivar ‘Chausa’ on their mineral composition were studied. The P and K contents decreased, while Ca, Mg, S and Mn contents increased significantly with advancing age of leaves. In general, N, P, Mg, S, Zn, Mn and Fe contents were stable in 6- to 7-months-old leaves. P, K, Ca, Mn and Fe contents varied with sampling-direction, while K, Ca, S, Zn, Cu and Fe contents were significantly higher in the leaves from the lower portion than from the upper portion of the tree. A continuous increase in Ca and Mg contents and decrease in K and Mn contents of leaves were observed from basal to terminal leaves on a shoot. It was concluded that 6- to 7-months-old leaves from the middle of non-fruiting shoots, sampled from all directions and heights, were most suitable for assessing the nutritional status of a mango tree.     

Influence of almond × peach hybrids rootstocks on flower and leaf mineral concentration,yield and vigour of two peach cultivars

Flower and foliar nutrient content of ‘Queen Giant’ and ‘Tebana’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] on six almond × peach hybrids rootstocks (‘Adafuel’, ‘Adarcias’, ‘GF 677’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Felinem’) were determined during one season. The mineral elements analysed were: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. Leaf N concentration in ‘Queen Giant’ was the highest on ‘Cadaman’ and ‘GF 677’ and the lowest on ‘Adarcias’. The P, Fe and Zn concentrations in flowers and leaves were significantly correlated. The leaf chlorophyll concentration at 120 DAFB was positively correlated with Fe floral concentration and with K, Zn and Na leaf concentration, in ‘Queen Giant’, and with K and Mn leaf concentration, in ‘Tebana’. In ‘Queen Giant’, the greatest trunk cross-sectional area was exhibited with ‘Felinem’ and ‘Garnem’ and the lowest with ‘Adarcias’. In contrast, the greater yield efficiency was found on ‘Adarcias’. In ‘Queen Giant’, a negative correlation was found between yield efficiency and Ca in leaves and in flowers. A positive correlation was observed between tree vigour and flower Fe, flower Ca and leaf Ca concentration. Correlation was also found between yield efficiency and Mg in ‘Tebana’ flowers. In ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Felinem’ rootstock showed the weakest balanced nutritional values (ΣDOP index) compared with other rootstocks.     

苹果叶营养元素含量的影响因素分析

 通过采样分析及肥料定位试验, 研究了采样时期、品种、砧木、产量、施肥等因素对苹果叶营养元素含量的影响。结果表明: 苹果叶营养元素含量的季节性变化明显; 富士、秦冠、红星、金冠、嘎拉等5个苹果品种间的叶N、P、Ca、B、Mn、Zn含量存在显著差异; M9、M26、M7、MM106矮化中间砧(新疆野苹果基砧) 和新疆野苹果乔化砧上, 苹果品种间叶营养元素含量存在差异, M9的K、Fe高而其余元素含量偏低, M26的Mg、Mn、Zn高而K、Fe低, M7的N、P、Cu、Fe、Zn较高, MM106的N、Mn高而K低, 乔化砧的Fe高而Cu、Zn低; 不同产量水平果园间叶营养元素含量不同, 高产果园较低产园N、Mg、Zn元素含量高而P、K含量低; 施肥提高叶K含量效果明显, N次之, P效果缓慢。     

Improved growth of salinity-stressed citrus after inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi

The present investigation was conducted during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons in order to study the effects of different salinity levels on the growth and chemical composition of sour orange and Volkamer lemon rootstocks. Besides, this research was also undertaken to elucidate the efficiency of mycorrhizal colonization on controlling the various hazards accompanying salinity stress. One-year-old sour orange and Volkamer lemon rootstocks were kept in a glasshouse and irrigated with control (non-saline), 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm and 4500 ppm of salinity levels. Salinity decreased arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization. In both the AM and non AM, leaf area, trunk cross-sectional area, total, top, leaf and root dry weights were decreased under salinity. The plants inoculated with the AM fungus had significantly higher growth parameters compared to the non-inoculated plants. Increasing the salinity level tended to increase the concentrations of leaf Na, N, Ca and Cl while P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu decreased. On the contrary, inoculating the seedlings with AM tended to increase the levels of P, K, Mg and Zn. Whereas leaf N, Ca and Na of inoculated seedlings was significantly lower than that of un-inoculated ones. Leaf Cl, Fe, Mn and Cu contents did not statistically vary in this concern.     

南疆果仁兼用杏种仁矿物质元素鉴评

以南疆29种果仁兼用型杏仁为试材,采用原子吸收光谱法,研究了杏仁中矿物质组成及含量的差异,以期为果仁兼用型杏瓷漆的开发和利用提供参考依据。结果表明:南疆29种果仁兼用型杏仁的矿物质元素中,K含量最高,范围为5639.03~23614.40 mg·kg^-1,Na含量最低,范围为105.74~533.97 mg·kg^-1;含量依次为K>Mg>Ca>Na>Zn>Fe>Cu>Mn;主成分分析表明南疆果仁兼用型杏仁的特征性元素为Zn、Cu、Mn、K。在29种果仁兼用型杏种仁中,以‘卡巴克玉吕克’的K含量最高;‘库尔勒托拥’的Na含量最高;‘古木杏’的Ca含量最高;‘甜仁杏’的Mg含量最高;‘阿克托拥’的Fe含量最高;‘大优佳’的Mn含量最高;‘胡安娜’的Zn、Cu含量最高,品质好。通过系统聚类分析,基于Zn、Fe、Cu、Mn元素含量,可将29个品种分为两大类。     

Vector analysis in the study of the nutritional status of Philodendron cultivated in compost-based media

Compost (CP) made from 70% ligno-cellulosic compounds and 30% sewage sludge was studied as a component of growing media in a 6-month Philodendron cultivation. CP's agronomic viability was evaluated via four plant-growth media containing 25–50–75–100% CP and white sphagnum peat (WP) in comparison to a commercial substrate with white and black peat. Plant nutrition conditions were investigated by determining macro- (TKN, P, K, Ca, Mg and micronutrients (Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Na) and heavy metals (Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb) in roots and shoot tissues. Data were compared by vector analysis against control. Even if no leaf injuries were visible after 6-months’ growth, a CP ratio of up to 50% caused growth depression of canopy tissues, as attested by the 37 and 36% reduction in total leaf dry weight and leaf area, respectively. Root growth decline was also notable at 25% CP, where 38% root dry weight reduction implied a significant increase (46%) in shoot–root dry weight ratio. The investigation on nutrient tissue content showed high accumulation of Ni, Fe, Cr, Zn, Cd, Mn, Mg and P in roots; Mg appeared related to K deficiency. Above-ground nutritional status showed a severe lack of P, Mg and Mn. Vector analysis suggests the sewage sludge CP in Philodendron pot cultivation produces many such effects like direct toxic action and antagonistic action, resulting in a general nutrient imbalance in plants.     

Influence of different vigour cherry rootstocks on leaves and shoots mineral composition

In this study, the field performance of Adara, CAB 6P, Gisela 5, MaxMa 14, Saint Lucie GF 64 (SL 64), Saint Lucie GF 405 (SL 405), and Tabel-Edabriz rootstocks, grafted with two sweet cherry cultivars (‘Stark Hardy Giant’ and ‘Van’, Prunus avium L.), were compared after 7 years of planting on a calcareous clay-loam soil. The leaf and shoot mineral elements analysed were N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. In the case of both cultivars, tree vigour and cumulative yield were highest on Adara, whereas yield efficiency was greater on Gisela 5. All rootstocks induced low leaf Fe concentrations, although visual chlorosis symptoms were not observed. In both cultivars, significant positive correlations between Mn shoot and leaf concentration were found. Significant positive correlations were also found between yield efficiency and shoot mineral concentration, with the exception of Mg and Zn, which showed no correlation, and K with negative correlation. In ‘Van’ cultivar, Adara rootstock followed by CAP 6P and Gisela 5 showed the most balanced nutritional values. On the other hand, SL 64 had leaf mineral element concentrations below the optimum, probably due to the bad adaptation to heavy soil conditions.     

Sampling for mineral content in leaves of guava cultivar ‘Lucknow-49’

A continuous increase in dry matter content in leaves of guava (Psidium guajava L.) was observed when their age increased, and also from the base to the top of the shoot. While the N, P, K, Zn and Cu content decreased, the levels of Ca, Mg, Na and Mn increased when age of leaf increased. With regard to position of leaves on the shoot, the levels of N, Ca and Mg increased from base to top, while the reverse was true for P, K, Na, Zn and Mn. No definite pattern was observed for Cu. Stabilization of all constituents was observed in 5-months old leaves borne on position V from the base of shoot. Thus, while considering the nutrient status of a tree as a whole, leaves of this age and position should be sampled. However, in certain cases the range of period and position for leaf sampling varied with the different elements, e.g. for Ca, 1- to 2-months old leaves should be sampled, while for Mn, leaves should be taken from positions II–IV of the shoot.     

Changes in the composition of the tuber crop Oxalis tuberosa Molina during storage

Tubers of oca (Oxalis tuberosa Molina) were held in storage for 20 weeks at either 4 or 21°C. Storage at 4°C substantially extended the storage life of the tubers. Respiratory rate (4 mg CO₂/kg·h at 4°), fresh weight and color loss, and sprouting were retarded. Composition changes of the tubers (% reducing sugars, non-reducing sugars, total sugars, starches, total carbohydrates, total nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen) were less pronounced at 4°C than at 21°C. Tubers stored at 21°C underwent substantial changes in composition, the majority of which tended to coincide with sprout formation. Mineral analyses (P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, B, Cu, Zn, Na, Al, Si, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, Cd and Sr) of fresh tubers, petioles and leaves are given.     

Impact of grafting and rootstock on nutrient-to-water uptake ratios during the first month after planting of hydroponically grown tomato

Tomato plants (cv. Primadonna F₁), non-grafted, self-grafted, or grafted onto the commercial rootstocks ‘He-man’ and ‘Maxifort’, were grown in recirculating nutrient solution. The uptake concentrations (UCs), i.e. mean nutrient-to-water uptake ratios of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B, were estimated based either on depletion from the nutrient solution or on accumulation in the plant biomass. Grafting onto both commercial rootstocks increased the total plant biomass. Hetero-grafting also increased the leaf N, Ca, and Cu concentrations but decreased those of Mg and Fe in comparison with self- and non-grafted plants. The mean UCs of N, Ca, and Cu were higher in plants grafted onto both commercial rootstocks in comparison with self- and non-grafted plants. However, hetero-grafting also raised the UCs of P, Fe, Mn, and B, because of an increased deposition of these nutrients to the roots in comparison with self-rooted plants. The method used to estimate the UCs, i.e. nutrient removal from the recirculating nutrient solution vs. nutrient recovery from plant biomass per volume unit of transpired water, resulted in similar values for N, Ca, Zn, and Cu, but had a significant impact on those of P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, and B.     

野生欧李果实发育期不同叶位叶片中主要矿质元素含量的变化

以野生欧李为试材,研究了欧李果实发育期不同叶位成熟叶片中Ca与其他主要矿质元素的变化及其相关特性,为揭示欧李果实钙素吸收机制提供基础资料。结果表明,果实发育期新梢不同叶位叶片中Cu、Mn、Ca、Mg(均值)逐渐增加,Fe、Zn、K(均值)逐渐下降;果实成熟增长期新梢中不同部位叶片由下至上Cu、Zn、Mn、K呈增加趋势,Fe、Ca呈递减趋势,Mg无明显变化;不同叶位叶片中Ca变化相互间均呈显著或极显著正相关,与新梢上位叶片中Zn、Fe、K变化呈显著或极显著负相关,与新梢上位和下位叶片中Mn、Mg变化呈显著或极显著正相关。研究提出,新梢上位成熟叶片中主要矿质元素的变化可以表征新梢叶片中钙素吸收和累积的变化规律。     

γ–氨基丁酸对低氧胁迫下甜瓜幼苗氮代谢及矿质元素含量的影响

 以甜瓜‘西域1号’为材料,采用营养液水培方法,研究了低氧胁迫下外源γ–氨基丁酸（GABA）对幼苗根系无机氮代谢及矿质元素含量的影响。试验结果表明,低氧胁迫下甜瓜根系中硝酸还原酶（NR）、亚硝酸还原酶（NiR）活性显著提高,硝态氮（NO₃^--N）、亚硝态氮（NO₂^--N）、铵态氮（NH₄⁺-N）以及谷氨酸、氨基酸、总氮含量显著增加,而可溶性蛋白含量显著降低,同时K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn含量显著降低,Mn、Fe、Cu含量大幅提高,根系生长受到严重抑制;低氧胁迫下添加外源GABA处理的甜瓜根系中NO₃^--N、NO₂^--N、NH₄⁺-N、谷氨酸、氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质、总氮、K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn含量以及NR、NiR活性显著高于低氧胁迫处理,而Mn、Fe、Cu含量显著降低,缓解了低氧胁迫对根系生长的抑制;低氧胁迫下同时添加GABA和钨酸钠处理的根系NR活性显著降低,同时NiR活性和NO₃^--N、NH₄⁺-N、谷氨酸、氨基酸、可溶性蛋白质、总氮含量和根系干质量均显著降低。说明低氧胁迫下外源GABA可以通过诱导NR活性的提高促进硝酸盐的吸收和转化,通过提高K⁺、Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Zn的吸收和减少Mn、Fe、Cu的吸收,缓解低氧胁迫甜瓜根系的伤害。     

果树缺铁黄化叶片矿质元素含量变化的研究

以苹果、梨、桃为试材，按叶片缺铁黄化程度不同分级采样并分析叶片矿质元素含量变化。结果表明：随着果树黄化叶片的加剧，叶片全量Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｂ含量显著增加，Ｃａ、Ｍｎ含量明显降低，Ｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｚｎ有一定的变化，但趋势不太明显；随叶片失绿程度的加重，Ｃａ／Ｋ、Ｍｎ／Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ／Ｍｎ、Ｂ／Ｍｎ变化也极为明显。分别用叶片矿质元素含量及元素间比值与叶绿素含量进行相关分析表明，矿质元素以Ｂ、Ｐ与叶绿素关系最密切，Ｍｎ、Ｎ、Ｃａ次之；元素间以Ｃａ／Ｋ、Ｂ／Ｍｎ与叶绿素相关性最好，Ｍｎ／Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ／Ｍｎ、Ｐ／Ｚｎ次之。     

扁桃幼果发育期果实和叶片中矿质元素含量的变化

以普通扁桃品种纸皮为试材,研究了幼果生长发育期间Ca、Fe、Mg、Zn、Mn、Cu元素的含量变化。旨在为指导扁桃合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,随果实生长发育,扁桃种仁中Ca、Zn、Mn、Cu4种元素含量呈升高趋势,Fe元素含量呈下降趋势。叶片、果皮中Cu、Ca2种元素含量呈升高趋势,Zn、Mn、Fe3种元素含量呈下降趋势。Zn、Mn、Cu元素含量在叶、果间呈极显著正相关,Ca元素含量在叶、果间呈显著正相关,Fe元素含量在叶、果间相关性不明显。     

柠檬柚果实发育过程中金属营养元素含量变化及活性氧代谢研究

研究柠檬柚（Citrus limonum Grandis Osbeck,柠檬与麻豆文旦柚杂交的新品种）果实发育过程中K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe 7种金属营养元素的含量与分布、吸收规律及其与活性氧代谢的相关性。结果表明：（1）4—5月、6—9月和10—11月分别是果皮迅速生长期、果肉迅速生长期和果实转色成熟期。（2）果皮和果肉中K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn、Fe的含量都随着果实的发育总体呈递减规律,但元素的吸收总量却相反。K、Zn、Fe以果肉居多,Ca、Mg、Mn则主要分布在果皮。K含量位居7元素之首。Cu在幼果期的含量是其它月份的5 ~ 6倍,且果皮果肉中的含量相当。（3）K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn的吸收量集中在7—9月,Cu和Fe 的吸收高峰则在11月果实转色期（39.83%和45.95%）。（4）果肉中7种金属营养元素间相关性显著率大于果皮。（5）与活性氧代谢相关性较显著的是Fe元素,其余依次是K、Zn、Cu、Ca、Mg,Mn最低。