Influence of almond × peach hybrids rootstocks on flower and leaf mineral concentration,yield and vigour of two peach cultivars

Flower and foliar nutrient content of ‘Queen Giant’ and ‘Tebana’ peach [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] on six almond × peach hybrids rootstocks (‘Adafuel’, ‘Adarcias’, ‘GF 677’, ‘Cadaman’, ‘Garnem’ and ‘Felinem’) were determined during one season. The mineral elements analysed were: N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. Leaf N concentration in ‘Queen Giant’ was the highest on ‘Cadaman’ and ‘GF 677’ and the lowest on ‘Adarcias’. The P, Fe and Zn concentrations in flowers and leaves were significantly correlated. The leaf chlorophyll concentration at 120 DAFB was positively correlated with Fe floral concentration and with K, Zn and Na leaf concentration, in ‘Queen Giant’, and with K and Mn leaf concentration, in ‘Tebana’. In ‘Queen Giant’, the greatest trunk cross-sectional area was exhibited with ‘Felinem’ and ‘Garnem’ and the lowest with ‘Adarcias’. In contrast, the greater yield efficiency was found on ‘Adarcias’. In ‘Queen Giant’, a negative correlation was found between yield efficiency and Ca in leaves and in flowers. A positive correlation was observed between tree vigour and flower Fe, flower Ca and leaf Ca concentration. Correlation was also found between yield efficiency and Mg in ‘Tebana’ flowers. In ‘Queen Giant’, ‘Felinem’ rootstock showed the weakest balanced nutritional values (ΣDOP index) compared with other rootstocks.     

赣南不同土壤类型脐橙园叶片营养状况研究

从赣州市10个县(市、区)的沙质红壤、黏性红壤、紫色土和黄壤等131个枳砧纽荷尔脐橙园采样测定叶片营养元素含量,分析营养丰缺状况。结果显示,赣南脐橙园普遍存在叶片氮、钾偏高而镁、锌不足的问题。土壤类型对叶片氮、磷、钾、钙、镁、铁和锰含量有显著(P<0.05)影响:沙质红壤果园磷、铁更为丰富;黏性红壤果园氮含量最高,钾的过量程度和镁的缺乏程度都最轻;黄壤果园磷更丰富,钙更缺乏,锰最容易过量;紫色土果园氮、磷含量最低,钾易过量,钙较丰富,镁最缺乏,有部分pH值较高的果园植株缺铁。叶片硫、锌、铜、硼和钼在不同土壤类型的果园间差异不显著(P>0.05),但有相当比例的脐橙园叶片缺铜,少量果园叶片缺硼,大多数果园叶片硫含量适宜,所有果园叶片钼含量适宜。     

Standardization of leaf-sampling technique for mineral composition of leaves of mango cultivar ‘Chausa’

The effects of leaf age, leaf position on the shoot, sampling-direction and sampling-height of leaves of mango cultivar ‘Chausa’ on their mineral composition were studied. The P and K contents decreased, while Ca, Mg, S and Mn contents increased significantly with advancing age of leaves. In general, N, P, Mg, S, Zn, Mn and Fe contents were stable in 6- to 7-months-old leaves. P, K, Ca, Mn and Fe contents varied with sampling-direction, while K, Ca, S, Zn, Cu and Fe contents were significantly higher in the leaves from the lower portion than from the upper portion of the tree. A continuous increase in Ca and Mg contents and decrease in K and Mn contents of leaves were observed from basal to terminal leaves on a shoot. It was concluded that 6- to 7-months-old leaves from the middle of non-fruiting shoots, sampled from all directions and heights, were most suitable for assessing the nutritional status of a mango tree.     

Effect of sampling time and soil type on Mn,Fe, Zn,Ca, Mg,K and P concentrations of olive (Olea europaea L., cv. ‘Koroneiki’) leaves

It has been studied the time course of seven leaf nutrients’ (Mn, Fe, Zn, Ca, Mg, K and P) concentrations when plants of the olive cultivar ‘Koroneiki’ were grown for about 5 months (from the 30th of May till the 17th of October) in three soils from different parent materials (Marl, Gneiss schist and Peridotite), located in the region of Central Macedonia, Northern Greece.     

Improved growth of salinity-stressed citrus after inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi

The present investigation was conducted during 2006 and 2007 growing seasons in order to study the effects of different salinity levels on the growth and chemical composition of sour orange and Volkamer lemon rootstocks. Besides, this research was also undertaken to elucidate the efficiency of mycorrhizal colonization on controlling the various hazards accompanying salinity stress. One-year-old sour orange and Volkamer lemon rootstocks were kept in a glasshouse and irrigated with control (non-saline), 1500 ppm, 3000 ppm and 4500 ppm of salinity levels. Salinity decreased arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) colonization. In both the AM and non AM, leaf area, trunk cross-sectional area, total, top, leaf and root dry weights were decreased under salinity. The plants inoculated with the AM fungus had significantly higher growth parameters compared to the non-inoculated plants. Increasing the salinity level tended to increase the concentrations of leaf Na, N, Ca and Cl while P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu decreased. On the contrary, inoculating the seedlings with AM tended to increase the levels of P, K, Mg and Zn. Whereas leaf N, Ca and Na of inoculated seedlings was significantly lower than that of un-inoculated ones. Leaf Cl, Fe, Mn and Cu contents did not statistically vary in this concern.     

Impact of grafting and rootstock on nutrient-to-water uptake ratios during the first month after planting of hydroponically grown tomato

Tomato plants (cv. Primadonna F₁), non-grafted, self-grafted, or grafted onto the commercial rootstocks ‘He-man’ and ‘Maxifort’, were grown in recirculating nutrient solution. The uptake concentrations (UCs), i.e. mean nutrient-to-water uptake ratios of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, and B, were estimated based either on depletion from the nutrient solution or on accumulation in the plant biomass. Grafting onto both commercial rootstocks increased the total plant biomass. Hetero-grafting also increased the leaf N, Ca, and Cu concentrations but decreased those of Mg and Fe in comparison with self- and non-grafted plants. The mean UCs of N, Ca, and Cu were higher in plants grafted onto both commercial rootstocks in comparison with self- and non-grafted plants. However, hetero-grafting also raised the UCs of P, Fe, Mn, and B, because of an increased deposition of these nutrients to the roots in comparison with self-rooted plants. The method used to estimate the UCs, i.e. nutrient removal from the recirculating nutrient solution vs. nutrient recovery from plant biomass per volume unit of transpired water, resulted in similar values for N, Ca, Zn, and Cu, but had a significant impact on those of P, K, Mg, Fe, Mn, and B.     

基于因子分析和聚类分析的杧果种质矿质元素含量评价

以53个杧果品种的套袋果实为试材,测定其10个矿质元素含量,运用因子分析和聚类分析等统计方法对矿质元素含量特征进行分析。结果表明,不同品种果实中矿质元素含量存在显著差异,10种元素平均含量依次为：K > P > Mg > Ca > Na > Mn > Fe > Zn > Cu > B,变异系数在16.79%（P）~ 52.28%（Mn）之间;各矿质元素含量均服从正态分布;Mg与Mn、Zn、Cu、P、K、B之间,Zn、Cu、K两两之间,P与K之间均呈显著正相关;K、P、Ca、Mn和B是杧果果实的特征矿质元素;53个品种可以分为4类：（1）高K、P、Mg、Zn和Cu 含量的品种11个,（2）高Na和Fe含量的品种18个,（3）低Mg、Zn和K含量的品种8个,（4）低Ca、B和Mn含量的品种16个。     

Accumulation of mineral elements in five tropical leafy vegetables as influenced by nitrogen fertilization and age

The edible portions of 5 tropical leafy vegetables, Amaranthus caudatus (A), Cucurbita pepo (C), Telfairia occidentalis (T), Solanum aethiopicum (Sa) and Solanum macrocarpon (Sm), were analysed for their contents of calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), sodium (Na), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), copper (Cu) and chloride (Cl). The analyses were performed in relation to 4 levels of nitrogen (N) fertilization (0, 100, 150 or 200 kg N/ha) and 4 harvest (H) periods (7, 9, 11 or 13 weeks post-planting).N application had no significant effect on the accumulation of Ca, K, Na, Cu and Zn in all the 5 vegetables and on the P and Mg of T, Sa and Sm. However, it depressed the Fe content of all the vegetables and the Mg content of A and C, but increased the Mn and Cl contents of all the vegetables and the P content of A and C. With increasing age, the P, Na, Zn and Mn contents of the vegetables increased significantly, while Fe and Cu of all the vegetables, the K of A, C and Sm, and P of A and T decreased.     

不同叶面肥处理对日光温室“87-1”葡萄生长发育的影响

以日光温室"87-1"葡萄为试材,设置叶面喷施氨基酸系列肥(AA-S)、氨基酸硒肥(AA-Se)、氨基酸硒肥+微量元素(AA-Se+T)和喷清水(CK)4个处理,研究了不同叶面肥处理对日光温室葡萄生长发育的影响,以期为日光温室葡萄叶面肥的选择及改良研发提供参考依据。结果表明:与CK相比,喷施叶面肥处理显著提高了葡萄的成花枝率、结果系数、比叶干质量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量和成熟期果实的N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mo等矿质元素含量,以及果实的可溶性固形物含量。其中,AA-Se+T处理的成花枝率、叶绿素a含量、叶绿素b含量、叶绿素总含量、类胡萝卜素含量、成熟期果实的N、P、K、Fe、Mn、B、Cu和Mo含量,以及可溶性固形物含量均显著高于AA-S处理和AA-Se处理,成熟期果实的Ca和Mg含量则以AA-S处理最高。Topsis综合评价分析,CI指数表现为AA-Se+T处理>AA-S处理>AA-Se处理>CK。综上所述,喷施叶面肥可以提高日光温室"87-1"葡萄的成花能力、叶片质量、果实矿质元素含量和果实品质,以AA-Se+T处理效果最佳。AA-S处理显著提高了成熟期果实的Ca、Mg含量,可用于解决果实缺钙问题和高钙果品的生产。     

Essential and non-essential element composition of tomato plants fertilized with poultry manure

Poultry manure (PM) must be disposed of from poultry farms, but is a potentially valuable source of macro- and micronutrients for plant growth. The objective of this study was to examine the effects of poultry manure on the growth of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) plants. Yields of fruits and vegetative material of plants grown in soil with 0, 10, 20 and 40 g kg⁻¹ PM added were measured. Concentrations of N, P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Zn, Cu, Mn, Mo, Cl, Si, Br, Rb, Sr and Ba in leaves at flowering and at final harvest and in fruits were determined by polarized energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (PEDXRF). Poultry manure fertilization improved tomato shoot growth and also fruit yield and increased leaf N concentrations at the harvest stage. In addition, P concentrations of the leaves and fruits were increased as the application rate of PM was increased. Fruit Ca and Mg were significantly reduced by increased rate of PM application, but not to the extent to cause the calcium deficiency disorder blossom end rot. Applied high levels of PM slightly increased the concentrations of leaf Mo and Br at the harvest stage. Poultry manure applications had a positive effect on the concentrations of leaf Zn, Cu, Cl and Rb at both sampling stages, but leaf Si concentration was reduced by PM treatments. The concentrations of Zn and Rb were increased in the fruits by PM treatments, but the concentrations of Br were decreased. Applied PM levels had no significant effects on the concentrations of K, S, Fe, Sr or Ba in tomato plants. It is concluded that the increased fruit yield, and the increased concentration of Zn (an element required in the human diet) and the lowered concentration of potentially harmful Br in the fruit make poultry manure a valuable growing medium for tomato production.     

扁桃幼果发育期果实和叶片中矿质元素含量的变化

以普通扁桃品种纸皮为试材,研究了幼果生长发育期间Ca、Fe、Mg、Zn、Mn、Cu元素的含量变化。旨在为指导扁桃合理施肥提供理论依据。结果表明,随果实生长发育,扁桃种仁中Ca、Zn、Mn、Cu4种元素含量呈升高趋势,Fe元素含量呈下降趋势。叶片、果皮中Cu、Ca2种元素含量呈升高趋势,Zn、Mn、Fe3种元素含量呈下降趋势。Zn、Mn、Cu元素含量在叶、果间呈极显著正相关,Ca元素含量在叶、果间呈显著正相关,Fe元素含量在叶、果间相关性不明显。     

Effect of rootstocks on the leaf mineral content of citrus

Leaves from ‘Valencia’, ‘Hamlin’ and ‘Washington Navel’ oranges grown on ‘Rangpur’ lime, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin, ‘Sour Orange’, ‘Troyer’ citrange and ‘Rough Lemon’ root-stocks were analzed for N, P, K, Ca, Na, Cl, Fe, Mn, Cu and Zn. Significant differences among rootstocks were obtained for K, Ca, $\text{Ca}\text{K}$, Na and Cl, but not for N, P, Fe, Mn, Zn and Cu. Scion leaves on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin tended to be low in K and high in $\text{Ca}\text{K}$ and those on ‘Rangpur’ lime were high in K and low in Ca and $\text{Ca}\text{K}$. ‘Troyer’ citrange induced higher uptake of Na and Cl than all other rootstocks. ‘Washington Navel’ leaves contained more Fe, Zn, Cu and Mn, and less Na, than ‘Hamlin’ or ‘Valencia’ leaves. ‘Valencia’ leaves contained more Ca and less K than the other two cultivars. The nutritional status of the trees was slightly low in N, K and Mn, optimum in Fe, Zn and Cu, normal-to-high in P, and contained non-toxic levels of Na and Cl. The statistical interaction of root stock and scion was found non-significant.     

Influence of rootstocks on the leaf nutrient composition of two scion cultivars of mandarin

The influence of various rootstocks on the leaf nutrient composition of mandarin cultivars ‘Coorg’ and ‘Kinnow’ was studied in a rootstock trial at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta. Differences due to rootstocks in the leaf nutrient composition with respect to N, K, Ca, Mg, Na and Mn were significant. Leaf N content was higher on the rootstocks ‘Trifoliate’ orange and ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ citranges. ‘Trifoliate’ orange, in addition to being more efficient in absorbing N, also resulted in much lower leaf Na content than the others. Rootstocks ‘Rough Lemon’, ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin and ‘Kodakithuli’ were more efficient in absorbing cations Ca, Mg and K. The citrange rootstocks ‘Carrizo’ and ‘Troyer’ resulted in a very low content of leaf Mn, indicating that these may be particularly suitable in high-Mn and highly acidic soils.Significant differences in the leaf nutrient composition with respect to all the nutrients excepting N, P and Cu were observed between the 2 scion cultivars. ‘Kinnow’ mandarin appeared to have a much lower requirement both for Zn and Fe, which makes it more suitable on soils with a high pH.     

锥栗种仁发育期叶片与果实矿质元素含量变化

以‘长芒仔’锥栗为试材,对其种仁发育期营养枝叶片、结果枝叶片及果实（种仁、刺苞、果皮 + 种皮）中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 矿质元素含量及果实不同组织质量变化进行分析。结果表明：坚果从幼胚发生期至成熟期为种仁发育的关键时期,坚果、种仁和淀粉干质量较前期都有显著增长,分别增加了6.14 g（92.4%）、4.97 g（99.43%）及3.82 g（99.92%）。在种仁发育期,营养枝及结果枝叶片中Cu 含量呈显著下降变化,P、Zn 含量波动上升;果实刺苞中Ca、Fe、Cu 含量显著下降,Zn 含量上升后下降,其余元素变化甚微;果皮 + 种皮中N、P、K、Mg、Cu 含量前期变化甚微,后期显著下降,Ca、Zn 含量先增加后降低;种仁中N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 含量均呈降低变化,种仁中各元素总量均呈显著上升趋势,在采收前1 周Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu 总量呈明显降低。种仁内淀粉总量与结果枝叶片及营养枝叶片中Cu 含量,刺苞中Cu 含量,果皮 + 种皮中K、Mn 含量呈显著负相关;与刺苞中Fe 含量,果皮 + 种皮中P、Mg、Cu 含量呈极显著负相关;而与种仁中的N、P、K、Mg、Mn、Fe、Zn、Cu 总量极显著正相关。     

Influence of different vigour cherry rootstocks on leaves and shoots mineral composition

In this study, the field performance of Adara, CAB 6P, Gisela 5, MaxMa 14, Saint Lucie GF 64 (SL 64), Saint Lucie GF 405 (SL 405), and Tabel-Edabriz rootstocks, grafted with two sweet cherry cultivars (‘Stark Hardy Giant’ and ‘Van’, Prunus avium L.), were compared after 7 years of planting on a calcareous clay-loam soil. The leaf and shoot mineral elements analysed were N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Na and Cu. In the case of both cultivars, tree vigour and cumulative yield were highest on Adara, whereas yield efficiency was greater on Gisela 5. All rootstocks induced low leaf Fe concentrations, although visual chlorosis symptoms were not observed. In both cultivars, significant positive correlations between Mn shoot and leaf concentration were found. Significant positive correlations were also found between yield efficiency and shoot mineral concentration, with the exception of Mg and Zn, which showed no correlation, and K with negative correlation. In ‘Van’ cultivar, Adara rootstock followed by CAP 6P and Gisela 5 showed the most balanced nutritional values. On the other hand, SL 64 had leaf mineral element concentrations below the optimum, probably due to the bad adaptation to heavy soil conditions.     

Sampling for mineral content in leaves of guava cultivar ‘Lucknow-49’

A continuous increase in dry matter content in leaves of guava (Psidium guajava L.) was observed when their age increased, and also from the base to the top of the shoot. While the N, P, K, Zn and Cu content decreased, the levels of Ca, Mg, Na and Mn increased when age of leaf increased. With regard to position of leaves on the shoot, the levels of N, Ca and Mg increased from base to top, while the reverse was true for P, K, Na, Zn and Mn. No definite pattern was observed for Cu. Stabilization of all constituents was observed in 5-months old leaves borne on position V from the base of shoot. Thus, while considering the nutrient status of a tree as a whole, leaves of this age and position should be sampled. However, in certain cases the range of period and position for leaf sampling varied with the different elements, e.g. for Ca, 1- to 2-months old leaves should be sampled, while for Mn, leaves should be taken from positions II–IV of the shoot.     

Floral analysis cannot be considered as an alternative to the foliar diagnosis in the olive

Correlations between macro and micronutrient concentration of olive leaves and those obtained in floral buds at five development stages, were studied in order to evaluate the utility of floral analysis for the diagnosis of the nutritional status of olive orchards. Olive leaves from ‘Arbequina’, ‘Frantoio’, ‘Hojiblanca’, ‘Bella de España’ and ‘Picual’ cultivars were taken during July of 2002 and 2003. Samples of floral buds were collected at five development stages: closed bud (E), petal fall (G), G + 15 days, G + 30 days and pit hardening (H). Results showed a lack of signification of the correlation coefficients between leaf and floral analysis for N, P, K, Ca, Mg, B, Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu and Na in both years of the experiment. The few significant correlations obtained were not repeated in both years. Therefore, the results indicate that floral bud mineral analyses cannot substitute the foliar diagnosis to establish the nutritional status of the olive orchards.     

环渤海湾地区主要梨园树体矿质营养元素状况研究

 以叶片矿质营养元素含量作为树体营养诊断的依据,对环渤海湾地区有代表性的203个梨园树体矿质营养状况及相应土壤养分状况进行了研究,结果表明：（1）该地区81% ~ 97%的梨园叶片P、Ca、Mg、Fe含量处于适宜状态,26% ~ 40%的梨园叶片N、K、Zn含量偏低。（2）除Mg、Zn外,不同梨树品种间叶片中矿质营养含量差异明显。与其它品种相比,苹果梨N、P含量较高,而K含量偏低;莱阳茌梨N含量较低,而P、K含量较高;砀山酥梨N、P、K含量均偏低。（3）初步筛选出N/P、Mg/P、Zn/P、K/Mg、Ca/Mg、Zn/Mg作为该地区梨园营养诊断与施肥建议综合法的营养诊断参数,低产梨园各元素需肥顺序大致为Mg > P > Ca > K > Zn > N > Fe。（4）土壤pH与梨树叶片中Ca、Mg含量呈极显著正相关,与Zn呈极显著负相关;土壤有机质含量与梨树叶片中N、Mg含量呈极显著正相关;叶片N、K、Ca、Mg、Zn含量与其所对应的土壤有效态养分均呈极显著或显著正相关。     

黄土高原富士苹果叶片矿质养分与果实品质相关性分析

2012和2013年,对黄土高原12个主产区108个典型富士苹果园叶片养分和果实品质进行调查分析,应用典型相关分析方法,筛选影响果实品质因子的主要叶片养分因子,求解富士苹果优质的叶片养分含量优化方案,指出被调查果园叶片养分存在的问题。研究结果表明：黄土高原富士苹果品质整体优良,但果实硬度偏低,可滴定酸含量变异稍大。典型相关分析获得了影响苹果品质的主要叶片养分因子,单果质量为：钾 > 磷 > 镁 > 铁 > 钙;果实硬度为：镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 钙 > 铁;果实可溶性固形物含量为：镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 锌 > 钙;果实可滴定酸含量为镁 > 钾 > 氮 > 锌;果形指数的大小顺序为镁 > 钾 > 磷 > 铁 > 钙。线性规划求解出富士苹果优质的叶片养分含量优化方案为：全氮21.5 ~ 26.6 g ? kg-1、全磷1.18 ~ 1.86 g ? kg-1、全钾5.5 ~ 11.6 g ? kg-1、全钙13.6 ~ 26.1 g ? kg-1、全镁4.8 g ? kg-1、全锌15.0 ~ 75.0 mg ? kg-1、全铁100.0 ~ 180.0 mg ? kg-1,在优化条件下苹果单果质量可以达到382.5 g、果实硬度8.59 kg ? cm-2、可溶性固形物含量19.11%、可滴定酸含量0.157%、果形指数0.93。被调查的果园叶片全磷、全钾、全钙和全铁含量均较高,全氮和全锌含量相对适宜,合理施肥,平衡树体营养,防止旺长是其今后树体养分管理的关键。     

柠檬柚果实发育过程中金属营养元素含量变化及活性氧代谢研究

研究柠檬柚（Citrus limonum Grandis Osbeck,柠檬与麻豆文旦柚杂交的新品种）果实发育过程中K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe 7种金属营养元素的含量与分布、吸收规律及其与活性氧代谢的相关性。结果表明：（1）4—5月、6—9月和10—11月分别是果皮迅速生长期、果肉迅速生长期和果实转色成熟期。（2）果皮和果肉中K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn、Fe的含量都随着果实的发育总体呈递减规律,但元素的吸收总量却相反。K、Zn、Fe以果肉居多,Ca、Mg、Mn则主要分布在果皮。K含量位居7元素之首。Cu在幼果期的含量是其它月份的5 ~ 6倍,且果皮果肉中的含量相当。（3）K、Ca、Mg、Zn、Mn的吸收量集中在7—9月,Cu和Fe 的吸收高峰则在11月果实转色期（39.83%和45.95%）。（4）果肉中7种金属营养元素间相关性显著率大于果皮。（5）与活性氧代谢相关性较显著的是Fe元素,其余依次是K、Zn、Cu、Ca、Mg,Mn最低。