Causes for species difference in acute toxicity of chlorocholine chloride]

Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) inhibits neuromuscular transduction of excitation and, consequently, leads to respiratory arrest in cases of acute intoxication. An account is given of the relationships between neuromuscularly blocking activity and acute toxicity of CCC. Several animal species and pharmacological models are used to produce evidence to the effect that CCC-caused inhibition of neuromuscular transmission of excitation is characterised by parameters typical of block due to depolarisation. The differentiated sensitivity of species to depolarising neuromuscular blockers is thought to be the decisive cause of species differences regarding acute toxicity of CCC. Conclusions are discussed which may be derived from the above findings regarding acute CCC toxicity to man and agricultural animal.     

The metabolite products of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in eggs and meat of laying hens fed 15N-CCC containing diets

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the metabolic products of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in eggs and meat of laying hens fed a diet containing (15)N-CCC. Ten brown laying hens were randomly divided into two groups of five each. One group was offered (15)N-CCC free diet while the other group received a diet with 100 ppm (15)N-CCC for 11 days. Samples of eggs and meat from the laying hens were collected. Egg yolks and albumen were separated. Meat was collected from the breast and femur. The metabolic products of CCC were measured using ion trap electrospray ionisation mass spectrometry (ion trap-ESI-MS/MS). Determination of CCC or its metabolites in eggs and meat showed that CCC was metabolised to choline. Corresponding MS/MS spectra were obtained for m/z 104 (choline) or 105 ((15)N-choline), whereas nothing was detected at m/z 122 (CCC) or 123 ((15)N-CCC). The results from this study indicate that CCC will be metabolised in tissues of laying hens.     

The effect of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) inclusion in the diets of growing hens on growth rate, oestrogen levels and the onset of lay

A study was conducted to test the effect of chlorocholine chloride (CCC) on growth performance and the onset of laying in hens. One hundred and fifteen 3-week-old chickens were divided into four treatment groups of 39, 33, 31 and 12 chickens. They were placed on four dietary treatments consisting of 0 p.p.m. CCC (control), 5 p.p.m. CCC from 14 weeks of age (5 p.p.m. A), 5 p.p.m. CCC from the beginning (5 p.p.m. B), and 50 p.p.m. CCC from the beginning (50 p.p.m. B). The basal diets were formulated according to the growing period and were iso-nitrogenous and iso-energetic. The crude protein content was 17.99% dry matter and 14.63% dry matter during the first 3–8 weeks and 9–20 weeks, respectively. The energy content was 12.7 and 12.75 MJ metabolisable energy (ME)/kg dry matter for the respective two growth phases. Feed intake, bodyweight changes and egg production were measured. Blood samples for oestrogen determination were collected weekly from the 15th week until the first egg was laid. Depressive effects of 50 p.p.m. CCC on bodyweight gain during weeks 3–8 and feed efficiency over the whole period were observed. There were no treatment differences (p > 0.05) on feed intake, bodyweight gain during weeks 9–20 and age at the point of lay. CCC inclusion at 50 p.p.m. significantly (p < 0.05) stimulated the oestrogen concentration at 17 and 18 weeks of age, and was 65% higher than the control at 18 weeks.     

不同浓度矮壮素对黑麦抗倒伏性和种子产量的影响

为探寻使黑麦(Secale cereale)抗倒伏性增强,并能获得较高种子产量的矮壮素喷施浓度,本研究通过在黑麦拔节期对其喷施不同浓度矮壮素(0,0.1%,0.2%,0.3%,0.4%),研究其对黑麦抗倒伏性和种子产量的影响。结果表明,矮壮素喷施浓度为0.3%和0.4%时,黑麦株高降低约30cm,节间缩短,基部第2节间的外径增粗,抗折力增强,钾和可溶性总糖含量增加,氮含量减少,抗倒伏指数增大,同时种子产量显著高于对照(不喷施矮壮素),增产1 500kg·hm-2(P0.05)。黑麦种子产量与株高和氮含量极显著负相关(P0.01),与基部第2节间的外径、抗折力、抗倒伏指数、钾含量等极显著正相关,和第1节间长显著负相关,说明增强黑麦抗倒性有利于提高其种子产量。0.1%和0.2%浓度的矮壮素对黑麦的抗倒伏性以及种子产量等性状无显著影响(P0.05)。从经济效益和环保的角度出发,喷施浓度为0.3%的矮壮素既可以增加产量又可以减少矮壮素用量,为黑麦进行种子生产的适宜用量。本研究在一定程度上解决了黑麦由于倒伏引起的种子产量低的问题,为黑麦种子生产提供了理论依据。     

Tolerance for excess basic zinc chloride and basic copper chloride in chicks

(1) Four chick experiments were conducted to determine toxicity estimates for basic zinc chloride (BZC) and basic copper chloride (BCC), now being used as sources for these minerals. (2) In experiment 1, New Hampshire x Columbian crossbred chicks were fed 0, 500, 1000, 1500, 3000 and 5000 mg Zn/kg from BZC (Zn5Cl2(OH)8). Broken-line regression analysis showed that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 1720 and 2115 mg Zn/kg, respectively. (3) Crossbred chicks were fed 0, 150, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg Cu/kg from BCC (Cu2(OH)3C) in experiment 2. Regression analysis indicated that the minimal toxic break points for chick weight gain and gain:food were 642 and 781 mg Cu/kg, respectively. (4) In experiment 3, commercial broiler chicks were fed 0, 1500, 2000 and 2500 mg supplemental Zn/kg from BZC or 0, 500, 650 and 800 mg supplemental Cu/kg from BCC. Broiler chicks fed those high inclusion rates of Zn did not show reduced weight gain in comparison to chicks fed no supplemental Zn. All high concentrations of supplemental Cu depressed chick weight gain in comparison to control chicks. (5) Experiment 4 involved two separate 4 x 2 factorial designs with supplemental Zn (0, 2500, 3500 and 4500 mg/kg) or Cu (0, 500, 750 and 1000 mg/kg) and two breeds of chicks (crossbred and commercial). Significant interactions for weight gain, food intake, gain:food and liver Cu suggested that the crossbred and commercial chicks responded differently to high concentrations of supplementary dietary Cu.     

碱式氯化铜的合成与理代特性研究

采用配位催化液相沉淀法,研究了碱式氯化铜(Tribasic copper chloride,TBCC)的合成条件,采用X光衍射法、等离子体发射光谱法等分析了TBCC的分子结构和产品质量稳定性,试验了TBCC及饲料级硫酸铜(CuSO4·5H2O,以下简称CuSO4)在中性柠檬酸铵、2%柠檬酸、0.4%盐酸或水中的溶解度及吸水性4结果表明①TBCC的合成条件是pH值5.0～5.5、温度70～80℃;②TBCC的分子结构为Cu2(OH)3Cl;③TBCC和饲料级CuSO4的铜含量分别为59.9%和25.5%.TBCC含Cu量的6次测定结果的变异系数(CV)仅为0.50%;④TBCC极难溶于水,而易溶于酸性溶液;⑤TBCC的吸水性远远小于饲料级CuSO4.本研究结果表明,TBCC的含Cu量约为饲料级CuSO4的2.3倍,且质量很稳定,其代替CuSO4用于畜禽饲料的Cu源添加剂,更有利于饲料的加工、贮存和利用.     

Characterisation of chloride currents in the jejunum and colon of pigs

Chloride secretion in the intestines of pigs of different age (32 days and 4 months) was examined using the Ussing chamber technique. After stimulating chloride secretion by carbachol and forskolin, alternative chloride channels and finally Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator (CFTR) channels were blocked. While basal short-circuit currents (I_sc) were higher in the jejunum than in the colon of the piglets of 32 days, it was inverse for the 4-month-old fatteners. In the jejunum responses to stimulation and final levels of I_sc were higher in the piglets than in the fatteners. The decrease in I_sc after blocking CFTR channels was smaller in the fatteners than in the piglets in both intestinal segments. In conclusion, 32-day-old piglets show a higher basal chloride secretion as well as a higher response to stimulation in the jejunum than 4-month-old pigs.     

氯化胆碱的市场前景分析

氯化胆碱是我国饲料添加剂中开发应用较早、产量和用量较大的产品之一。20世纪70年代末开始研制生产，80年代生产厂家增多，但用量还不大，基本上处于推广应用阶段，进入90年代随着我国饲养业和饲料工业的迅速发展。生产厂家增多、规模变大，用量增加较快。[第一段]     

碱式氯化铜检测方法及其应用

铜是动物必需的一种微量元素,参与血红素的合成和红细胞的成熟及动物成骨过程、毛发和皮毛的色素沉着和角质化过程,在动物体内作为几种重要酶的成分(或作为辅因子)而发挥作用。饲料中添加高铜(250m g/kg)能提高断奶仔猪的日增重、采食量和饲料效率(Edm onds等,1985;Crom well等     

氯化胆碱产品质量鉴定及掺假快速识别技术

通过感官鉴别、物理检验、显微镜检测、化学分析、近红外光谱分析、原子吸收和质谱分析等技术手段,对氯化胆碱产品的感官性状、提取液颜色、显微特征、近红外光谱、游离氮与质量和掺假间的相关性进行了系统的研究,初步建立了从多层面快速、准确掺假识别和产品质量鉴定的实用技术。