Distribution of 15N-chlorocholine chloride in eggs of laying hens

The distribution of Chlorocholine chloride (CCC) in the eggs of laying hens was studied using 15N-CCC. Twelve layers (37 weeks old) were divided into four groups and used in this study consisting of three feeding phases. In phase one (7 days), all the hens received a CCC-free diet [165 g CP/kg dry matter (DM); 11.58 MJ ME/kg DM]. In phase two (11 days), four levels of 15N-CCC: 0, 5, 50 and 250 ppm were added to the respective diets, while in phase three (7 days), CCC-free feed was again offered. Egg samples were taken and the 15N content of egg yolk and albumin were determined. At the end of phase two, there was a significant (p < 0.05) increase in 15N content in egg yolk from hens fed the 50 and 250 ppm CCC diets and in albumin from hens fed the 250 ppm CCC diet. The estimated 15N-CCC residue was 1.71, 6.64, 28.80 ppm in egg yolk and 1.58, 1.08 and 4.50 ppm in albumin from hens fed 5, 50 and 250 ppm CCC, respectively. The CCC residue, from quantitative analysis ranged from 0.21 to 0.93 and 0.93 to 2.43 ppm in yolk of hens fed 50 and 250 ppm CCC, respectively, whereas a range of 0.40-1.46 ppm, was found in the albumin of hens fed 250 ppm. The difference in measured CCC in yolk and albumin and that estimated from 15N-CCC could have been due to breakdown products of 15N-CCC. Seven days after withdrawal of 15N-CCC, the estimated 15N-CCC residue in egg yolk decreased to 0.43, 2.45 and 15.59 ppm, on 5, 50 and 250 ppm CCC dietary treatments, respectively, and to 2.46 ppm in albumin from hens fed 250 ppm CCC. The higher increase in 15N content could have been due to a higher incorporation of 15N-CCC into yolk than albumin during the process of rapid yolk deposition. This experiment showed that consumed CCC is distributed both into yolk and albumin in a dose dependent manner and that CCC is metabolized in laying hens. However, the level of CCC in the diet which could lead to accumulation of detectable CCC levels in eggs as observed in this study, is much higher than the established maximum residual limits in grains.     

Influence of the type of management system on corticosterone transfer into eggs in laying hens

The effect of free-range versus cage management system on corticosterone transfer into the eggs was studied in laying hens. Hungarian Yellow laying hens (age: 21 weeks, body weight: 2.0 +/- 0.5 kg) were divided into two groups in the spring: Group I, free-range keeping (n=15 layers, density: > 0.5 bird/m2) in outdoor runs, with continuous access to a commercial layer feed; Group II, hens kept in battery cages (n=17 layers, density: 2 birds/m2, natural light, continuous access to feed and water). Eggs were collected after a one-week adaptation period on days 2, 7 and 16. Corticosterone (CST) was extracted from homogenised egg samples using an ASE-200 Accelerated Solvent Extractor and then assayed by liquid chromatography linked with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) [Thermo Quest Surveyor high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) interfaced via Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionisation (APCI) ion source to Finnigan/Thermo Quest LCQ Deca MS/MS] using dexamethasone as internal standard with positive APCI ionisation. CST concentrations of whole eggs laid by free-range hens on days 2, 7 and 16 were 0.370 +/- 0.218, 0.259 +/- 0.066 and 0.915 +/- 0.745 ng x g(-1), respectively, while those of eggs laid by caged hens were 0.206 +/- 0.157, 0.223 +/- 0.165 and 0.184 +/- 0.110 ng x g(-1) at the above sampling times. It is concluded that in free-range laying hens the sharp changes of environmental weather conditions significantly increased the corticosterone content of eggs, while the environmentally controlled and closed battery cage management technology resulted in relatively uniform corticosterone concentrations in the whole eggs.     

Effect of macroalgae enriched with microelements on egg quality parameters and mineral content of eggs, eggshell, blood, feathers and droppings

This study presents results obtained from feeding experiment on laying hens, which were fed with the diet supplemented with two marine macroalgae: Enteromorpha prolifera and Cladophora sp., enriched with microelements [Cu(II), Zn(II), Co(II), Mn(II), Cr(III)]. The applicability of the preparation was tested on five experimental groups of laying hens and one control group. In the control group, microelements were supplemented in the inorganic form, whereas in experimental groups, Cu, Zn, Co, Mn and Cr were replaced by macroalgae enriched with a given microelement ion. During feeding experiment, weight of laying hens, weight of eggs, eggshell thickness and mineral content of blood, feathers, droppings, eggs content (separately yolk and egg white) and eggshell were measured. Also egg number was counted and microclimate (temperature and relative humidity) was monitored. Supplementing bio-metallic feed additives to the diet of laying hens resulted in higher microelement transfer to eggs and enhanced the colour of yolk. It was also found that the presence of Enteromorpha prolifera and Cladophora sp. in laying hens diet influenced advantageously eggs weight, eggshell thickness as well as body weight of hens. On the basis of these results, it could be concluded that Enteromorpha prolifera and Cladophora sp. enriched with microelement ions could be potentially used as mineral feed additives in laying hens feeding.     

耐镉乳酸菌对蛋鸡组织和鸡蛋中镉残留及部分矿物元素沉积的影响

试验旨在探明耐镉乳酸菌对蛋鸡的脏器系数、镉在蛋鸡组织及鸡蛋中的残留及钙、铁、锌、锰、铜和硒在组织和鸡蛋中沉积的影响。试验分为5组：对照组,饲喂基础日粮;镉组,基础日粮+5 mg/kg镉（以氯化镉的形式添加）;乳酸菌组,基础日粮+1×10¹⁰ CFU/kg耐镉乳酸菌;镉+低剂量乳酸菌组,基础日粮+5 mg/kg镉+1×10¹⁰ CFU/kg耐镉乳酸菌;镉+高剂量乳酸菌组,基础日粮+5 mg/kg镉+1×10¹¹ CFU/kg耐镉乳酸菌,试验期6周。试验期末,采集各组蛋鸡血液,测定总抗氧化力（T-AOC）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活力;采集各组蛋鸡内脏组织和鸡蛋,计算脏器系数,同时测定组织和鸡蛋中镉、钙、铁、铜、锌、锰及硒元素含量。结果显示,与对照组相比,镉及乳酸菌组显著提高了蛋鸡总抗氧化能力（P<0.05）。各处理组中,镉组脾脏指数最低,镉加乳酸菌组脾脏指数显著高于镉组（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,乳酸菌组显著提高心脏指数（P<0.05）。镉组致蛋鸡肝脏和肾脏中镉残留量远高于其他组织,补加耐镉乳酸菌显著减少了心脏的镉残留量（P<0.05）。与对照组相比,镉组显著降低肾脏钙、脾脏和卵黄的锰含量（P<0.05）;与对照组相比,镉加低剂量耐镉乳酸菌显著增加肾脏锰含量、卵黄铁含量及肾脏和脾脏铜含量（P<0.05）;镉在鸡蛋中的残留量较低,与对照组相比,镉组显著降低鸡蛋铁、锰元素含量（P<0.05）,补加耐镉乳酸菌显著增加铁、锌、锰和硒元素含量（P<0.05）。结果表明,在蛋鸡日粮中添加1×10¹⁰ CFU/kg的耐镉乳酸菌,可显著提高蛋鸡血清总抗氧化力水平和蛋鸡的心脏指数,显著改善镉暴露导致的脾脏萎缩和心脏镉的残留量;同时显著增加锰、铜、铁在肾脏、脾脏及卵黄中的含量及铁、锌、锰和硒在鸡蛋中的含量。     

Dietary Supplementation with Microencapsulated Lutein Improves Yolk Color and Lutein Content in Fresh and Cooked Eggs of Laying Hens

This study was conducted to compare the efficacy of diet supplemented with non-microencapsulated lutein (NL) and microencapsulated lutein (ML) in laying hens. A total of 270 Hy-line Brown laying hens (54 weeks old) were allocated to three groups with six replicates of 15 hens and were adapted to a wheat-soybean meal basal diet for two weeks. Next, the control birds were fed the basal diet, and the test birds were fed the basal diet supplemented with 600 mg/kg NL (12 mg/kg available lutein) or 90.1 mg/kg ML (10 mg/kg available lutein) for 35 days. Supplementation of lutein did not affect the productive performance of laying hens, but improved (P<0.05) the yolk color and red/green value (a*), with eggs from the ML group displaying improved color and a* values from the 15^th day of the experimental period. The blue/yellow value (b*) for the yolk showed an increase (P<0.05) through both NL and ML supplements. The yolk color of fried and boiled eggs and a* value of the yolk in fried eggs were improved (P<0.05) only through ML supplemented diet. Both NL and ML supplements resulted in lower (P<0.05) lightness and higher (P<0.05) a* values of yolk in boiled eggs, as well as higher (P<0.05) b* values in fried and boiled eggs. Yolk lutein content in fresh, fried, and boiled eggs was increased (P<0.05) in NL and ML groups with the latter being higher. In conclusion, ML improved yolk pigmentation and lutein retention in laying hens better than NL.     

Biofortification of hens’ eggs with microelements by innovative bio‐based dietary supplement

New bio‐based dietary supplement with micronutrients for livestock was elaborated. The new preparation was tested on laying hens to determine the influence of new biological feed additives on the level of trace elements in egg content. The diet of laying hens (Hy‐Line Brown, 30 weeks of age) was supplemented with soya bean meal enriched with Cu(II), Zn(II), Fe(II) and Cr(III) by biosorption. A total of 150 laying hens were divided into five groups: one control and four experimental. In the control group, microelements were supplemented in the inorganic form, whereas in experimental groups, Cu, Zn, Fe and Cr were replaced with soya bean meal enriched with a given microelement ion. The feeding experiment was conducted for 12 weeks and was divided into three series. The results showed that adding the new feed additives to the diet of laying hens had an impact on microelement transfer to eggs, in particular with increased dosing. Eggs were biofortified with iron, zinc and copper and to a lesser extent with chromium. The microelements were accumulated primarily in the albumen because soy protein was the carrier of micronutrient ions in hens’ diet. Transfer of trace elements to eggs was not linearly dependent on the dosage of biologically bound microelements in the diet.     

Choline requirement of the laying hen. 2. Effect of methionine and fat content of rations on choline requirement

165 laying hens per group received 3.0, 3.5, or 4.0 g methionine, 29 or 59 g fat and supplements of 0, 108, 217, 434 or 868 mg choline per kg feed resp. (3 X 2 X 5) over a period of 336 days. The average laying performance was 70% and was not influenced values by the content of the feed. The methionine supplements significantly increased the weight of the eggs by 0.6 and 1.1 g resp. The higher fat content increased the weight of the eggs by 0.6 g. Feed expenditure was not influenced by the subject of the experiment. The results of the experiment show that laying hens do not require choline as feed supplement and that therefore no interactions between choline and the fat and methionine content of the ration are to be expected.     

蛋鸡日粮中添加富硒酵母对鸡蛋中硒含量及分布的影响

试验选用产蛋率约为80%的罗曼褐蛋鸡35只,随机分为7组,进行为期30d的饲养试验。A组为对照组,饲以基础日粮,其余6组为试验组,B、C、D组在基础蛋鸡日粮中分别添加0.2mg/kg、0.5mg/kg、1mg/kg硒的亚硒酸钠,E、F、G组在基础蛋鸡日粮中分别添加0.2mg/kg、0.5mg/kg、1mg/kg硒的富硒酵母。试验过程中记录蛋鸡的生产性能,每隔7d从各试验组鸡所产的鸡蛋中任取3枚,测定鸡蛋中硒的含量,并于试验的第14、15天,28、29天从A、C、F组每组各取5枚鸡蛋分别测定蛋黄和蛋清的硒含量。结果显示,日粮中添加硒对蛋鸡生产性能无显著影响,能极显著提高鸡蛋中硒含量,并且硒主要存在蛋黄中,添加富硒酵母组蛋硒含量较亚硒酸钠组提高更为显著。     

副干酪乳杆菌KL1制剂对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的影响研究

旨在利用从藏灵菇中筛选的可显著降低血清胆固醇和耐受胃肠道逆环境的副干酪乳杆菌KL1菌株制备微生态制剂,探讨该制剂在低胆固醇鸡蛋生产中对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质及鸡蛋中胆固醇含量的影响。本试验将120只30周龄健康状态良好且产蛋率接近的农大3号矮小蛋鸡随机分为低、中、高剂量试验组和对照组,每组5个重复,每个重复6只蛋鸡,试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加10⁵、10⁶、10⁷ CFU·（只·d）^-1副干酪乳杆菌KL1微生态制剂,对照组饲喂基础饲粮,连续饲喂10周。对蛋鸡的生产性能、蛋品质和鸡蛋中的胆固醇进行测定和计算。结果表明：1）中剂量组的蛋鸡饲养日产蛋率与对照组相比有显著提高（P<0.05）;2）与对照组相比,中、高剂量组的蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度和血清钙水平有显著提高（P<0.05）,蛋黄相对重有极显著提高（P<0.01）;3）低、中、高剂量组的蛋黄胆固醇含量及血清总胆固醇（TC）、甘油三酯（TG）含量均极显著低于对照组（P<0.01）;高剂量组的血清高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL-C）和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL-C）含量分别极显著高于对照组（P<0.01）和显著低于对照组（P<0.05）。在饲粮中添加副干酪乳杆菌KL1微生态制剂可显著提高蛋鸡生产能力和蛋壳品质,降低鸡蛋中胆固醇含量,总体来看,以10⁶ CFU·（只·d）^-1作为最终添加剂量效果最佳,在低胆固醇鸡蛋的生产中具有良好的应用价值。     

Dietary selenium increases vitamin E contents of egg yolk and chicken meat

1. The influence of different forms of dietary selenium (Se) on vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) and Se contents of egg yolk and chicken meat was investigated. 2. Eggs were collected from laying hens subjected to 4 different dietary treatments after 24 weeks of age. Treatments compared the effects of inorganic Se supplementation (selenite) to those of organic (Se-enriched yeast, Se-enriched alga Chlorella) supplements. In a second experiment the effect of the above organic dietary Se supplementation on the alpha-tocopherol contents of meat from broiler chickens was evaluated. 3. Dietary Se supplementation increased the alpha-tocopherol content of egg yolks from 297 mg/kg dry matter in treatment without supplementation to 311 mg/kg when selenium was supplemented as selenite, and to 370-375 mg/kg when organic supplements were used. The Se and alpha-tocopherol contents of breast and thigh meat in broilers were significantly increased by organic dietary Se supplementation. 4. The inclusion of organic dietary Se sources in the diets of laying hens and broilers would enhance the nutritional value (vitamin E and Se contents) of products (eggs and meat) for human consumption.     

芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对京红1号蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响

试验旨在研究芽孢杆菌微生态制剂对京红1号蛋鸡产蛋性能和蛋品质的影响。选择健康、体况良好的404日龄京红1号蛋鸡960只,随机分为4组,每组6个重复,每个重复40只。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组饲喂基础日粮+益倍佳(凝结芽孢杆菌),试验Ⅱ组饲喂基础日粮+赐尔健(纳豆芽孢杆菌),试验Ⅲ组饲喂添加地衣芽孢杆菌+枯草芽孢杆菌(1∶1)混合制剂的日粮,试验组微生态制剂的添加量均为300 mg/kg。试验期25 d,其中预饲期5 d。结果显示,与对照组相比,试验组蛋鸡产蛋率均显著提高(P<0.05),破、软蛋率均显著降低(P<0.05),试验Ⅰ、Ⅱ组料蛋比显著降低(P<0.05)。与对照组相比,Ⅱ组鸡蛋平均蛋重显著提高了2.25%(P<0.05);试验组Ⅰ、Ⅱ的蛋黄相对重、蛋壳相对重、哈氏单位均无显著影响(P>0.05);试验Ⅲ组蛋壳颜色为1~3级的鸡蛋比例明显增多,差异显著(P<0.05)。综上所述,添加微生态制剂赐尔健(纳豆芽孢杆菌)可显著提高京红1号产蛋率和平均蛋重,显著降低料蛋比和破、软蛋率;添加枯草芽孢杆菌+地衣芽孢杆菌(1∶1)混合制剂可使蛋壳颜色加深的鸡蛋比例显著增多。     

The effect of changing the excreta moisture of caged laying hens on the excreta and microbial contamination of their egg shells

1. An experiment that included 1440 caged laying hens in 24 experimental units was conducted to determine the effect of differences in excreta moisture on the proportion of dirty eggs and the microbial contamination of eggs that were ostensibly uncontaminated by excreta. Excreta moisture contents were changed by giving the hens diets that contained 4 different concentrations of sodium. 2. Diets containing 1.6, 5, 10 or 15 g/kg dietary sodium were fed ad libitum to 1140 laying hens for a 12-week feeding period. A sample of excreta was collected from each experimental unit each week and its moisture content determined. All eggs produced were classified as clean or dirty according to the European Community Egg Marketing Regulations. A sample of eggs were collected from each experimental unit on 4 separate occasions in the last 4 weeks of the feeding period and the total bacterial numbers on ostensibly clean egg shells were determined. 3. Increasing dietary sodium concentration gave linear (P<0.01) increases in excreta moisture. Each 100 g/kg increase in excreta moisture increased (P<0.001) dirty egg numbers by 0.52% of the total eggs produced. Increasing excreta moisture gave a linear increase (P<0.001) in the (log-transformed) numbers of microorganisms that contaminated ostensibly clean egg shells.     

富硒鸡蛋的研究现状

硒是每日必须摄入的膳食营养素之一，富硒鸡蛋是目前世界上最好的硒营养补充剂。本文综述了近年来国内外学者对富硒鸡蛋的研究现状，包括富硒鸡蛋中的含硒量、蛋品质的研究；蛋鸡养殖中富硒日粮影响其繁殖性能、产蛋率、蛋鸡肉品质等生产性能的研究；不同种类的富硒饲料的饲喂剂量、饲喂方式及蛋中的富硒效果等研究，为生产安全、优质的富硒鸡蛋提供保证。     

The effects of F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Mycoplasma synoviae, and the dual infection in commercial layer hens over a 44-week laying cycle when challenged before beginning of lay. II. Egg size distribution.

In each of two trials, 160 commercial pullets were separated into four treatments with four replicates of 10 chickens in each treatment. Forty pullets were designated as controls and received no inoculation; 40 pullets received F strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum (FMG); an additional 40 pullets received Mycoplasma synoviae (MS); and the final 40 pullets were inoculated with both FMG and MS (dual). All inoculations occurred at 10 wk of age. Eggs from all treatments were collected daily, Monday-Thursday, and individually weighed. No significant difference was observed among the treatments for percentages of jumbo, extra-large, medium, small, peewee, or undergrade eggs. As a percentage of eggs laid for the 4 days of each week over the 44-wk laying cycle of each trial, the FMG hens laid significantly fewer large size eggs (43.2%) as compared with either controls (51.17%) or dual-infected hens (49.95%). No significant difference was found in percentage of large eggs laid by FMG hens when compared with MS hens.     

腐植酸对蛋鸡产蛋后期产蛋性能、抗氧化及促产蛋激素分泌的影响

试验旨在探究天然腐植酸和合成腐植酸对蛋鸡产蛋后期生产性能、蛋品质、血清生化指标、抗氧化指标和激素水平的影响。选取52周龄体重、产蛋率相近的海兰白蛋鸡405羽,随机分成3个组,每组9个重复,每个重复15羽。对照组饲喂基础饲粮(CON组),试验组在基础饲粮中分别添加1 000 mg/kg的天然腐植酸A(HAA组)和合成腐植酸B(HAB组),预试期2周,正试期8周。结果表明:与CON组相比,添加腐植酸均可提高平均蛋重(P<0.05),降低不合格蛋率(P<0.05)和料蛋比(P<0.01),其中HAA组产蛋率极显著提高,HAA组的料蛋比低于HAB组(P<0.01);饲粮添加腐植酸对蛋品质无显著影响;与CON组相比,HAA组血清中白蛋白含量降低(P<0.05),HAB组乳酸脱氢酶活性提高(P<0.05),HAA组与HAB组血清中甘油三酯含量均降低(P<0.01);相比于CON组,添加HAB可提高谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶活性(P<0.05);与CON组相比,饲粮中添加腐植酸提高了血清中促黄体素水平(P<0.01),对促卵泡素水平有升高趋势(P=0.060),且HAA组中促卵泡素水平高于HAB组(P<0.01)。结果提示,腐植酸可促进机体促性腺激素分泌,改善机体抗氧化水平,显著提高产蛋后期蛋鸡的生产性能,且天然提取的腐植酸作用效果更佳。     

洪江雪峰乌骨鸡和罗曼粉蛋鸡鸡蛋营养成分和蛋品质比较

试验旨在比较洪江雪峰乌骨鸡和罗曼粉蛋鸡的鸡蛋营养成分和蛋品质,为洪江雪峰乌骨鸡蛋用新品系选育提供依据。随机选取40周龄的洪江雪峰乌骨鸡(绿壳)、洪江雪峰乌骨鸡(粉壳)和罗曼粉壳蛋鸡各100只,每品种鸡随机分为5个重复,每个重复20只,在相同饲粮和饲养管理方式下进行饲养,45周龄收集鸡蛋检测营养成分和蛋品质指标。结果表明:洪江雪峰乌骨鸡绿壳蛋的蛋黄比例极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),蛋重、蛋壳厚度、哈氏单位极显著低于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),洪江雪峰乌骨鸡粉壳蛋的蛋重和蛋壳厚度极显著低于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01);洪江雪峰乌骨鸡蛋中的多不饱和脂肪酸和硒元素含量均极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01),洪江雪峰乌骨鸡绿壳蛋胶原蛋白含量极显著高于罗曼粉壳蛋(P<0.01)。综上所述,洪江雪峰乌骨鸡鸡蛋蛋黄比例高,蛋黄多不饱和脂肪酸、胶原蛋白、硒和锰含量高,适合作为优质禽蛋开发。     

Food intake of normal and internal layers: a question of energy balance

1. Normal adult laying hens, which produced 41 g egg/hen d, ate 30 g/hen d more of a pelleted diet than did hens of the same age which were induced to lay eggs internally by surgical treatment of their oviducts. This implied that 0.336 MJ metabolised energy was required to produce 0.251 MJ egg, or 75% efficiency of utilisation of ME. 2. This may not have represented the true cost of egg production because both normal and internal layers gained weight during testing, at slightly different rates, suggesting that they did not regulate energy balance precisely. 3. The internal layers were less active and also saved energy by resorbing egg material. Their greater body weight was due to unresorbed eggs and to heavier fat deposits, which were accompanied by higher concentrations of lipid in the blood. 4. It was estimated that internal layers ate 4 to 5% more per day than was required to maintain the same lipid status as normal layers; these data provide further evidence that poultry do not regulate their food intake precisely by energostatic or lipostatic means.     

Effects of cholecalciferol or calcium deficiency on oestrogen metabolism in the laying hen

1. Seventeen 32-week-old White Leghorn laying hens were induced to become deficient in calciferol or in calcium (laying thin or soft shelled eggs) by withdrawing either cholecalciferol (27.5 micrograms/kg diet) or calcium (31 g/kg diet) supplements from the control diet. 2. The metabolic fate and metabolic clearance rate (MCR) of intravenously injected 3H-oestradiol-17 beta were then monitored for 40 min. 3. In both the calciferol and calcium-deficient groups a major oestrogen sulphate pathway was particularly affected, resulting in a decreased conversion of oestradiol-17 beta-3-sulphate to oestradiol-17 alpha-3-sulphate, with a concomitant reduced MCR of oestradiol-17 beta from plasma. 4. The metabolic defect was corrected by feeding the control diet. 5. Because the metabolic defect observed in calciferol deficiency occurred in Ca deficiency in a more severe form, we conclude that the more immediate cause was calcium rather than calciferol deficiency. To our knowledge, this is the first observation of a calcium-deficient effect on oestrogen sulphate metabolism in vivo.     

Effect of Time and Storage Conditions on Albumen Quality of Eggs from Hens Fed Vanadium

This experiment was conducted to study the albumen quality of eggs from 60-wk-old hens fed 0 or 10 ppm supplemental vanadium (V) as influenced by storage conditions and length of storage time as well as the effect of V feeding and withdrawal on albumen quality over time. After hens were fed V for 23 d, eggs were collected and stored in the laying house at ambient temperature or in a cooler (15.5°C, 60% relative humidity) for 1, 3, 5, or 7 d. Eggs were then broken, and Haugh units (HU) were calculated. Hens fed V had poorer albumen quality than eggs from birds fed the control diet (62.5 vs. 72.1 HU, respectively). Eggs stored in the layer house had poorer albumen quality than those stored in the cooler (63.9 vs. 70.7 HU, respectively). Increasing storage time also had a detrimental effect on albumen quality. Quality declined more rapidly in eggs stored at ambient temperature than in the cooler, but it was not influenced by dietary V. Thus, there was no 3-way interaction as hypothesized.After 7 d of feeding hens 10 ppm V, their eggs had poorer albumen quality than eggs from hens fed the control diet. Time analysis indicated that the significant negative effect to albumen quality occurred in V-fed hens on d 1, 2, 5, and 12 of supplementation. When these hens were then switched to the control diet after 30 d of V supplementation, albumen quality continued to decline for 2 d but did not differ by d 6 from that of eggs from hens given the control diet.     

富锗酵母培养物对下笼蛋鸡肉品质、肠道菌群及结构的影响

本试验旨在研究富锗酵母培养物对下笼蛋鸡肉品质及肠道的影响。选取505日龄健康的海兰褐壳蛋鸡480只,随机分为4组,每组5个重复,每个重复24只鸡。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验组在基础日粮中分别添加12、16、20 mg/kg的富锗酵母菌培养物。预试期7 d,正试期为42 d。结果表明:与对照组相比,12、16、20 mg/kg组腿肉的蒸煮损失分别降低45.2%、33.6%、39.7%(P<0.01),pH均高于对照组(P<0.01);16mg/kg组腿肌的亮度(L~*)低于对照组(P<0.05);12、16、20 mg/kg组腿肌的剪切力分别比对照组低44.13%、56.07%、50.60%(P<0.01);各试验组胸肌pH均高于对照组(P<0.01),16mg/kg组的pH高于12、20mg/kg组(P<0.05);与对照组相比,16mg/kg组乳酸菌数量升高(P<0.05);空肠中,各试验组的绒毛长度高于对照组(P<0.01);16、20 mg/kg组绒毛长度/隐窝深度高于对照组(P<0.01)。结果显示,日粮中添加富锗酵母培养物可以改善下笼蛋鸡小肠的形态结构和肠道菌群平衡,提高鸡肉品质,建议添加量为16 mg/kg。