饲料中不同维生素D含量对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能和钙磷代谢的影响

本研究旨在探讨饲料中不同维生素D含量对鲈鱼幼鱼生长性能和钙磷代谢的影响。以初始体重为(2.26±0.03)g的鲈鱼幼鱼为试验对象,随机分为6组(每组3个重复,每个重复15尾鱼),饲喂维生素D含量实测值分别为34.2、219.4、393.8、775.9、1 534.1和3 091.2 IU/kg的等氮等能饲料,进行9周的养殖试验。结果表明:1)当饲料中维生素D含量在34.2~393.8 IU/kg时,鲈鱼的增重率随着饲料中维生素D含量的升高显著上升(P0.05),但是当饲料中维生素D含量高于393.8 IU/kg时,鲈鱼的增重率变化不显著并且出现平台期(P0.05)。同样,鲈鱼的特定生长率、饲料效率和蛋白质效率均表现出与增重率相似的变化趋势。2)饲料中维生素D含量显著影响了鱼体粗灰分、钙和磷含量,脊椎骨、鳃盖骨和鳞片粗灰分含量以及脊椎骨钙和磷含量(P0.05),但对鱼体粗蛋白质、粗脂肪和水分含量没有显著影响(P0.05)。3)饲料中维生素D含量对鲈鱼血清碱性磷酸酶活性及羟脯氨酸、钙离子和无机磷含量均有显著影响(P0.05)。4)饲料中维生素D含量显著影响了鲈鱼肝体指数及肝脏脂肪和维生素D含量(P0.05)。随着饲料中维生素D含量的升高,肝脏维生素D含量呈现升高的趋势,并在饲料中维生素D含量达到1 534.1 IU/kg时变化趋于平稳。以增重率为评价指标,采用折线模型分析得出鲈鱼幼鱼获得最大生长时对饲料中维生素D的需求量为431.0 IU/kg饲料。以肝脏维生素D含量为评价指标,采用二次曲线模型分析得出鲈鱼幼鱼获得最大肝脏维生素D沉积量时对饲料中维生素D的需求量为2 444.4 IU/kg饲料。     

日粮维生素D和钙水平对冬毛期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮、钙、磷代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究当日粮钙磷比一定时,维生素D和钙水平对冬毛期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮、钙、磷代谢的影响。随机选取（135±5）日龄、健康雄性水貂117只,分成9组,每组13个重复,每个重复1只。采用3×3双因素随机试验设计,设3个维生素D水平,分别为2 300、4 300、6 300 IU/kg;设3个钙水平,分别为2.0%、2.4%、2.8%,钙磷比固定为1.7∶1,配制9组试验日粮,分别为：Ⅰ组（2 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.0%钙）、Ⅱ组（4 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.0%钙）、Ⅲ组（6 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.0%钙）、Ⅳ组（2 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.4%钙）、Ⅴ组（4 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.4%钙）、Ⅵ组（6 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.4%钙）、Ⅶ组（2 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.8%钙）、Ⅷ组（4 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.8%钙）、Ⅸ组（6 300 IU/kg维生素D＋2.8%钙）。预试期13 d,正试期60 d。结果表明：①各组水貂料重比差异极显著（P<0.01）,Ⅱ组最低。钙水平对料重比有显著影响（P<0.05）,维生素D水平对料重比有极显著影响（P<0.01）。②钙水平可极显著影响粗脂肪消化率（P<0.01）,其中2.8%水平极显著低于2.0%和2.4%水平（P<0.01）。③日粮维生素D和钙水平对水貂氮代谢指标均无显著影响（P>0.05）。④各组水貂粪钙、粪磷、钙消化率、磷消化率均差异极显著（P<0.01）,其中Ⅱ组钙消化率、磷消化率最高,Ⅲ组次之。钙水平可极显著影响粪钙、粪磷、钙消化率、磷消化率（P<0.01）,2.0%水平可极显著降低粪钙、粪磷含量（P<0.01）,极显著提高钙消化率及磷消化率（P<0.01）。维生素D水平对钙消化率影响显著（P<0.05）,对粪磷、磷消化率影响极显著（P<0.01）,2 300~4 300 IU/kg维生素D水平有利于提高钙消化率、磷消化率,降低粪磷含量。综合考虑各项指标,在本试验条件下,日粮中钙磷比为1.7∶1,维生素D水平为2 300~4 300 IU/kg、钙水平为2.0%时,冬毛期水貂料重比及钙、磷排放量较低,而粗脂肪、钙、磷消化率较高。     

25-羟胆钙化醇与维生素D_3对北京鸭生产性能和骨骼发育的影响

试验选用2 160羽1日龄北京鸭,按4×3两因素设计随机分成12个处理,每处理6个重复;分别饲喂不同水平的25-羟胆钙化醇(25-OH-D3)(0、35、70、105μg/kg)与维生素D3(2 500、3 000、3 500 IU/kg)的日粮,探讨25-OH-D3在肉鸭日粮中的使用效果。结果表明:不同水平25-OH-D3对北京鸭生产性能没有显著影响;添加105μg/kg较35、70μg/kg显著降低45日龄北京鸭胸肌率(P<0.05);70、105μg/kg 25-OH-D3较35μg/kg显著提高了胫骨磷含量(P<0.05)。添加3 500、3 000 IU/kg维生素D3较2 500 IU/kg显著提高15～35日龄北京鸭日增重(P<0.05);添加3 500 IU/kg维生素D3较3 000、2 500 IU/kg显著提高14、45日龄胫骨钙含量(P<0.05)。25-OH-D3和维生素D3对14日龄胫骨中钙、磷含量和45日龄胫骨磷含量分别存在极显著(P<0.01)和显著(P<0.05)地交互作用。综合本试验可得出,北京鸭日粮中添加3 000 IU/kg维生素D3和70μg/kg 25-OH-D3效果最佳。     

饲粮维生素D水平对产蛋初期蛋鸭产蛋性能、血液生化及胫骨指标的影响

采用单因子完全随机试验设计研究饲粮维生素D水平对120日龄雌性龙岩麻鸭产蛋性能,血液生化及胫骨指标的影响,进而探讨产蛋初期蛋鸭维生素D需要量。选取1 260只120日龄健康的福建龙岩麻鸭随机分为6个处理,每处理6个重复,每重复35只。各处理组蛋鸭随机饲喂维生素D水平分别为0、800、1 600、2 400、3 200、4 000 IU/kg的试验饲粮。饲养期为21 d。结果表明:维生素D水平对产蛋初期龙岩麻鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质以及血浆钙、磷含量、碱性磷酸酶活性均无显著影响(P>0.05),基础饲料上添加维生素D显著降低血浆中甲状旁腺激素的含量(P<0.05),但各添加组间无显著差异(P>0.05),饲粮维生素D含量显著影响胫骨钙、磷及灰分含量(P<0.05),维生素D水平为800 IU/kg时,获得较好的骨骼质量,维生素D水平对胫骨长度、胫骨管围、折断力、骨密度、骨矿物盐含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。因此,龙岩麻鸭产蛋初期饲粮维生素D适宜添加量为800 IU/kg。     

维生素D3对产蛋期种鹅蛋品质、血液生化指标及蛋壳超微结构的影响

试验基于饲粮中添加不同水平维生素D₃对种鹅生产繁殖性能、血清激素等的研究,进一步探索其对种鹅蛋品质、血液生化指标、二者相关性及蛋壳超微结构的影响。选择体况相近的34周龄五龙鹅种鹅180只,随机分为6组,每组6个重复,每重复1只公鹅和4只母鹅。6组的维生素D₃添加量分别为0、100、200、300、400、500 IU/kg。预试期1周,正试期10周。结果表明:0 IU/kg组蛋壳强度低于其他各组(P<0.01);400、500IU/kg组蛋壳厚度厚于0、100IU/kg组(P<0.01);300、400IU/kg组血清钙含量高于0IU/kg组(P<0.05);200、300、400 IU/kg组血清磷含量高于0、500 IU/kg组(P<0.01);血清钙含量与蛋重和蛋壳强度、血清磷含量与蛋壳强度呈显著正相关关系;300、400、500 IU/kg组蛋壳乳突层厚度大于0、100 IU/kg组(P<0.01)。可见,适宜维生素D₃水平可显著改善蛋壳乳突层厚度;血清钙磷含量与种蛋的蛋重、蛋壳强度...     

饲粮维生素D和钙水平对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响

本试验旨在研究在钙磷比固定的条件下,饲粮维生素D和钙水平对育成期水貂生长性能、营养物质消化率及氮代谢的影响。选取(60±5)日龄健康短毛黑公水貂117只,随机分成9组,每组13个重复,每个重复1只。试验采用3×3双因素随机试验设计,饲粮钙磷比固定为2,设3个维生素D水平,分别为2 100、4 100、6 100 IU/kg,3个钙水平,分别为2.3%、2.7%、3.1%,共配制9种试验饲粮,9种饲粮的钙与维生素D水平分别为2.3%与2 100 IU/kg(Ⅰ组)、2.3%与4 100 IU/kg(Ⅱ组)、2.3%与6 100 IU/kg(Ⅲ组)、2.7%与2 100 IU/kg(Ⅳ组)、2.7%与4 100 IU/kg(Ⅴ组)、2.7%与6 100 IU/kg(Ⅵ组)、3.1%与2 100 IU/kg(Ⅶ组)、3.1%与4 100 IU/kg(Ⅷ组)、3.1%与6 100 IU/kg(Ⅸ组)。预试期13 d,正试期60 d。结果表明:1)饲粮维生素D和钙水平对育成期水貂的末重、平均日增重、料重比均有极显著的影响(P0.01),末重、平均日增重均以Ⅷ组最高,Ⅰ组最低,料重比以Ⅷ组最低,Ⅰ组最高。2)育成期水貂脂肪消化率组间差异极显著(P0.01),Ⅱ、Ⅳ、Ⅴ组极显著高于Ⅶ、Ⅷ组(P0.01)。饲粮钙水平对育成期水貂干物质排出量有显著影响(P0.05),以钙水平为3.1%时最高;饲粮钙水平对育成期水貂脂肪消化率有极显著影响(P0.01),钙水平为3.1%时极显著低于钙水平为2.3%和2.7%时(P0.01)。饲粮维生素D水平极显著影响育成期水貂的干物质排出量(P0.01),以维生素D水平为4 100 IU/kg时最低;饲粮维生素D水平显著影响育成期水貂的干物质消化率、脂肪消化率(P0.05),二者均以维生素D水平为4 100 IU/kg时最高。3)饲粮钙水平对育成期水貂的氮沉积有显著影响(P0.05),且氮沉积呈现随饲粮钙水平的升高而增加的趋势,以钙水平为3.1%时最高。饲粮维生素D水平对育成期水貂的净蛋白质利用率、蛋白质生物学价值有显著影响(P0.05),且均以维生素D水平为4 100 IU/kg时最高。饲粮维生素D和钙水平对育成期水貂的净蛋白质利用率、蛋白质生物学价值均有显著的交互作用(P0.05),二者以Ⅷ组最高。综合各项指标,在本试验条件下,饲粮中钙磷比为2、维生素D水平为4 100 IU/kg、钙水平为3.1%时,育成期水貂可以获得较好的生长性能、较高的营养物质消化率及氮利用率。     

Factors affecting the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of beef cow milk.

This paper reports the calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of milk from Shorthorn cattle during the five month calf nursing period as well as the effect of prepartum administration of a single intramuscular dose of vitamin D3 or of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 on the milk mineral constituents. The colostrum of the group which received 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 was found to contain a higher percentage of calcium on the second and third day than the colostrum of control cows or those receiving D3. No differences occurred in colostrum magnesium or phosphorus contents due to prepartum treatment. Calcium, magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were all high in the first day of lactation, but declined until the third day after parturition. Milk calcium, magnesium and phosphorus content of individual cows was not uniform throughout the lactation and the variation was different for different cows.     

Reference values of chemical blood parameters in puppies during the first eight weeks of life

Reference values were determined for blood plasma concentrations of albumin, total protein, glucose, total bilirubin, urea, creatinine, cholesterin, triglycerides, total calcium und anorganic phosphate as well as the activities of alkaline phosphatase, alanine-amino-transferase (ALT) and glutamate-dehydrogenase based on 109-124 healthy puppies at different times (1st-3rd, 8th-10th, 28th-33rd, and 50th-58th day of life). In addition, all the results were calculated separately for the breeds involved in this study (Beagle [n = 34-40], German Shepherd [n = 32-35] and Golden Retriever [n = 43-53]). Furthermore, male and female puppies were compared. All examined parameters showed remarkable dynamics during the suckling period. Often the values exceeded respectively fell below the reference ranges for adult dogs. Significant systematic breed influences as for instance a significantly lower glucose concentration for the German Shepherd puppies were also found for other parameters, especially for alkaline phosphatase and ALT. However, differences between male and female animals were only present sporadically and were of minor clinical relevance. The gathered breed differences show that it is worthwhile not only to acquire age specific reference ranges but also breed specific reference ranges for selected parameters. On the other hand, reference ranges without the definition of the breed can only be used for orientation.     

Effect of graduated vitamin D3 doses and different ration composition on the 25OH-vitamin D3 plasma concentration and fattening and slaughter production of bulls]

In a individual feeding experiment (348 days) 24 fattening bulls were given either a ration high in roughage (2.8 kg concentrate mixture, wheat straw ad libitum: group I) or high in concentrate (5.6 kg concentrate mixture, wheat straw ad libitum group II) supplemented with various levels of vitamin D3 (0, 250, 500, 1,000, 2,000, 4,000 and 8,000 IU per 100 kg body weight (bw) and day) and minerals as required. After 58, 101, 134, 172, 205, 277 and 340 days 25-OH-D3 plasma concentration was estimated. Fattening and slaughtering parameters were measured. The 25OH-D3 plasma concentration was significantly influenced by vitamin D3 supply, kind of ration and day of taking samples. 25-OH-D3 plasma concentration decreased below 5 ng per ml when vitamin D3 supply was less than or equal to 250 IU per 100 kg bw and day. The initial plasma levels were maintained when 500 IU vitamin D3 per 100 kg bw and day was given (6.6 ng per ml). Administration of greater than or equal to 1,000 IU per 100 kg bw and day increased 25OH-D3 plasma level (greater than 10 ng/ml). Plasma 25OH-D3 concentration was significant higher when bulls consumed diets rich in concentrate (10.6 and 18.2 ng/ml for I and II after 340th day). Differences in content of cell walls and crude fat of rations may be responsible for results. Daily weight gain of bulls amounted to 712 and 945 g when fed diets I or II. Dry matter intake and live weight gain were not significantly influenced by different vitamin D3 supply. Clinical symptoms of rachitis did not appear.     

Some observations on the population and natal patterns among purebred dogs in Malaysia

The results of a study of 28, 220 birth registration and 773 import records between 1980 and 1982 of the Malaysian Kennel Association are reported. The German Shepherd Dog was by far the most common breed followed by the Dobermann, Dachshund and Boxer. Most breeds made up only a small percentage of birth registrations. No distinct seasonal distribution of whelping was evident among the purebred litters studied. Mean litter size was 4–7 puppies per litter with larger breeds tending to produce larger litters. A sex ratio of 51 males per 100 births was computed. There was a steady decline in the number of imported dogs.     

UV‐light and dietary vitamin D and their effects on ionized calcium and 25‐OH‐D plasma concentrations in captive gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua)

In this study, the effect of ultraviolet (UV) light and dietary vitamin D on calcium metabolism in permanently indoor‐housed gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua ) was investigated. The study consisted of three periods, each completed with blood samples to analyse plasma concentrations of 25‐OH‐D, 1,25‐(OH)₂‐D, ionized (iCa) and total calcium (tCa). During the first study period (D), animals were housed under routine conditions without UV‐light and fed a diet of different fish species, supplemented with 1,000 IU vitamin D per animal and day. The following study period (Baseline) of 28‐day duration consisted of the same diet without any vitamin D supplementation and without UV‐light. During the study period (UVB) artificial UV‐light was added for 3 weeks. The vitamin D content of fish was measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. It varied between fish species and between facilities, ranging from no measurable content in capelin (Mallotus villosus ) to 7,340 IU vitamin D/kg original matter (OM) in herring (Clupea spp). The average dietary vitamin D content was 311 IU/kg OM at facility 1 and 6,325 IU/kg OM at facility 2, resulting in a vitamin D intake per animal and day without supplementation of 130 IU (25.5 IU/kg body weight BW) and 2,454 IU (438.2 IU/kg BW) respectively. The supplementation of vitamin D elevated significantly the plasma concentrations of 25‐OH‐D by an intraindividual difference of 15 (range ?2 to 59) nmol/L and tCa by 0.1 (0.0–0.3) mmol/L only at facility 2. The exposure to UV‐light raised the blood concentrations of tCa at facility 2 by 0.15 (0.1–0.2) mmol/L, and of iCa and tCa for females at facility 1 by 0.23 (0.13–0.41) mmol/L and 1.8 (1.1–2.5) mmol/L respectively. No significant influence of the study periods (D) and (UVB) was found for the concentrations of 1,25‐(OH)₂‐D at both facilities.     

Effect of Auditory Stimulation During Early Development in Puppy Testing of Future Police Working Dogs

The aim of this study was to determine if the use of auditory stimulation during early development stages of young puppies, using a variety of sounds such as music, radio talk shows, and ambient noise, that included car noises, sirens, and gunshots, could affect the results of early puppy testing of future police working dogs. Sixty-seven puppies at 7 weeks of age were submitted to a 9-situation test and their results analyzed. The sample comprised 34 males and 33 females, from 4 different breeds/crosses (27 German Shepherd Dog, 19 Belgian Malinois Shepherd Dog, 7 Dutch Shepherd Dog, and 14 animals of a cross of German Shepherd Dog with Belgian Malinois Shepherd Dog), representing 12 litters. Puppies were divided in 2 groups, G1 (n?=?46) and G2 (n?=?21), with G1 being submitted only to the standard socialization protocol in use in the Grupo de Intervenção Cinotécnico while puppies in G2, beside the standard socialization protocol, were also presented with auditory stimulation throughout the day, particularly during playtime and meal time. Significant differences were observed in some situations between groups, with puppies in G1 achieving better scores on this specific test, which aims to access a puppy's level of interaction with humans, reaction to manipulations, and reaction to different environmental stimulus. No differences were found between sexes but some differences between breeds were found, suggesting familial effects on noise reaction. Further studies, involving a greater number of puppies and litters, and that would also include noise exposure quantification, behavioral, and physiological assays are required to confirm these findings. It will also be of interest to evaluate if the results obtained as a young puppy have any connection with future adult performance.     

Investigations on the sulfate concentration in milk substitutes and milk products and its effect on feces composition in calves

In continuing investigations on effects of milk replacers with high ash and mineral contents (KAMPHUES et al., 1999a) on feces' quality and composition in calves in the present study the sulfate concentration (and its effects) in milk replacers and whey products were proved. In 13 samples of milk replacers the SO4 concentration varied between 2.4 and 6.7 g/kg dry matter, in 14 samples of dried whey products SO4- concentrations of 1.4 up to 41.8 g/kg dm were found. In general higher sulphur contents were caused by higher concentrations of sulfate. In feeding a milk replacer (6.7 g SO4/kg dm) about 20% of the consumed sulfate were excreted via feces (app. digestibility of about 80%). In experiments with elevated SO4 intake (in liquid diets: 560-1980 mg/l) the digestibility rate of sulfate decreased dose dependently (75-->65%). By analysis of milk replacers (used in previous experiments, TSCHENTSCHER, 1998) resulting in diarrhea in all treated calves unexpected SO4- concentrations were found of 16.3 and 10.2 g/kg dm. In feeding experiments (6 calves) by addition of Na2SO4 (85%) and MgSO4 (15%) sulfate concentration in the liquid diet was elevated from 560 mg to 1980 mg/l. Here the SO4 concentration in the diet and the dry matter content in calves' feces were correlated significantly (r = -0.86). Presented results on the SO4 concentration in milk replacers and the observed effects of sulfate intake on feces quality (i.e. dry matter content of feces) indicate by the first time that the SO4 content in milk replacers and dried whey products is an essential parameter when an estimation of milk replacers or whey products' quality is required.     

Milk substitutes and the hand rearing of orphan puppies and kittens

Growth in puppies and kittens during the suckling period is briefly reviewed. The nutrients required for this are discussed, as is their provision in bitch and queen milk. The use of milk substitutes in the rearing of orphan puppies and kittens is considered. The composition of a variety of milk substitute diets is determined, and the nutritive value of each product assessed.     

Bacteriological status of canine milk and septicaemia in neonatal puppies--a retrospective study

Results of the bacteriological examination of milk samples from 46 bitches were evaluated retrospectively, and correlated with findings of the bacteriological examination of organs from dead, septicaemic puppies in their litters (n = 33). The aim of this study was to investigate, in how many cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis of the bitches, the same bacteria can be detected in their septicaemic neonates. One group of lactating bitches was clinically healthy (group I, n = 38), whereas in eight bitches different puerperal disorders were found (group II). Twenty-five septicaemic puppies were from group I, eight from group II. Out of a broad spectrum of bacteria isolated from the milk of clinically healthy and diseased bitches, only Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae and/or ss-haemolytic (haem.) Streptococcus sp. could be isolated from organs of their septicaemic puppies. This was the case in three bitches with mastitis and in one clinically healthy bitch only. Staphylococcus intermedius, although frequently isolated from canine milk, does not seem to be a cause of septicaemia in neonates. It is assumed that in most cases of neonate septicaemia, bacteria from the bitches' milk are not the primary cause.     

犬用配方羊奶粉对比格幼犬生长性能和肠道菌群的影响

为了探究配方羊奶粉对比格幼犬生长性能与肠道菌群的影响,选取12只15日龄比格犬,随机分为对照组和羊奶粉组,每组6只,对照组幼犬由母犬母乳喂养,羊奶粉组幼犬饲喂足量配方羊奶粉,每3d测量体重并计算体重增长,18 d后采集血样进行血常规、血清生化、免疫因子指标检测,采集粪样进行肠道菌群测序.结果 显示:相比于对照组,羊奶粉...     

维生素A、D对肉鸡钙磷代谢相关激素水平的影响

试验旨在研究维生素A、D对肉鸡钙磷代谢相关激素水平的影响。采用4×4完全随机试验设计,将8日龄健康艾维茵雄性肉鸡384只称重后随机分为16个处理组。每个处理组设3个重复,每个重复8只鸡,试验期5周。其中,维生素A设4个添加水平,分别为1 500、3 000、15 000和45 000 IU/kg日粮。维生素D设4个添加水平,分别为500、1 250、2 500和5 000 IU/kg日粮。结果表明,45 000 IU/kg维生素A组的肉鸡血清BGP含量相对于1 500 IU/kg维生素A组有显著的降低趋势(P=0.08);随着日粮维生素A水平的增加(1 500～45 000 IU/kg),血清CaBP浓度呈趋于显著的一次线性降低趋势(P=0.092),血清维生素D3与CT含量也呈现降低趋势(P=0.12,P=0.18),其中,以15 000、45 000 IU/kg维生素A组较低,尤以45 000 IU/kg维生素A组最低;血清PTH含量呈显著的一次线性增加(P=0.029)。随着日粮维生素D水平的增加,血清维生素D3含量呈趋于显著的一次线性增加趋势(P=0.093),血清BGP浓度也呈一次线性增加趋势(P=0.14);其中,以2 500和5 000 IU/kg时较高,5 000 IU/kg时最高。由此可知,日粮维生素A过量引起肉鸡骨骼钙磷代谢发生障碍与血清CaBP浓度的降低及PTH浓度的增加有关,也与过量维生素A对维生素D的拮抗作用有关。     

The vitamin A requirement and the vitamin A status of growing cattle. 1. Studies of calves

Five experiments with 18 to 36 male calves each of the black and white dairy cattle breed (age: 14-21 days, initial live weight: approximately 45 kg per animal) were carried out in order to investigate the influence of various vitamin A supply (0-80,000 IU per 100 kg LW and day) on dry matter intake and weight gain as well as the vitamin A status of liver and blood plasma over 84 days. The calves consumed a diet free of carotene and vitamin A consisting of milk replacer, concentrate and chopped wheat straw. The calves were fed in three experiments for a longer time in order to observe the further vitamin A depletion. Nine animals consumed an unsupplemented ration, nine other one got 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg LW and day. Biopsies of liver and plasma samples were taken from 4 animals per group every four weeks. The various vitamin A supplementation did not significantly influence the dry matter intake (Mean: 1.67; 1.48 to 1.80 kg DM per animal and day) and the weight gain of calves (Mean: 702, 599 to 770 g per animal and day). First vitamin A deficiency symptoms (reduced feed intake, decreased weight gain, diarrhoea etc.) were observed in animals of unsupplemented group after 100 days of experiments. After 84 days the vitamin A concentration of liver of animals of unsupplemented groups decreased to 1.3-32.2% compared with the begin of experiments (60.6-155.7 mumol/kg fresh matter). Up to 51% of initial concentration were found when 10,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg LW and day were fed. About 25,000 IU vitamin A per 100 kg LW and day were required in order to keep the initial level of vitamin A concentration of liver. The plasma vitamin A concentration is unsuitable for estimation of vitamin A status of calves. The concentration of vitamin A of liver and plasma amounted to 114 mumol per kg and 0.25 mumol per litre at the begin of experiments. The vitamin A concentration of liver of unsupplemented group decreased to 20 mumol per kg, that of plasma increased to 0.28 mumol per 1 at the end. A strong vitamin A deficiency (liver concentration: less than 10 mumol/kg) may cause a decrease of vitamin A concentration of blood.     

脂肪酸钙对奶牛血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸含量的影响

选择产奶量、胎次、分娩时间相近的荷斯坦奶牛12头,采用单因子随机分组设计,试验分A、B、C3组,A组为对照组饲喂基础日粮,B组为基础日粮+100g脂肪酸钙,C组为基础日粮+200g脂肪酸钙。每周测定一次血清钙、磷和羟脯氨酸的含量。结果奶牛血清磷和羟脯氨酸的含量差异不显著(P>0.05),添加200g脂肪酸钙,血清钙在4周后显著升高(P<0.05)。表明:脂肪酸钙不影响奶牛血清磷和血清羟脯氨酸的含量。在日粮中添加200g脂肪酸钙4周以后,有利于促进机体对钙的吸收。     

High vitamin D3 requirements in broilers for bone quality and prevention of tibial dyschondroplasia and interactions with dietary calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin A

1. Two experiments were carried out to investigate responses in performance and bone compositional and structural characteristics in broilers fed diets containing 4 concentrations of vitamin D3 (5, 20, 125 and 250 microg cholecalciferol/kg) at different concentrations of calcium, available phosphorus and vitamin A. 2. In experiment 1, body weight and tibia breaking strength were maximised at 14d with 250 microg vitamin D3/kg, tibia ash was maximised with 125 microg vitamin D3/kg. A high incidence of tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) was decreased to very low levels with 125 microg vitamin D/kg. 3. At 42d, performance and bone characteristics showed no response to vitamin D3 concentrations above 20 microg/kg. 4. Dietary vitamin A within the range 2-4 to 4.5 mg retinol/kg did not show any interaction with vitamin D3 status at either age. 5. In experiment 2, responses to vitamin D3 were strongly influenced by dietary calcium/available phosphorus. With 13 g calcium and 5 g available phosphorus/kg, performance and bone characteristics responded to vitamin D3 concentrations up to 125 microg/kg but more was needed at less optimal concentrations of calcium and available phosphorus. TD incidence was minimised with 250 microg/kg. 6. This study shows that high dietary concentrations of vitamin D3 can prevent TD. It is concluded that the vitamin D3 requirement of broilers up to 14 d of age at optimal dietary calcium and available phosphorus concentrations may be in the range 35 to 50 microg/kg for cortical bone quality and up to 250 microg/kg for prevention of TD. The vitamin D3 requirement for cortical bone quality after 14 d is not higher than 20 microg/kg. These requirements are much higher than earlier estimates and may be related to higher calcium requirements of modern broiler genotypes. Current regulations limiting maximum vitamin D3 concentrations in broiler starter diets may need to be reviewed.