肉鸡粪便理化指标与其肥料成分含量的相关关系研究

为了探明肉鸡粪便理化指标与其肥料成分含量之间的相关关系,采集了具有代表性的20个肉鸡粪便样本,使用密度计和电导仪测定肉鸡粪便密度和电导率,用实验室常规分析方法测定其干物质、氮、磷、钾和铵态氮的含量,对肉鸡粪便理化指标与其主要肥料成分含量的相关关系进行了研究。研究结果表明:肉鸡粪便密度与磷含量之间具有显著的相关关系,R²=0.8447(P<0.001);电导率与钾和铵态氮含量之间具有显著的相关关系,其相关系数分别为R²=0.734(P<0.001)和R²=0.852(P<0.001)。通过测定粪便密度和电导率可快速、较准确的预测家禽粪便中氮、磷、钾的含量     

基于物理指标快速预测猪粪尿肥料成分含量的试验研究

该试验旨在研究家畜粪便的物理指标与其肥料成分含量的关系，用来预测猪粪便肥料成分含量。通过对鲜粪便的理化指标测定的试验数据进行统计分析后提出，电导仪和密度计两种实验室常用仪器可实现对猪粪便中肥料成分氮、磷、钾含量的预测：用电导率这一物理指标可准确预测猪粪、猪尿和粪尿混合物中铵态氮的含量，同时可准确预测猪粪、猪尿和粪尿混合物中钾的含量；用密度这一物理指标可较准确地预测猪粪、猪尿和粪尿混合物中总氮的含量，同时可较准确地预测猪粪尿混合物中磷的含量。分析中发现猪尿中总氮和铵态氮比例基本稳定，由此推想用电导率来预测猪     

基于摄入养分含量预测猪新鲜粪便肥料成分含量的试验研究

试验旨在建立基于摄入养分含量的数学模型，用来预测猪粪便肥料成分含量。通过饲养试验得到摄入养分含量和猪粪便中肥料成分含量的实测数据，对其进行统计分析。由方差分析得出：不同的日粮水平对粪中、尿中和粪尿混合物中总氮含量影响显著，对尿中和粪尿混合物中钾含量影响显著，对磷和铵态氮的含量影响均不显著；不同日粮水平对粪中磷的百分含量的影响显著。由回归分析得到：利用摄入粗蛋白的量可预测粪、尿和粪尿混合物中总氮的含量；利用摄入钾的量可预测尿中和粪尿混合物中钾的含量；利用摄入磷的量可预测粪中磷的百分含量。     

近红外光谱法快速测定土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量

运用偏最小二乘法(PLS)和人工神经网络(ANN)方法分别建立了0.9 mm筛分风干黑土土壤碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾含量预测的近红外光谱(NIRS)分析模型。使用偏最小二乘算法建立的碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾校正模型的决定系数R²分别为0.9520、0.8714和0.7300，平均相对误差分别为3.42%、13.40%和7.40%。人工神经网络方法建立的碱解氮、速效磷和速效钾校正模型的决定系数分别为0.9563、0.9493和0.9522，相对误差分别为2.67%、6.48%和2.27%，测试集仿真的相对误差分别为5.44%、16.65%和7.87%。结果表明，人工神经网络方法所建立的校正模型均优于偏最小二乘法所建模型；用近红外光谱分析法预测土壤碱解氮含量是可行的，而速效磷、速效钾模型的测试集样品仿真的相对误差较大，其预测可行性还需做进一步研究。     

烤烟烟叶钾含量的近红外光谱法快速测定

随机选取烤烟建模集样品(150个)和检验集样品(35个),利用傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪测定烤烟样品的近红外光谱,并用常规化学分析法测定烤烟样品的含钾量。采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)把测得的烤烟样品的光谱值与烤烟钾含量的数值拟合建立定标模型,经分析得出:预测模型分析烤烟钾含量的决定系数(R2)为0.909,预测标准差(RMSEP)为0.119%。近红外法测定结果与常规化学分析方法的结果具有较好的相关性,能够应用于烤烟钾含量的快速诊断。     

基于可见/近红外反射光谱的梨树叶片钾含量的快速测定研究

利用可见/近红外反射光谱定量分析技术对梨树鲜叶钾素含量进行快速测定研究。对150个梨树叶片样本进行光谱扫描,其中120个做建模集,30个做验证集。通过对样品的可见/近红外光谱进行多种预处理,并建立钾素预测模型,探讨了可见/近红外光谱数据预处理对预测精度的影响。结果表明,通过原始光谱与S-G(3)平滑相结合的预处理方法,用17个主成分建立的偏最小二乘法模型最好,其交叉验证集和预测集模型的决定系数(R2)分别为0.722 7和0.679 1,交叉验证均方根误差(RMSECV)为1.171,预测的平均相对误差为6.81%,能高效、快速地预测梨树叶片钾素含量,为梨树钾素快速测定提供了新的手段。     

基于定标模型云共享的奶牛粪水微型NIR现场速测系统

针对还田利用中粪水成分现场获取困难的问题，该研究设计开发了基于定标模型云共享的奶牛粪水微型近红外（Near-Infrared，NIR）现场速测系统，并对系统进行了验证。该系统主要包括微型近红外光谱传感器、云服务器、Android客户端。微型近红外传感器采集被测样品光谱数据，通过蓝牙协议将数据传输给Android客户端，再通过移动网络将光谱数据传送到云服务器；云服务器利用部署在云端的定标模型对接收到光谱数据进行计算、分析得到定量预测结果，并将预测结果回送Android客户端，可以实现总氮（Total Nitrogen，TN）、总磷（Total Phosphorus，TP）、总钾（Total Potassium，TK）、铵态氮（Ammonium Nitrogen，NH4+-N）、硝态氮（Nitrate Nitrogen，NO3--N）、酰胺态氮（Amide Nitrogen，CONH2-N），有效磷（Available Phosphorus，AP）、有效钾（Available Potassium，AK）、有机质（Organic Matter，OM）、pH值共10种粪水成分的快速检测。结果表明：对粪水TN、TP、TK、NH4+-N、NO3--N、CONH2-N、AP、AK、OM、pH值的预测相对误差分别约为9.251%、4.261%、8.238%、8.906%、17.825%、15.123%、9.829%、5.507%、10.558%、2.969%。微型近红外光谱技术结合定标模型云共享能够实现粪水中多种成分的现场速测，完成了定量模型的资源共享，且因微型近红外光谱传感器的便携性、Android客户端的操作简便性、定标模型云共享的低成本和无需用户具备专业知识要求等优点，具有广阔的市场前景和重要的现实应用价值。     

木质素基腐植酸液体肥料对土壤生物化学性质及香蕉幼苗生长的影响

目的】研究添加木质素的腐植酸液体肥料(即木质素基腐植酸液体肥料，LHF)对南方红壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物数量及香蕉幼苗生长的影响，在提高土壤肥力的同时为造纸工业副产物资源化利用提供参考依据。【方法】供试土壤为赤红壤，供试香蕉苗为五叶一心巴西蕉幼苗。盆栽试验设置不施肥(CK)、常规液体肥料(CF)、腐植酸液体肥料(HF)及木质素添加量分别为10 g/L (LHF₁₀)、30 g/L (LHF₃₀)、50 g/L (LHF₅₀)的LHF处理，共6个处理，以上肥料的氮磷钾含量保持一致。香蕉种植3个月后，采集植株和土壤样品，测定植株生长指标和养分吸收量，以及土壤理化性质、酶活性和微生物数量。【结果】1)与CK相比，各施肥处理均显著提高了土壤全氮、铵态氮、速效磷和速效钾含量。土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和全氮含量均随木质素添加量的增加而呈下降趋势。与CF处理相比，LHF₁₀处理对土壤铵态氮、硝态氮、全氮、速效磷和速效钾无显著影响，但显著提高了有机质含量；LHF₃₀处理显著降低了速效磷、钾和有机质...     

神农架大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤养分特征分析

基于湖北省神农架国家公园大九湖亚高山典型泥炭湿地土壤总有机碳、总氮、总磷、铵态氮、有效磷、速效钾养分含量进行时间(春、夏、秋、冬)和空间(表层15 cm、中层30 cm、底层45 cm)特征分析。结果表明:(1)该区域土壤各样分以及pH、Eh、容重均满足正态分布,其中有效磷、速效钾为中强变异性,均值为31.33,71.2 mg/kg,总有机碳、总磷、铵态氮、pH、Eh、容重为中弱变异性,均值为419.2,1.56 g/kg和67.57 mg/kg, 5.33,104.4,0.155 g/kg,总氮为弱变异性,均值为20.13 g/kg。(2)土壤总有机碳在季节以及深度变化上均不存在显著差异,总氮与总磷在首层与其余2层存在显著差异,在季节上总氮在首层存在季节差异,总磷在首、中层存在显著差异,土壤养分仅速效钾与首层和其余2层存在显著差异。(3)土壤有机碳、总磷、铵态氮与总氮、速效钾、总磷与铵态氮呈显著正相关,总有机碳与土壤容重、有效磷与Eh,pH与Eh呈显著负相关。(4)研究区土壤总有机碳与总氮较高于我国其余泥炭湿地,随着纬度升高土壤有机碳含量呈现降低的趋势。     

用偏最小二乘法及傅立叶变换近红外光谱快速检测白酒酒精度

为了得到白酒工业中酒精度的快速检测技术，将偏最小二乘法与傅立叶变换近红外光谱相结合，通过解析白酒样品的近红外光谱图和对光谱进行不同的预处理，结果表明：用最大最小归一化法预处理光谱，光谱范围选择9747.1～7498.3 cm^-1和6102～5446.3 cm^-1，采用内部交叉验证建立模型，决定系数(R²)为99.99%，交互验证均方根差(RMSECV)为0.165%，主成分数为4，此条件下建模效果较好；模型进行验证结果表明预测集相关系数(R²)为99.80%，预测标准偏差(RMSEP)为0.264%，模型的预测效果很好，具有较高的精密度和良好的稳定性，能满足生产中白酒酒精度的快速检测要求。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.