大白菜病虫害的药剂防治

大白菜病虫害的药剂防治兰素萍李敬朱颖艺丁拉崔中伟（河南省汝州市农技中心４６７５００）大白菜有病毒病、霜霉病、细菌软腐病三大病害，发生为害最重，是防治的重点。另外还有炭疽病、黑斑病、黑腐病、蚜虫、菜青虫、小菜蛾等病虫害，一般结合三大病害防治进行兼治。病...     

果树广谱杀菌剂——世高

１０ %世高水分散颗粒剂是新一代跨世纪高科技的广谱内吸杀菌剂。现已在世界各地苹果、梨、葡萄、香蕉、小麦、草莓以及各种蔬菜上广泛应用。一、特点（一）对人畜和作物安全 :药剂毒性低 ,大鼠急性经口致死中量（ＬＤ５０）１４５３ｍｇ／ｋｇ。兔急性经皮致死中量＞２０１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ,符合世界卫生组织残留标准 ,符合蔬菜、水果进出口以及加工的残留标准。（二）杀菌谱广 :可防治的病害有 :①葡萄 :黑痘病、炭疽病、白粉病、房枯病、黑腐病、大褐斑病、小褐斑病、轮纹病、叶斑病、褐枯病以及穗轴褐枯病。②梨 :黑星病、炭疽病、黑斑病、…     

关于"透习脱"药名的一点意见

最近在黄泛区农场召开的葡萄、苹果炭疽病学术会上,中国果树所郑州分所重点介绍了“透习脱(Tuset)”防治炭疽病的技术和经验。通过报告和现场参观,使大家了解到“透习脱”不仅能防治炭疽病,而且对白腐病、黑痘病、白粉病、轮纹病、落叶病等都有显著效果。据说该药剂对油茶炭疽病、水稻纹枯病、洋麻炭疽病、柑桔疮疥病等都有良好的作用。但这个的药中文名,似乎有商榷的必要。     

辉丰农化 新农药应用试验研究有奖征文

为加快新农药应用技术推广进度 ,江苏辉丰农化有限公司与《植保技术与推广》杂志联合举行有奖征文活动。征文内容 :禾果利 (烯唑醇 )防治果树、花生、葡萄、芦笋等蔬菜上白粉病、黑星病、落叶病、炭疽病、叶斑病、锈病、黑痘病、茎枯病等病害 ;使百克防治各类瓜、果、菜采前炭疽病、白粉病、灰霉病、枯萎病 ,食用菌类褐腐病、褐斑病、湿泡病 (白腐病 ) ,油菜菌核病以及柑橘、芒果、香蕉、荔枝、龙眼等采后青霉病、绿霉病、炭疽病、蒂腐病、冠腐病等病害 ;辉丰菊酯防治小麦、果树、蔬菜、茶树、大豆上的蚜虫、食心虫、菜青虫、小菜蛾、茶刺蛾…     

芒果采前采后病害及防治

芒果是世界重要果树之一,采前采后病害是限制芒果生产的一大因素。畸形病、细菌性溃疡病、白粉病、炭疽病、蒂腐病和黑腐病等是芒果的主要病害。本文就这些病害的各种防治方法及防治效果作了全面评述     

甘肃玉米主要病害发生动态调查

为了掌握甘肃玉米病害的发生动态,明确主要病害的流行趋势,采用随机抽查法调查了甘肃庆阳、平凉、天水、陇南、定西、武威和张掖7个市/地区的玉米病害类群。结果表明,普通锈病、红叶病和穗腐病普遍发生并较严重,在7个市/地区的平均病株率分别为81.6%、80.6%和77.3%;大斑病、纹枯病、交链孢叶斑病、茎腐病、小斑病、瘤黑粉病和鞘腐病局部发生较重,在7个市/地区平均病株率分别为83.3%、44.9%、29.1%、27.5%、25.6%、14.4%和8.3%,矮花叶病和丝黑穗病普遍发生但发病较轻,在7个市/地区病株率分别为3.1%和1.1%,但矮花叶病在旱作区平凉市依然严重,丝黑穗病在武威市和张掖市的玉米制种田发病率依然较高。调查表明,甘肃玉米叶部病害、穗腐病和茎腐病有加重趋势,今后应该加强多病害抗性品种选育和防治用化学药剂的筛选研究。     

葡萄主要病害的发生与防治

葡萄是咸宁市的特产作物之一。据调查,葡萄主要病害有黑痘病、霜霉病、炭疽病等,影响葡萄的生长,造成葡萄减产和品质下降。笔者介绍葡萄主要病害的防治方法,以供果农参考。     

烟草苗床的土壤消毒

全国烟草侵染性病害调查研究结果表明,我国烟草的苗期病害已查明有17种,就其为害程度可作下述划分: 主要病害;炭疽病、猝倒病和立枯病; 次要病害:根黑腐病和普通花叶病毒病; 少见病害:菌核病和菟丝子病; 偶发病害;白粉病、灰霉病、角班病、剑叶病、镰刀菌根腐病、黑胫病、蛙眼病、黑霉斑病、根结线虫病和黄瓜花叶病毒病。 就其病原越冬和初染源形成可划分: 病原随病株残体在土壤中越冬者;炭疽病、立枯病、普通花叶病、灰霉病、角斑病、蛙眼病和黑胫病7种;     

提子葡萄的主要病害与综合防治

原产于美国的“提子葡萄”以个大、色艳、肉厚、味甜、质优、耐贮等优良性状而著称,深受广大人民群众的喜爱,但在多雨的年份或栽植在温暖湿润的地区,其主要的几种病害发生严重,造成许多果园丰产而不丰收,甚至面临毁园的危险。其中以霜霉病、白腐病、褐腐病、炭疽病、黑痘病的危害最为严重,严重的阻碍了提子葡萄的栽培效益。为此,我们结合葡萄的栽培经验,对提子葡萄主要病害的症状和综合防治技术进行总结,供葡萄种植者参考。     

葡萄主要果实病害的防治

葡萄主要果实病害的防治夏英三（山东省临沐县白旄镇农技站,２７６７１３）葡萄白腐病、黑痘病、炭疽病、灰霉病、房枯病是葡萄主要果实病害。夏季多雨潮湿果实病害发生较重,在山东一般７～８月份为发病高峰期。防治上采取以下措施：一、清除病源：经常巡视田园,发现病...     

略论果实轮纹病的发生和防治

由贝伦格葡萄座腔菌（Ｂｏｔｒｙｏｓｐｈａｅｒｉａｂｅｒｅｎｇｅｒｉａｎａｄｅ．Ｎｏｔ．）和贝伦格葡萄座腔菌梨生专化型〔Ｂ．ｂｅｒｅｎｇｅｒｉａｎａｄｅ．Ｎｏｔ．ｆ．ｓｐ．ｐｉｒｉｃｏｌａ（Ｎｏｓｅ）Ｋｏｇａｎｅｃａｗａｅｔ．Ｓｏｋｕｗａ〕所致的果实腐烂病可以统称为果实轮纹病。前者俗称干腐病菌，后者俗称轮纹病菌。在果园所出现的病果中，两菌的比例有较大变化，但多以前者为主。果实轮纹病菌主要来源于枝干病斑和果园内外的各种枯死枝，清除病菌对该病的防治有重要作用。目前控制为害的主要措施是适时喷洒杀菌药剂。从落花后１０ｄ左右开始，到７月底或８月上、中旬结束是主要的用药时期。这段时间内，坚持“雨后喷药”是防治成功的关键。     

2009年甘肃省玉米穗腐病、茎基腐病的发生危害

2009年对甘肃省9个市的21个县、区玉米穗腐病、茎基腐病的发生危害情况进行了全面调查,并采集病害标样,进行病原分离。调查结果表明,玉米穗腐病、茎基腐病在全省各玉米种植区均普遍严重发生,病田率100%,病穗率和病株率平均为63.57%和34.47%。初步分离结果表明,全省玉米穗腐病、茎基腐病的主要致病菌为禾谷镰刀菌、黄色镰刀菌和轮枝镰孢菌,但在地区间的分布有明显差异。     

苯醚甲环唑等杀菌剂包衣种子防治花生冠腐病和根腐病

为筛选能兼治花生冠腐病和根腐病、安全而高效的种子处理药剂,采用室内生测法比较了4种杀菌剂对花生冠腐病菌和根腐病菌的毒力,评价了其包衣种子对花生的安全性,并进行了温室接菌盆栽和田间防治试验。结果显示,苯醚甲环唑、氟啶胺、咯菌腈和氟菌唑对花生冠腐病菌的毒力差异较大,EC_(50)分别为0.05、6.56、0.52和1.43 mg/L;对花生根腐病菌的毒力均较高,EC_(50)分别为0.49、0.31、0.44和0.37 mg/L。氟菌唑2 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣后,花生出苗率和幼苗的根长、株高和茎叶鲜重均降低,出苗时间延迟1~2 d;而氟菌唑0.5、1 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣及苯醚甲环唑、氟啶胺、咯菌腈3种杀菌剂的所有剂量处理对花生出苗和幼苗生长均无影响。苯醚甲环唑0.5、1、2 g(a.i.)/kg种子,氟啶胺0.4、0.8、1.6 g(a.i.)/kg种子,咯菌腈0.1、0.2、0.4 g(a.i.)/kg种子和氟菌唑0.5、1 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣对花生冠腐病、根腐病的温室接菌盆栽防效均在80.19%以上。苯醚甲环唑1、2 g(a.i.)/kg种子和咯菌腈0.4 g(a.i.)/kg种子包衣对花生冠腐病、根腐病的田间防效较高,均在75.30%以上,且对荚果的增产率为5.60%~11.10%。表明苯醚甲环唑和咯菌腈包衣种子对花生安全,且可有效防治花生冠腐病和根腐病,具有开发为兼治药剂的潜力。     

中国玉米茎基腐病和穗腐病研究进展

 本文综述了我国在玉米茎基腐病和穗腐病病原学、致病性和寄主抗性机制与综合治理的研究进展。深入探讨了以往我国学者关于引起茎基腐病病原学的不同观点。根据2种病害的病原镰孢菌在可溶性蛋白质、血清学、同功酶和DNA等不同水平的多态性分析,镰孢菌在寄主根和茎组织内侵染过程示踪和孢子捕捉试验结果,重点讨论了2种镰孢菌病害在病原学侵染规律方面的相互关系,概述了2种病害寄主抗性生理生化机理、抗性遗传和以生物防治为核心的综合治理措施研究进展。     

Distribution and virulence of fungal species isolated from yam (Dioscorea spp.) tubers in three agroecological zones of Nigeria

Abstract

Field surveys were conducted in 2012 and 2013 to evaluate the distribution and virulence of fungal isolates associated with tuber rot disease among yam (Dioscorea spp.) producing agroecological zones (AEZs) of Nigeria. A total of 70 and 66 farmers’ fields were surveyed in 2012 and 2013, respectively among three yam species, Dioscorea rotundata, D. alata and D. cayenensis. Fifteen rotted samples were randomly collected per each yam species in fourteen districts across the humid rainforest (HF), the derived savanna (DS) and the southern Guinea savanna (SGS) agroecologies. Twenty-one fungal species were isolated in the HF, 18 species in the DS and 16 in the SGS. The highest rot severity was in HF agroecology in the D. rotundata which varied from 27.2% to 65.7% in 2012 and from 21.1 to 57.4% in 2013, while the SGS agroecology had the least severity. Lasiodiplodia theobromae was the most virulent pathogen with lesion diameter of 26.8–42.1?mm at 14?days after inoculation. Findings provide baseline information for the formulation of management strategies for yam tuber rot disease in Nigeria.     

玉米穗腐病和茎基腐病镰孢菌间相关性的RAPD分析

 利用随机扩增多态性DNA (RAPD)技术对玉米穗腐病和茎基腐病镰孢菌之间的相互关系进行了研究,证实了引起2种病害的串珠镰孢菌同源性很高,在遗传上具有较高的相似性,病菌不易受地域或环境和寄生部位选择作用的影响,同一类型的串珠镰孢菌可以是穗腐病和茎腐病的共同病原菌。禾谷镰孢菌间的遗传变异性很强,易受地域、环境和寄生部位选择作用的影响,出现明显的分化现象,穗腐病和茎基腐病可以由同一禾谷镰孢菌分化类型侵染所致,也可由不同分化类型侵染所致。     

Differences in the responses of melon accessions to fusarium root and stem rot and their colonization by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐cucumerinum

Fusarium root and stem rot caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis‐cucumerinum is a major disease in greenhouse cucumbers. Over the past decade, the disease has been documented in melon greenhouses in Greece, and recently it has been sporadically recorded in greenhouse melons in Israel. Variations in disease response were found among 41 melon accessions artificially inoculated with the pathogen: 10 accessions were highly susceptible (90–100% mortality), 23 exhibited an intermediate response (20–86%) and eight were resistant (0–4%). Two melon accessions – HEM (highly resistant) and TAD (partially resistant) – were crossed with the susceptible accession DUL. The responses of the three accessions and F₁ crosses between the resistant and susceptible parents were evaluated. HEM contributed higher resistance to the F₁ hybrid than TAD. Roots of susceptible and resistant accessions were 100 and 79% colonized, respectively, following artificial inoculation. However, only susceptible plants showed colonization of the upper plant tissues. Microscopic evaluation of cross sections taken from the crown region of the susceptible DUL revealed profuse fungal growth in the intercellular spaces of the parenchyma and in xylem vessels. In the resistant cultivar HEM, very little fungal growth was detected in the intercellular spaces of the parenchyma, and none in the xylem or any other vascular tissue. Finding resistant accessions may create an opportunity to study the genetics of resistance inheritance and to develop molecular markers that will facilitate breeding resistant melon cultivars.     

Effects of fruit maturity and wetness on the infection of apple fruit by Neonectria galligena

Neonectria galligena can cause European canker of apple as well as fruit rot. Healthy unwounded fruits on potted trees of cvs Cox, Bramley and Gala were inoculated with conidia of N. galligena to investigate the effects of wetness duration and fruit maturity on rot development. Overall, the incidence of fruit rot was influenced more by fruit maturity at the time of inoculation than by duration of wetness (6–48 h). Young fruit were most susceptible to infection, with 50% of fruit infected when inoculated up to 4 weeks after full bloom. The susceptibility decreased initially until c. 2 months after full bloom and then increased gradually until harvest. Almost all preharvest symptoms (eye rot) developed only on the fruit inoculated up to 4 weeks after full bloom. All other rots were observed after six‐month postharvest storage under controlled atmospheric conditions. However, the relative proportion of preharvest eye rots and postharvest storage rots varied greatly among three years. The effect of wetness duration was only significant for fruit inoculated in their early stages of development but not for those inoculated near harvest. Regression models were developed to describe the observed effects of fruit maturity and wetness on the incidence of total nectria rots.     

西葫芦根腐和茎基腐病新病原-露湿拟漆斑菌Paramyrothecium roridum

 2013年12月,甘肃省白银市水川镇日光温室中的西葫芦发生了严重的根腐和茎基腐,部分棚室病株率达50%,从病根和病茎上分离得到拟漆斑菌属真菌3株,病株分出率27.3%。采用胚根和茎基部接种法测定了菌株FG-62对西葫芦的致病性:茎基部接种后27 d,植株开始出现凋萎;接种后40 d,两种接种法的西葫芦苗均呈现严重根腐和茎基腐症状,茎基部接种的西葫芦凋萎株率达30%;从病根和病茎上均可再分离出原接种菌。菌株FG-62在PDA平板上25℃培养14 d,产生大量墨绿色至黑色分生孢子座,分生孢子无色至淡榄黑色,单胞,杆状或腰鼓状,两端钝圆,大小为(7.04~9.15)μm ×(1.97~2.46)μm,聚集的分生孢子呈黑色。BLASTn分析结果显示,菌株FG-62(GenBank 登录号 MK252098)的rDNA-ITS序列与露湿拟漆斑菌Paramyrothecium roridum分离物E-469 (GenBank 登录号KY582183.1)和CBS 357.89(源自模式材料,GenBank 登录号NR_145077.1)的序列相似性分别达99.65%和96.83%。依据病原菌形态学和rDNA-ITS序列,将其鉴定为露湿拟漆斑菌P. roridum (Basionym:Myrothecium roridum)。这是露湿拟漆斑菌引起西葫芦根腐和茎基腐的首次报道。     

黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种抗茎基腐病评价及茎秆和籽粒中毒素积累分析

 为明确黄淮麦区主栽小麦品种对茎基腐病的抗性水平、不同抗性指标的相关性,以及茎杆和籽粒中镰刀菌毒素积累情况,在采用苗期茎基部滴注法和成株期混合播种法进行抗性鉴定的基础上,本研究还利用超高效液相色谱高分辨质谱联用技术,测定了小麦茎杆和籽粒中6种常见镰刀菌毒素的含量。结果表明,供试的20个小麦品种中,苗期抗病、中抗、感病和高感的分别有‘百农207'等4个、‘郑麦7698'等7个、‘周麦18'等 4个和‘矮抗58'等5个,分别占20%、35%、20%和25%。成株期表现抗病、中抗和感病的分别有‘周麦18'和‘中麦895'共2个、‘济麦23'等 8个和‘矮抗58'等 10个,分别占10%、40%和50%。抗性鉴定数据的统计分析发现,苗期和成株期抗性水平无显著相关性(P>0.05)。毒素检测结果表明,供试品种籽粒中均未检测到毒素,茎秆中均检测到脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)及隐蔽型真菌毒素脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇-3-葡萄糖苷(D3G),含量分别为4.03~17.65 mg·kg^-1、0.09~1.28 mg·kg^-1和1.93~16.82 mg·kg^-1。根据研究结果,认为‘矮抗58'和‘郑麦7698'可作为感病和中抗对照品种。本研究结果为小麦茎基腐病抗性鉴定评价、抗性品种培育和利用提供了科学依据。