葡萄黑痘病发生及其综合防治

葡萄黑痘病发生及其综合防治福建省上杭县临城农技站（３６４２００）薛德乾葡萄黑痘病是一种半知真菌腼国抱菌［ＳＰｈａｃｃ～ａｎｌｏｒ’ｔｌｌｕ。ｄｅＢａ．－ｘ］所致，在我县发生日趋严重，个别果园甚至于毁产无收．１发生为害规律葡萄黑疽病菌主要侵染幼用部分的...     

葡萄黑痘病发生及其防治技术

葡萄黑痘病发生及其防治技术薛德乾福建省上杭县临城农技站３６４２００葡萄黑痘病又称疮痂病，是一种半知真菌痂园孢菌［Ｓｐｈａｃｅｌｏｍａａｍｐｅｌｉｎｕｍ（ｄｅＢａｒｙ）］所致，在我县发生日趋严重，个别果园甚至于毁产无收。１、发生为害规律葡萄黑痘病菌主要...     

苹果果实轮纹病的发生与防治

苹果果实轮纹病的发生与防治赵忠仁（江苏省农业科学院植保所南京２１００１４）苹果果实轮纹病（ＰｈｙｓａｌｏｓｐｏｒａｐｉｒｉｃｏｌａＮｏｓｅ．）又名疣皮病，疣皮性粗皮病，轮纹褐腐病，俗名烂果病、水烂，是为害苹果果实和枝干的一种重要病害。过去在我国中部黄...     

长期施药果园中的苹果轮纹病菌对戊唑醇和甲基硫菌灵的敏感性

为了监测果园中苹果轮纹病菌对戊唑醇和甲基硫菌灵敏感水平的变化,采用菌丝生长速率法测定了采集自山东烟台地区和北京市昌平区,有较长施药史苹果园中的苹果轮纹病菌对戊唑醇和甲基硫菌灵的敏感性。结果表明:戊唑醇对连续施用戊唑醇5年、每年施药1~2次的果园中苹果轮纹病菌的EC_(50)为0.017 4~0.114 3μg/mL,即该类果园中苹果轮纹病菌对此药的敏感性仍然保持在较高水平,与野生菌株的敏感性非常接近,没有出现敏感性分化的抗药亚群体;甲基硫菌灵对连续施用甲基硫菌灵10年、每年施药2次的果园中苹果轮纹病菌的EC_(50)为0.846 4~4.677 4μg/mL,果园中苹果轮纹病菌与野生菌株相比EC_(50)平均值约上升3.15倍,最低值和最高值分别是已报道敏感性基线的1.19倍和6.59倍,没有出现敏感性发生显著分化的抗药性亚群体。     

喷克防治苹果主要病害应用技术

喷克（ｍａｎｃｏｚｅｂ）８０％可湿性粉剂６００倍,８００倍,１０００倍室内对苹果轮纹（Ｐｈｙｓａｌｏｓｐｏｒａｐｉｒｉｃｏｌａ）抑菌效果均达１００％,６００倍,００倍对苹果斑点落叶病菌（Ａｌｔｅｒｎａｒｉａｍａｌｉ）炭疽病菌（Ｇｌｏｍｅｒｅｌｌａｃｉｎｇｕｌａｔａ）亦具显著的抑制效果,人工接菌条件下,８００倍液防治苹果斑点落叶病的实际保护期主１０－１２ｄ,防治苹果轮纹病的有效保护期为８－１０ｄ。田     

四种药用植物炭疽病的病原鉴定

本文以ＶｏｎＡｒｘ和Ｓｕｔｔｏｎ提出的炭疽菌分类系统的依据，对玉竹，朱砂莲，当归，升麻４种药用植物上的炭疽病病原进行了分类鉴定，鉴定出玉竹炭疽病菌Ｃｏｌｌｅｔｏｔｒｉｃｈｕｍｃａｐｓｉｃｉ（Ｓｙｄ）Ｂｕｔｌ＆Ｂｉｂｓｙ，朱砂链炭疽病菌Ｃ．ｇｌｏｅｏｓｐｏｒｉｏｄｅｓ（Ｐｅｎｚ．）Ｓａｃｃ．和当归炭疽病毒Ｃ．ａｃｕｔａｔｕｍＳｉｍｍｏｎｄｏ３个合格的种。     

苹果干腐病和轮纹病的发生及防治

苹果干腐病和轮纹病均为害枝干,并为害果实。在苹果主产区,历年因干腐和轮纹烂果遭受损失严重。近年来,随着富士品种栽培面积的扩大,其枝干轮纹病问题日益引起人们的关注。1 病原菌苹果干腐病菌和苹果轮纹病菌都是子囊菌。于腐病菌(Botryosphaeria berengerianade Not.)属于葡萄腔菌属。轮纹病菌(E.berengeriand de Not.f.sp.piricola(Nose)Koganezawa et Sakuma)原属于囊孢壳属。近年来,日本对干腐病菌和轮纹病菌的形态、培养性状和致病性进行了比较研究,于1984年提出轮纹病菌有性阶段的形态结构与干腐     

6种梨果实对轮纹病的抗性差异及4种杀菌剂对轮纹病菌的抑菌作用

由葡萄座腔菌Botryosphaeria dothidea引起的梨轮纹病是梨生产中重要的真菌性病害,主要造成树势早衰和果实腐烂,严重影响梨的产量和品质。本研究选取市售的6个品种的梨果实,用分离自梨枝干的轮纹病菌进行了离体果实接种,测定不同品种果实对梨轮纹病的抗性差异。接种后6 d,按照病斑直径从大到小的顺序,品种排序依次为‘丰水梨’‘南果梨’‘库尔勒香梨’‘皇冠梨’‘雪花梨’‘砀山酥梨’,随病斑减小抗性依次增强。测定了4种杀菌剂对梨轮纹病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用,结果表明,咯菌腈、氟啶胺和咪鲜胺对梨轮纹病菌的菌丝生长有很强的抑制作用,EC_(50)分别为0.010 3、0.022 4μg/mL和0.034 3μg/mL;代森锰锌的EC_(50)为3.860 7μg/mL,也有较好的抑菌效果。本试验结果为了解不同梨品种对轮纹病的抗性及杀菌剂的选用提供了依据,具有一定的指导意义。     

内生放线菌A-1对苹果果实轮纹病的防效及防御性酶活性的影响

为揭示内生放线菌A-1对苹果果实轮纹病的防效及防病机制,采用平板法和喷雾处理刺伤接种法,测定了其对苹果轮纹病菌的抑制作用及果实内防御性酶活性的影响。结果表明：菌株A-1能显著抑制轮纹病菌菌丝生长,10⁴ CFU/mL菌悬液的抑制率达90%以上;喷施10⁷ CFU/mL A-1菌悬液后,间隔12 h以上接种的各处理,3 d和7 d时防效分别为91.79%~95.67%和77.41%~94.00%,均与对照农药苯醚甲环唑相当。喷施10⁷ CFU/mL A-1菌悬液后接种或不接种轮纹病菌的处理,果实内过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶和苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性显著升高,且均高于只接种轮纹病菌的处理;喷施A-1菌悬液后接种病原菌的处理酶活性增加最显著,其峰值是对照的2.30~11.00倍。表明内生放线菌A-1可通过产生拮抗物质、提高寄主防御性酶活性等机制实现对苹果轮纹病的有效防治。     

防治苹果轮纹烂果病药剂筛选及用药技术

经过两年室内药效测定 ,初步建立起部分杀菌剂对苹果轮纹烂果病菌丝抑制作用的毒力档案 ,选出防效较高的几种单剂 ,并通过两年田间用药技术研究 ,明确果实生长前期 ,喷洒多菌灵、苯菌灵 ,中后期波尔多液与多菌灵、苯菌灵、福星等加三乙膦酸铝交替使用 ,对防治苹果轮纹烂果病有良好防治效果。同时探讨了只在果实潜伏侵染病菌开始活化扩展期喷药 ,对防治苹果轮纹烂果病的可能性     

戊唑·多菌灵·乙膦铝乳胶液对苹果枝干轮纹病的防治效果

近年,在矮砧密植苹果园发现苗木栽植后幼树主干上的枝干轮纹病发生严重,急需有效的防治方法。针对生产中的需求,本研究对幼树枝干轮纹病的防治方法进行了探索,结果显示:用乳胶液配制的戊唑·多菌灵·乙膦铝混合剂对枝干轮纹病防治效果显著高于同种药剂的水溶液,对剪锯口枝干轮纹病防治效果可达63.7%~100%,是药剂水溶液防效的2~3倍;生长季施用2次,对枝干轮纹病病斑的铲除率为45.2%,是药剂水溶液防效的9.6倍以上。结果表明,戊唑·多菌灵·乙膦铝乳胶液对枝干轮纹病防治效果显著,可以用于苗木剪锯口的防护,以及新建果园中幼树枝干轮纹病的治疗。研究结果为生产中幼树枝干轮纹病的防治提供了有效的方法。     

Yield Loss in Apple Caused by Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey, and Spatio-temporal Dynamics of Disease Development

Monilinia fructigena (Aderh. & Ruhl.) Honey causes considerable yield losses in pome fruit culture. During a field study in the Netherlands in 1997 and 1998, the increase in disease incidence in time was assessed and final pre- and post-harvest losses were recorded in the susceptible apple cultivars James Grieve and Cox's Orange Pippin. Each individual tree was considered as a unique quadrat, and the spatial distribution of diseased fruits among fruit trees at every assessment date was characterised by a dispersion index, Lloyd's index of patchiness (LIP). Spatial autocorrelation was applied to detect potential clustering of trees with diseased fruits within rows. In cv. James Grieve, the rate of increase of disease incidence was constant up to harvest time, whereas in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin disease incidence increased markedly 3 weeks before harvest time, which coincided with the harvest of cv. James Grieve in neighbouring rows. Pre-harvest disease incidence was 4.2–4.3% in cv. James Grieve in both years, in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin this was 4.4% in 1997 and 2.7% in 1998. Post-harvest yield losses amounted on average 1.5–2.0% for both cultivars, no significant differences were found between the cultivars (t-test, P=0.05). Both in 1997 and 1998, clustering of diseased fruits among fruit trees was detected; LIP values were significantly higher than 1 (P=0.05 in 1997, P=0.01 in 1998). Clustering of trees with diseased fruits was detected in 1998, when significant (P=0.05) positive correlation coefficients occurred for 2nd, 3rd and 4th lag-order distances in cv. James Grieve, and a significant (P=0.05) positive first-order correlation in cv. Cox's Orange Pippin. Wounding agents, such as insects and birds, may play an important role in the underlying disease dynamics, and crop losses may be minimised by control of these agents.     

Atripes paspali gen. et sp. nov. (Magnaporthaceae) causing take-all disease on Paspalum guenoarum in Brazil

In Brazil, Paspalum species are commonly used in sports lawns, landscape projects, and as forage for livestock. Paspalum guenoarum plants showing symptoms of take-all disease were observed in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The fungus Gaeumannomyces graminis is the only species reported associated with this disease on Paspalum. In recent years, new species of Gaeumannomyces have been proposed based on molecular studies, which demonstrated the existence of a species complex. Take-all affects rice and wheat, but the aetiology of this disease on P. guenoarum is still unknown; this work aimed to elucidate the aetiology of the take-all on P. guenoarum in Brazil and evaluate possible alternative hosts of agricultural importance. Based on combined phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, TEF-1α, and RPB1 sequences, the fungal pathogen was identified as Atripes paspali gen. et sp. nov., which is proposed as a new genus in the Magnaporthaceae family. A representative isolate of A. paspali was inoculated on healthy P. guenoarum plants and reproduced the same symptoms of take-all observed in the field. Furthermore, this fungus is also able to cause take-all on wheat plants; temperature directly affected the incidence and development of the disease in wheat. Take-all on P. guenoarum is caused by A. paspali.     

韭菜提取物及其主要活性物质防控苹果轮纹病发生的研究

本文研究了韭菜提取液对苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长及其形态的影响;以苹果枝条和果实为材料,研究了韭菜提取液对苹果轮纹病的抑制作用;并进一步探索了韭菜中4种主要活性成分对苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长的抑制作用。结果表明,在离体条件下韭菜提取液对苹果轮纹病菌菌丝生长具有显著的抑制作用,在韭菜提取液为1:250(1 g韭菜/250 mL水)和1:100(1 g韭菜/100 mL水)的平板上生长5 d后,苹果轮纹病菌斑直径分别为对照的43.25%和4.62%;在提取液浓度为1:20(1 g韭菜/20 mL水)的平板上,苹果轮纹病菌的生长被100%抑制。韭菜提取液对菌丝形态有明显的破坏作用。韭菜提取液对苹果轮纹病的发生也存在显著的抑制作用,1:100的韭菜提取液处理的枝条和果实上病斑直径分别为相应对照菌斑直径的46.25%和42.35%;而浓度为1:20韭菜提取液处理则100%抑制了苹果轮纹病的发生。韭菜所含的4种主要活性成分中,二甲基三硫和甲基烯丙基三硫醚对苹果轮纹病菌生长具有最强的抑制效果,在浓度达1:4000(v/v)时即可100%抑制菌丝生长。以上结果表明韭菜提取液及其主要成分对苹果轮纹病菌丝生长具有显著的抑制作用,对由该病原菌引起的苹果轮纹病的发生具有显著的防控效果,为苹果轮纹病的防控提供新的思路。     

苹果轮纹病菌对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性及Cytb基因序列分析

为了明确苹果轮纹病菌Botryosphaeria dothidea对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性和吡唑醚菌酯的靶标基因序列, 采用菌丝生长速率法测定了水杨肟酸对B. dothidea 菌丝生长的作用, 探讨了添加或不添加水杨肟酸的情况下病原菌对吡唑醚菌酯敏感性的变化; 并测定了不同产区的80株B. dothidea 对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性以及440株B. dothidea 对吡唑醚菌酯的抗性; 然后, 扩增并分析了具有不同敏感性的菌株的细胞色素b基因 (Cytb) 序列?结果表明:不同浓度水杨肟酸对菌丝生长的抑制作用不同?添加40 μg/mL水杨肟酸不影响吡唑醚菌酯的EC50?菌株的敏感性频率符合近似正态分布, 各产区菌株对吡唑醚菌酯的敏感性没有显著差异, 吡唑醚菌酯平均EC50为(2.95±2.11) μg/mL, 没有检测到抗性菌株?靶标基因序列分析表明, Cytb基因在F129?G137和G143位密码子上没有产生点突变, 首次发现在143位密码子后有内含子插入?     

苹果轮纹病菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)果胶裂解酶基因Bdpl1的致病功能分析

 由葡萄座腔菌(Botryosphaeria dothidea)引起的苹果轮纹病是影响我国苹果安全生产的重大病害之一。因此,本研究基于受苹果轮纹菌侵染的苹果组织中果胶裂解酶基因Bdpl1表达上调这一现象,通过Split-marker PCR技术构建Bdpl1基因敲除载体,并通过PEG介导的原生质体转化获得转化子,经常规PCR和qRT-PCR对所获得的转化子进行筛选,成功获得1个Bdpl1基因缺失阳性突变子。该转化子在PDA上的培养基性状与野生型没有明显差异,但在果胶培养基上菌落直径明显小于野生型。其胞外果胶酶活相比野生型明显下降,但在离体“早富”苹果枝条上的致病力并没有明显的下降。通过qRT-PCR技术发现在基因Bdpl1敲除后,其家族内有3个基因在病菌侵染过程中相比野生型明显上调表达(>3倍)。这些现象表明果胶裂解酶基因Bdpl1与病原菌的营养生长过程关系不大,但其参与对寄主果胶类物质的降解。Bdpl1基因对轮纹病菌致病力的影响较小,有可能是Bdpl1基因敲除后,该基因家族内其他基因的上调表达补偿了Bdpl1基因的功能。     

水杨酸诱导苹果抗轮纹病差异表达基因分析

以对苹果轮纹病抗病性不同的两个苹果品种‘北之幸’和‘礼泉短富’为材料,利用高通量测序技术对水杨酸(SA)处理后的苹果叶片cDNA文库进行差异基因表达谱分析。结果表明,经SA诱导后,抗病品种‘北之幸’的差异表达基因有257个;感病品种‘礼泉短富’的差异表达基因有150个;不同品种间得到差异表达基因828个。经GO分析,大部分差异基因参与代谢过程、应答刺激、生物学调控、免疫系统过程和抗氧化活性等。与抗性相关的功能注释主要涉及信号转导机制、防御机制和能量产生与转导等,但感病品种‘礼泉短富’没有注释到有关防御机制的差异基因。推测这些基因可能在SA诱导苹果抗轮纹病的过程中起重要作用。差异基因参与抗病相关的代谢通路涉及过氧化物酶体途径、苯丙烷生物合成途径、苯丙氨酸代谢途径、植物与病原菌互作途径和植物激素信号转导途径等。且抗性品种产生的差异基因数量、涉及的代谢通路均较感病品种多,说明抗病品种的抗性相关基因更易受到SA的诱导。     

梨成熟果实对炭疽病菌和轮纹病菌抗扩展能力的评价

对101个梨品种成熟果实抗炭疽病菌和轮纹病菌扩展能力进行评价、聚类分析,并对其抗病菌扩展能力与生理指标作相关分析.聚类分析结果表明,101个梨品种果实对两种病菌抗扩展能力均可分为五类即抗扩展性强、较强、中等、较弱、弱.其中对炭疽病菌和轮纹病菌抗扩展性中等的品种最多,分别占供试品种40.6％和35.6％,而对这两种病菌抗扩展性弱的品种最少,分别占供试品种5.9％和2.0％.相关分析表明,果肉总酚含量分别与果实抗炭疽病菌和轮纹病菌的扩展能力呈极显著和显著正相关;果肉石细胞含量与果实对这两种病菌抗扩展的能力均呈正相关,其中与轮纹病达到极显著水平;而果肉木质素含量和果实对这两种病菌抗扩展能力之间相关性不明显.     

Bioconversion of dieldrin by wood‐rotting fungi and metabolite detection

BACKGROUND: Dieldrin is one of the most persistent organochlorine pesticides, listed as one of the 12 persistent organic pollutants in the Stockholm Convention. Although microbial degradation is an effective way to remediate environmental pollutants, reports on aerobic microbial degradation of dieldrin are limited. Wood‐rotting fungi can degrade a wide spectrum of recalcitrant organopollutants, and an attempt has been made to select wood‐rotting fungi that can degrade dieldrin, and to identify the metabolite. RESULTS: Thirty‐four isolates of wood‐rotting fungi were investigated for their ability to degrade dieldrin. Strain YK543 degraded 39.1 ± 8.8% of dieldrin during 30 days of incubation. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that strain YK543 was closely related to the fungus Phlebia brevispora Nakasone TMIC33929, which has been reported as a fungus that can degrade chlorinated dioxins and polychlorinated biphenyls. 9‐Hydroxydieldrin was detected as a metabolite in the cultures of strain YK543. CONCLUSION: It is important to select the microorganisms that degrade organic pollutants, and to identify the metabolic pathway for the development of bioremediation methods. Strain YK543 was selected as a fungus capable of degrading dieldrin. The metabolic pathway includes 9‐hydroxylation reported in rat's metabolism catalysed by liver microsomal monooxygenase. This is the first report of transformation of dieldrin to 9‐hydroxydieldrin by a microorganism. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry