超临界二氧化碳萃取杨梅仁油的研究

采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术对杨梅仁中杨梅仁油的提取工艺进行优化研究.运用L9(34)正交表,探讨各因素对萃取效果的影响,并采用气-质联用仪对杨梅仁油的成分进行分析.结果表明:超临界CO2流体萃取得到的杨梅仁油品质好,在萃取压力35 MPa、萃取温度50 ℃、萃取时间60 min、CO2流量30 L/h、分离温度30 ℃时效果最佳,得率高达33.52%;杨梅仁油中脂肪酸以油酸、亚油酸为主,不饱和脂肪酸含量在83%以上,是一种质量很好的保健油.     

超临界CO2流体萃取沙棘全果油实验研究

采用1L超临界萃取实验装置，对超临界CO2流体萃取沙棘全果油进行实验研究，分别考察了萃取压力、温度以及萃取时间等条件对萃取率的影响。结果表明：流量为20L／h时，萃取压力为30Mpa，温度为40℃，萃取时间为3h条件下，萃取率可达18％以上。化学成分分析结果表明：沙棘全果油中富含胡萝卜素、甾醇等多种生物活性成分．     

榛子油提取工艺的研究

以干燥粉碎后的榛子仁为原料,研究应用超临界CO2流体萃取榛子油的工艺.通过单因素试验、正交试验及方差分析得出,超临界CO2萃取榛子油的最佳工艺条件：萃取压力30 MPa,萃取温度55℃,分Ⅰ压力10 MPa,分Ⅰ温度40℃,萃取2h,萃取率达84％以上.     

超临界CO_2萃取野生黄刺玫果籽油试验

对超临界CO_2萃取野生黄刺玫果籽油的工艺进行了单因素试验,分析了不同萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间以及原料粒度对黄刺玫果籽油萃取率的影响。结果表明,超临界CO_2流体萃取黄刺玫果籽油的较佳条件为:1 L萃取釜装料量200 g,萃取压力25 MPa,温度40℃,萃取时间为2 h,原料粒度40目。     

超临界C02萃取红松仁油的实验研究

采用超临界CO2萃取技术进行了红松仁油萃取的研究，考察了萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间及物料破碎情况对油得率的影响，适宜的萃取条件为：压力为30MPa，温度为45℃，时间为180min，物料破碎情况为压片破碎。     

超临界CO_2萃取油茶籽油的工艺及其脂肪酸成分分析

采用超临界CO2萃取技术对油茶籽进行萃取,提取油茶籽油。考察了油茶籽平均粒径、萃取压力、萃取温度、CO2流量和萃取时间对油茶籽油萃取率的影响,在单因素实验基础上进行了3因素3水平的正交试验,并对试验得到的油茶籽油进行了气相色谱分析。超临界CO2萃取油茶籽油的最佳实际工艺条件为:油茶籽平均粒径0.605mm、萃取压力30MPa、萃取温度50℃、CO2流量30L·h-1和萃取时间90min,最佳实际工艺条件下油茶籽油萃取率为91.17%。气相色谱分析表明,油茶籽油脂肪酸主要由5种脂肪酸组成,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总量的88.28%。     

CO2超临界流体法提取银杏叶黄酮工艺的研究

通过正交试验对二氧化碳超临界流体法提取银杏叶中黄酮工艺进行研究。正交实验结果分析表明超临界流体萃取最佳工艺条件为：萃取压力35MPa,萃取温度50℃,萃取时间1．5h,夹带剂浓度90％。     

超临界二氧化碳萃取杜仲果实中桃叶珊瑚苷工艺研究

采用超临界CO2流体萃取技术选择适合的夹带剂,进行了从杜仲果实中提取桃叶珊瑚苷的工艺研究.运用L16(45)正交表,较系统地探讨了各因素对提取效果的影响,提取液以Epstahl试剂显色用分光光度法进行分析.研究表明:与传统的溶剂提取法相比,超临界CO2萃取法具有操作简单、活性成分保存好、后续分离易于进行等特点;在萃取中以75 %的乙醇为夹带剂,当萃取压力26 MPa、萃取温度55 ℃、分离温度30 ℃、萃取时间120 min、夹带剂用量与原料比6∶1(mL∶g)的条件下,效果最佳,桃叶珊蝴苷得率1.921 %.     

萃取赖百当及其化学成分研究

用超临界CO2萃取技术，在压力28MPa、温度40℃、反应时间3h及CO2流量30L／h的条件下，对岩蔷薇(Cistus labdaniferus L．)的枝叶进行萃取，得到赖百当(Labdanum)萃取物。并以苯为溶剂，采用索氏抽提法制备赖百当浸膏；用水蒸气蒸馏法提取赖百当精油。对不同提取工艺得到的赖百当产品的得率及质量进行了分析比较，超临界CO2萃取法产品得率最高，为6．6％(苯萃取法为4．8％，水蒸气蒸馏法为0．8％)，且品质优于苯萃取法产品。用GC-MS分别对超临界CO2萃取物和水蒸气蒸馏精油的化学成分及相对含量进行了测定，共鉴定出31种化合物，其中超临界CO2萃取物中31种，水蒸气蒸馏精油中26种。     

利用超临界CO_2萃取降低沙棘油脂肪酸工艺研究

为了降低沙棘油中脂肪酸含量,提升沙棘油品质,利用超临界CO2流体技术对已酸败的沙棘油进行脱酸再处理,研究萃取压力、萃取温度、萃取时间3个主要因素对沙棘油酸价的影响。结果表明,超临界CO2萃取降低沙棘油脂肪酸的最佳工艺条件为:萃取压力12 MPa,萃取温度45℃,萃取时间6 h,可将已酸败沙棘油中的脂肪酸含量由原来的55.94 mg/g降低至5.13 mg/g,达到行业标准要求(酸价≤15 mg/g)。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.