桦木醇丁二酸酯的合成

通过对桦木醇的C-3位、C-28位羟基进行修饰,在吡啶作溶剂,二甲基氨基吡啶(DMAP)作催化剂的条件下,与丁二酸酐反应合成桦木醇丁二酸酯.通过单因素试验,考察了物料比和反应时间对桦木醇丁二酸酯纯度的影响.确定合成反应的最佳条件:反应温度95 ℃,物料比(物质的量之比)1:18,反应时间10 h.对产物采用FT-IR、1H NMR和MS进行分析,确证桦木醇丁二酸酯的结构,并利用HPLC对产物含量进行分析,纯度为81.854%,得率为70.43%.     

桦木醇戊二酸酯的合成及溶解性能分析

为了增强桦木醇的亲水性,对桦木醇的C-3位、C-28位羟基进行修饰,在吡啶作溶剂、二甲基氨基吡啶(DMAP)作催化剂的条件下,与戊二酸酐反应合成桦木醇戊二酸酯.采用FT-IR、 1 H NMR 和MS对产物进行结构表征,并且选用平衡法测定了桦木醇和桦木醇戊二酸酯在丙酮、无水乙醇、水和磷酸盐缓冲溶液(PBS,pH值7.4,)等不同溶剂中的溶解度.结果表明,在丙酮和无水乙醇中,桦木醇戊二酸酯的溶解度是桦木醇的33.52和22.65倍;在水中,桦木醇戊二酸酯的溶解度为 0.002 1 g(100 mL 水);在PBS中,桦木醇戊二酸酯的溶解度约为 0.001 5 g(100 mL PBS),目标产物的亲水性有了显著的改善.     

四氢呋喃-苯混合溶剂法分离纯化桦木醇

本研究从白桦树皮中提取了桦木醇。采用混合溶剂法对提取的桦木醇进行了分离纯化，运用紫外分光光度法（UV）对纯化效果进行了比较分析；利用傅立叶红外光谱（FT-IR）对纯化样品进行了结构表征；利用高效液相色谱（HPLC）对纯化样品进行了定量测定。结果表明：从白桦树皮中提取桦木醇粗品的得率为34．52％；混合溶剂四氢呋喃-苯是纯化桦木醇的优良试剂，其体积比为1：2，桦木醇与混合溶剂比为1：30（g：mL），纯化桦木醇得率为31．19％。纯度为94．53％。纯化后桦木醇的熔点为248．9～251．3℃，与文献值一致，FT-IR谱图与标准品基本一致。与以往的分离纯化方法相比，四氢呋喃-苯混合溶剂法是一种简便、高效的分离纯化桦木醇的方法。     

桦木醇丁二酸酯氨基酸叔丁酯的合成及对肝癌细胞增殖和凋亡的影响

以桦木醇为原料合成了桦木醇丁二酸酯甘氨酸叔丁酯(桦甘酯)和桦木醇丁二酸酯丙氨酸叔丁酯(桦丙酯),采用1H NMR和MS确证了化合物的结构。用噻唑兰(MTT)比色法,对桦甘酯和桦丙酯进行了对HepG-2(肝癌细胞)活性分析。结果表明:桦甘酯和桦丙酯对HepG-2有专一促其凋亡的作用,其凋亡作用呈时间和浓度依赖。作用72 h后,半数抑制浓度(IC50)值分别为15.33和17.01μmol/L。桦甘酯和桦丙酯的IC50值与桦木醇的IC50值相比明显降低;对HepG-2细胞桦甘酯的IC50值约为桦木醇IC50值的1/6;桦丙酯的IC50值约为桦木醇IC50值的1/5,由此说明,桦甘酯和桦丙酯在抑制肿瘤细胞生长的活性方面明显优于桦木醇。     

桦木醇选择性氧化产物的合成及抗肿瘤活性研究北大核心CSCD

以桦木醇为先导结构,对桦木醇的C-28、C-29位进行结构修饰,分别在CrO 3和2,2,6,6-四甲基哌啶氮氧化物(TEMPO)混合物以及氧化剂间氯过氧苯甲酸(m-CPBA)氧化剂的作用下,在C-28位和C-29位选择性的引入醛基,并进一步氧化为C-28位和C-29位桦木酸,共得到4个氧化衍生物。用氢谱分别表征,结果表明:相对于单一氧化剂,CrO 3和TEMPO作为混合氧化剂,C-28桦木醛产率有所提高,达36.98%;当mCPBA作为氧化剂、丙酮作为溶剂时,C-29桦木醛产率达39.06%。利用改性噻唑蓝(MTT)法测定桦木醇及其氧化衍生物对两株细胞(HepG 2、A549)半数抑制质量浓度(IC50),结果表明:C-28和C-29桦木酸对HepG 2细胞的IC50值较其它组低,分别达到3.80和3.84 mg/L。桦木醇与C-28位和C-29位桦木醛对于HepG 2和A549细胞毒性无显著差异,C-28位和C-29位桦木酸对于HepG 2和A549细胞毒性则显著强于同位的桦木醛,桦木醇在C-28位和C-29位两个位置的氧化对于HepG 2和A549细胞毒性均没有显著性差异。     

均匀设计法优化桦木醇微波辅助提取工艺

利用均匀设计法优化了微波辅助提取白桦树皮中桦木醇的工艺。考察了提取温度、微波功率、提取时间对桦木醇收率的影响，并用高效液相色谱法测定了萃取物中桦木醇的含量。试验结果表明，1g白桦树皮粉末，在提取温度72℃、微波功率67w，提取时间100S的条件下，微波辅助提取的桦木醇收率达到25．43％，纯度达到59．19％。与传统回流提取法相比，微波辅助提取法不仅提取时间短，且提取率高、选择性好，故具有一定的应用前景。     

纳米固体超强酸催化合成乙酸松油酯的研究

研究了纳米固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2催化松油醇乙酰化反应。通过正交试验得出反应的最佳工艺条件：反应温度50℃，反应时间5h，催化剂用量3％，乙酐和松油醇摩尔比(酐醇比)为1．3：1。在此条件下进行稳定性实验，产物中总酯的含量为92．79％，主要副产物柠檬烯和异松油烯的含量为5．27％，松油醇的转化率100％；催化剂的活性和选择性都优于普通固体超强酸，而且可重复使用5次。     

氧化铝-重铬酸钾催化氧化桦木醇合成桦木酸

利用氧化铝-重铬酸钾催化氧化桦木醇合成中间体桦木酮酸,再经选择性还原合成桦木酸。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)、氢核磁共振(1H NMR)和高效液相色谱(HPLC)对合成中间体和产物的结构变化及纯度进行了表征,并通过单因素试验,对合成工艺进行了优化研究。结果表明,合成桦木酮酸的适宜工艺条件为:K2Cr2O7与桦木醇物质的量之比为3∶1,反应时间为1.5 h,反应温度为室温,Al2O3与K2Cr2O7物质的量之比为4∶1。在此工艺条件下,中间体桦木酮酸的得率83.02%。经选择性还原后,目标产物桦木酸总产率为67.25%,精制后纯度为98.3%。FT-IR、1H NMR分析确定了中间产物为桦木酮酸,产物为桦木酸。     

酸功能化离子液体磺烷基咪唑磷酸盐催化合成乙酸松油酯的研究

制备、表征了酸功能化离子液体1-（3-磺酸）丙基-3-甲基咪唑磷酸二氢盐（（HSO，-pmim）H2PO4），并用于催化合成乙酸松油酯的反应研究，考察了反应时间、反应温度、原料配比、催化荆用量等因素对反应的影响。在松油醇5．1g、n（松油醇）：n（乙酸酐）1：1．5、离子液体1．5g、反应温度40℃、反应时间8h的工艺条件下，松油醇转化率为100％，乙酸松油酯的选择性为87．2％；并对离子液体（HSO3-pmim）H2PO4的重复使用性能进行了考察，离子液体在不经处理直接重复使用6次后，松油醇的转化率为99．4％，乙酸松油酯的选择性为88．6％，具有较好的重复使用性能。     

纳米级固体超强酸SO4^2-／ZrO2催化合成乙酸芳樟酯的研究

首次采用纳米级固体超强酸SO4^2-/ZrO2为催化剂合成乙酸芳樟酯，考察了催化剂用量、反应温度、反应时间、乙酐与芳樟醇摩尔比(酐醇比)等因素对反应的影响。结果表明，反应温度30℃、反应时间6．5h、催化剂用量为原料质量的2．5％、酐醇比为2．5：1时，芳樟醇转化率为93．2％，产物中乙酸芳樟酯含量为53．78％，总酯含量为76．89％。通过与其它催化剂对比发现，本实验反应时间较短，催化剂可重复使用，有较好的应用潜力。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。