硅钙肥对库尔勒香梨果实品质的影响

为探讨硅、钙肥在库尔勒香梨上的施用效果,采用田间小区试验,研究施用果蔬钙肥和硅肥对库尔勒香梨果实品质的影响。结果表明：与对照相比,5个处理均提高了库尔勒香梨果实的单果重、硬度、Vc和可溶性固形物含量,除幼果期与膨大期喷施果蔬钙肥和硅肥外可滴定酸含量均低于对照,但影响较小。在各处理中,幼果期和膨大期树冠喷施果蔬钙肥,同时配合土施硅肥的处理对于提高果实单果重、硬度、Vc和可溶性固形物含量的效果最好,与对照相比,单果重、果实硬度、Vc和可溶性固形物含量分别增加了14.51%、10.97%、51.61%和8.05%,且与对照之间的差异均达到了显著水平。因此,施用果蔬钙肥和硅肥对于提高库尔勒香梨果实品质具有明显的促进作用,既能提高果品产量,又能改善果实品质。     

库尔勒香梨果实分级品质识别特征的研究

参照现行的库尔勒香梨技术标准和生产操作方法,采收分选生理成熟的5种类型果实为试材,包括"青头果"、粗皮果、突顶果、宿萼果和脱萼果。检测果形指数、果皮色泽、果肉硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量、石细胞含量、4种可溶性糖组分含量、8种有机酸组分含量和6种磨木木质素组分含量,采用主成分和分阶聚类分析果实内在食用品质和外观特征,筛选不同类型果实分级分选的品质识别关键指标。结果表明:不同类型库尔勒香梨果实的果形指数、果肉硬度、石细胞含量、蔗糖含量、柠檬酸含量、草酸含量、香草酸含量和丁香酸含量相差较大;以主成分分析与聚类分析筛选出果肉硬度、丁香酸、草酸和蔗糖含量作为识别5种类型果实品质的特征指标,以此建立了库尔勒香梨的果实分级特征及方法。以果形指数、硬度和丁香酸含量作为一级指标识别和分选出"青头果"与粗皮果2种等外果,再以草酸含量和蔗糖含量作为二级指标依次识别和分选突顶果、宿萼果和脱萼果3种商品果。     

套小袋时期对‘翠冠’梨成熟果实内在品质及外观的影响

以‘翠冠’梨为试材,研究2次套袋中套小袋时期对梨果实内在品质及外观的影响。结果表明：总体来说,与CK相比,‘翠冠’梨成熟时,果实单果重增加;果实硬度降低;果实可溶性固形物含量与CK相比,4月22日套小袋、5月12日套大袋的A处理含量高（C黑除外）;果皮厚度厚;果点密度增加;果点直径减小;果面亮度增加;套黑袋的果面绿色度极低,果面黄色度也低,套白袋的果面偏绿、偏黄。同处理套黑袋的比套白袋的单果重小,果实硬度高,可溶性固形物含量高,果皮厚度厚,果点密度增加,果点直径小,果面亮度亮,绿色度低,黄色度低。总之,A处理效果较好,与CK相比,可溶性固形物含量高,果实硬度较高,A白果实单果重大,A黑果实单果重较大。     

库尔勒香梨杂交后代脱萼、宿萼正常果果实品质比较

本试验测定了库尔勒香梨杂交后代脱萼、宿萼正常果的果柄长度和粗度,果实横径、纵径和体积,果心横径和纵径,单果重,硬度和可溶性固形物等指标。结果表明:库尔勒香梨杂交后代脱萼、宿萼正常果的外观品质和内在品质存在差异,脱萼正常果的单果重、体积和可溶性固形物均显著大于宿萼果;脱萼正常果的果柄明显短于宿萼果;脱萼正常果的硬度小于宿萼果;其它品质如果柄粗度,果实横径和纵径,果心横径和纵径等指标变化不统一。     

库尔勒香梨辐射诱变枝条的果实品质比较分析

对库尔勒香梨枝条经辐射诱变后所结果实的品质进行综合比较,旨在为库尔勒香梨果实品质改良提供理论依据和实践指导,为培育香梨优良品种提供一条新的途径。以库尔勒香梨辐射诱变枝条所结果实为试验材料,研究不同辐射剂量处理后果实的外观及内在品质指标的差异性。结果表明：剂量为20 Gy时,休眠枝与萌动枝所结果实的石细胞、可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量差异不显著,糖酸比表明休眠枝所结果实最甜;剂量为30 Gy时,休眠枝的果实含水量最高,萌动枝的果实石细胞含量最高,休眠枝与萌动枝果实的可溶性糖与可溶性固形物含量差异不显著,萌动枝果实的Vc和可滴定酸含量显著高于休眠枝;剂量为40 Gy的果实石细胞含量最少,肉质细腻,可溶性糖含量高,富含维生素C,果味较甜,商品性较高。辐射诱变枝条的果实品质有所提高,其中剂量为40 Gy的辐射处理效果最好。     

不同施肥处理对龙安柚果实产量和品质的影响

测定12年生龙安柚果实产量、单果重、果实色泽、果实硬度和内在品质等,进行果实色泽与内在品质间的相关性分析,探讨施肥处理对龙安柚产量和品质的影响,以期为在龙安柚生产栽培中施肥管理提供理论依据。结果表明：（1）2017年,T1、T2和T3单株产量分别比2016年增加了60.10%、19.11%、46.17%,而T4比2016年降低了30.38%。T2单株产量2年均最高（95.40、113.63 kg/株）。说明施肥处理对单株产量有显著影响,其中T2效果显著。（2）施肥处理对果皮色泽的影响不显著,但显著影响了果肉色泽。各施肥处理的果肉颜色为橙红色,其中T2的颜色较其他深,而CK的果肉颜色为黄绿色。（3）施肥显著影响了龙安柚果实的果皮、囊瓣、果肉硬度,其中T2上、下层果实硬度均较大。（4）内在品质转化糖、总糖、糖酸比、Vc含量均是T2上层果实中最高,T3中可溶性固形物(13.07%、13.07%)、固酸比是最高的,且两者中可滴定酸含量较低,说明T2、T3有利于改善果实内在品质。（5）根据果实色泽与果实品质相关性分析发现,果实色泽各指标均与果肉糖含量关系密切,说明果肉糖含量可能影响了果实色泽。     

大棚和套袋栽培对翠冠梨果实品质和营养成分的影响

通过对翠冠梨不同栽培模式的处理,研究大棚和套袋栽培以及套袋果实除袋后对梨果实果皮色素、品质及主要营养成分的影响。结果表明：大棚和套袋栽培都降低了果皮叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的含量;大棚栽培增加了果实中果糖、淀粉、纤维素、维生素C、蛋白质、Fe等营养成分的含量,对果实品质和营养价值均有一定的提升作用;套袋栽培使果实单果重减小,营养成分也有所下降的趋势;套袋果实除袋后果皮色素和果锈明显增加,果实硬度显著减少,果实商品性大幅下降,没有应用价值。     

贮藏环境乙烯对不同低温下库尔勒香梨果实品质的影响

以新疆库尔勒香梨为试材,研究其在-1℃和2℃下不同乙烯浓度(0,自发气调,100μL/L)环境中果实外观色泽和内在品质等的变化规律。结果表明,与环境中的乙烯相比,温度对贮藏期间的果实品质影响较大;贮藏于-1℃的果实果皮颜色保持较好,硬度较高,腐烂率较低,而贮藏于2℃的果实品质则相对较差;相同温度条件下,处于自发气调环境中的果实腐烂率较低,果柄保鲜指数较高,但不同乙烯浓度处理对库尔勒香梨果实的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸(TA)含量以及VC含量等品质指标的影响无明显规律性。     

伊犁河谷引进苹果品种品质及营养成分分析

为了解‘蜜脆’、‘红盖露’、‘华硕’3 个苹果品种在伊犁河谷的果实表现特性,对其品质及营养成分进行测定和分析。结果表明：3 个苹果品种平均单果重介于190~280 g,为大果型,果形指数介于0.81~0.89,果形较端正;‘红盖露’的果实硬度高达11.7 kg/cm2,口感较硬,其次是‘华硕’(8.8 kg/cm2),‘蜜脆’口感酥脆,硬度最低为8.1 kg/cm2;三者的可溶性固形物含量介于13.6%~16.4%,普遍高于‘红富士’和‘嘎啦’,固酸比高低依次为‘华硕’(6.07/1)、‘蜜脆’(4.08/1)、‘红盖露’(2.80/1),华硕果实口味甜酸、蜜脆酸甜适口,而红盖露酸甜;果实水解后还原糖含量为10.8%~13.2%、还原糖含量为7.0%~8.4%、Vc含量为2.53~2.90 mg/100 g;3 个苹果品种矿物质营养元素含量大小分布趋势一致,矿物质元素含量大小排序为K＞P＞Mg＞Ca＞Na＞Cu＞Fe＞Zn;不同苹果品种矿物质含量差异显著,‘蜜脆’苹果中含量最高的是K、P,‘华硕’苹果中含量最高是Mg、Na和Cu,‘红盖露’苹果中含量最高的是Zn、Fe、Ca。3 个苹果品种品质及营养成分综合性状优良,适宜在伊犁河谷推广。     

氮磷钾平衡施用对花椰菜经济产量及品质的影响

应用311－A拟饱和最优回归设计和{3,2}单形格子饱和设计,通过氮磷钾肥配比和氮肥分期施用田间试验,拟建花椰菜施用氮磷钾肥对经济产量、施肥利润及氮肥分期施用比例的效应函数。寻优结果表明：花椰菜最高产量的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N 249.28、P2O554.33和K2O 238.83kg/hm2,其最高经济产量达54.877t/hm2;最佳施肥利润的氮、磷、钾优化施肥组合为N 243.52、P2O552.22和K2O 234.09kg/hm2,其最佳施肥利润达63784.89元/hm2,经济产量也达54.853t/hm2;较佳施氮分配比例为基肥 ：前期追肥 ：后期追肥为0.3135:0.4500:0.2365,其对应的氮肥用量分别为N76.49、109.80和57.71kg/hm2,期望较高的经济产量可达55.313 t/hm2。在同等肥底下,花椰菜维生素C、还原糖和总糖含量与施氮量之间呈一定程度上的负相关,与磷、钾施用量之间呈不同程度的正相关;而硝酸盐含量则与氮施用量呈一定程度的正相关,与磷、钾施用量之间相当程度的负相关。在磷钾用量相同的情况下,氮肥越迟施用或后期施用量越大,花椰菜维生素C、还原糖和总糖含量越低,但硝酸盐含量则越高。     

油橄榄叶果营养元素动态及其相关性

本研究旨在了解重庆合川地区油橄榄树体的营养状况和果实膨大规律及其相关性,为该地区油橄榄的平衡有效施肥提供依据,实现丰产优质栽培的目的。以不同生长时期内3株树势相同,无病虫害的7年生‘豆果’油橄榄树为研究材料,基于硝酸—盐酸—高氯酸消煮—ICP法测定叶片和果实中大量和微量元素P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Mn、Cu、Zn含量,凯氏定氮法测定元素N含量,游标卡尺测定果实纵横径。结果表明：“豆果”生长期内,大量元素在叶片和果实中随果实膨大存在不同变化趋势。总体上,叶片中大量元素含量趋势为K>Ca>N>P>Mg;果实中大量元素含量趋势为K>N>Ca>P>Mg。对微量元素Fe的需求量明显高于元素Mn、Zn、Cu,且叶片中元素Fe远高于果实中的。叶片内部-果实内部-叶片-果实间矿质元素含量以及果实膨大-叶片果实矿质元素含量存在普遍的显著相关性。从矿质元素在“豆果”叶片、果实中的含量动态变化趋势来看,营养元素N、K、Ca在发育期中一直保持相对较高水平,肥料施用上应充分满足;考虑到元素间的拮抗和协同关系,建议生产上施用N肥时还应搭配P肥、K肥、微量元素肥（含Cu和Zn）施用,以达到丰产优质栽培的目的。     

配方施肥对香蕉生物量及养分积累的影响

为探究配方施肥对香蕉植株生物量、各器官养分积累量及养分积累规律,对巴西蕉施肥后,彻底刨根、分解取样研究,得出香蕉生物量及各元素含量。结果表明：配方肥处理各元素吸收大小规律为K＞Si＞N＞Ca＞Mn＞Mg＞P＞Fe＞Zn＞B＞Cu。与常规施肥相比,配方施肥可增加香蕉生物量约69.47%,平均每株可增加N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn、B、Si约75.98%、63.71%、5.07%、49.39%、82.85%、26.60%、76.24%、44.49%、152.50%、162.22%、81.18%。配方施肥能有效促进植株生长,提高果实和叶片养分积累,为科学制定香蕉养分综合管理技术提供参考。     

Genetics of yield, quality and shelf life characteristics in tomato under normal and late planting conditions

Seventy nine genotypes of tomato (15 lines, four testers and their 60 F₁ hybrids produced in line × tester fashion) were evaluated under normal (E₁) and late planting (E₂) conditions in the Department of Vegetable Crops, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, India, to determine the nature of gene action controlling yield, quality and shelf life characteristics and to identify a few good combiner genotypes which may be used in further breeding programmes to extend the fruit availability period of tomato in North Indian plains. The lines were significantly different from testers for most of the characters thereby justifying the choice of testers. Additive gene action was predominant for days to ripening, total yield per plant, marketable yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, average fruit weight, fruit shape index and lycopene in both the environments, whereas non-additive genetic variance predominated in controlling firmness index, number of locules, pericarp thickness, alcohol insoluble solids (AIS), dry matter, total soluble solids (TSS), titratable acidity, TSS:Acid ratio, pH, ascorbic acid and shelf life, under both normal and late planting conditions. The best general combining ability (gca) effects, among females, in respect of yield per plant were shown by Spectrum in E₁ and by LT-42 in E₂. Among the testers, the best gca values in both the environments were possessed by nor-RM-1 for total yield per plant, marketable yield per plant, number of fruits per plant, dry matter and TSS; by rin-RM-2 for firmness index, pericarp thickness and alcohol insoluble solids; by alc-IIHR-2050 for average fruit weight, number of locules and shelf life and by alc-IIHR-2052 for lycopene. The gca of ripening mutants had a nice consonance with their per se performance for most of the characters indicating that additive gene action was operative in these mutants for majority of the traits.     

灌水量对金菠萝果实营养元素含量的影响

探明金菠萝果实各营养元素对旱季不同灌水量的响应特征，为金菠萝旱季水分管理措施的科学制定提供数据支持和理论依据。本研究以金菠萝为研究对象，在监测旱季实际降雨量的基础上，设计4个增加灌水量梯度水平[20 mm(W1)、50 mm(W2)、100 mm(W3)、150 mm(W4)]的试验，并以不灌水为对照(0 mm)，分析旱季增加不同灌水量下金菠萝果实N、P、K、Ca、Mg、Fe、Cu、Mn 8种营养元素含量的变化规律。结果表明，灌水量的增加有利于金菠萝果实鲜重和干物质量的增长，W4处理鲜重(797.42 g)和干物质量(99.14 g)均最大。金菠萝果实营养元素含量的整体表现为K>N>Ca>P>Mg>Mn>Fe>Cu，其中K含量最高，N、Ca含量次之，Cu含量最低。果实K含量随灌水量的增加呈上升趋势，但果实Ca、Mg和Mn含量随灌水量的增加呈降低趋势，而W2水平下果实N、P、Fe、Cu含量达到最大值。灌水量的增加促进果实K的累积，但抑制果实中Mg的累积，而W2处理下果实N、P、Fe、Cu、Ca、Mn累积量均达到最大值。综合考虑果实生长情况及营养元...     

黄金梨果实发育过程中主要营养成分的变化

黄金梨果实纵径和横径的生长曲线相似,均呈“双S”型。果实细胞分裂进行到花后30d左右,细胞停止分裂后,果实增大主要依靠细胞体积的增加。果实发育期主要营养成分（糖、酸、维生素C、淀粉等）含量呈规律性变化,可溶性糖含量呈逐渐上升趋势,可滴定酸含量呈不断下降趋势,维生素C含量为“降-升-降”变化趋势,淀粉含量变化呈“抛物线”型,随着果实的成熟,可溶性固形物含量逐渐增加,果实硬度逐渐降低。     

Pericarp tissue microstructure and cell wall polysaccharide chemistry are differently affected in lines of tomato with contrasted firmness

The contribution of tissue histology and cell wall polysaccharides chemistry to describing ripe tomato fruit texture was addressed in near isogenic lines of fruits harboring firmness QTL. These lines were constructed in Levovil (L), VilB (B), M82 (P) and Moneyberg (Mbg) genetic backgrounds and carried introgressed fragments from three origins on chromosomes 2, 3, 4, 5 or 9 (and two sub-regions a and b). The firmness of their pericarp tissue was measured by compression testing and related to cell size distribution and to published data on their cell wall polysaccharide chemistry. The pericarp tissue from all L9 lines, B9 and P3.4 was firmer than the respective parental line while that from Mbg9 and P9.2.5 was softer. The pericarp tissue from L4, L4a and Mbg5 fruit was made of larger cells while that from Mbg2 and Mbg9 had smaller cells than their parents. Correlations were found between firmness and cell size distribution for QTLs only in the Levovil group. Correlations between firmness, histological characteristics and cell wall polysaccharide chemistry indicate positive relations between glucose-containing polysaccharide (cellulose and hemicelluloses) contents and pericarp tissue thickness. Other positive relations were found between galactosylated pectins and hemicelluloses and firmness in QTL lines of the Levovil background. The results show that chromosomes 9, 5, 4 and 2 are associated with pericarp histology in these lines and that pericarp tissue firmness depends on histology and cell wall chemistry according to genetics. These tomato lines represent good models to study the complex contributions of turgor pressure, cell wall chemistry, tissue architecture and their mechanisms of modulation underpinning texture in ripening tomatoes.     

氮磷钾不同用量及配比对日光温室黄瓜产量和品质的影响

在日光温室内,采用无土栽培方式研究了不同氮磷钾用量和配比对黄瓜产量及品质的影响,结果表明：增加氮素的用量和比例可以显著提高黄瓜产量、单株果实数和单果重,适量增氮可显著提高果实可溶性蛋白含量,但进一步加大用量和比例则使之降低,增氮显著降低Vc含量,增加果实的硝酸盐含量,可溶性糖含量有升高趋势,但差异不显著;增磷对黄瓜产量、单株果实数和单果重亦有明显促进作用,对果实可溶性蛋白没有明显影响,大量增磷可以降低果实可溶性糖含量,增磷可明显降低Vc含量,但显著提高果实硝酸盐含量;同时增加氮磷提高黄瓜产量,但果实硝酸盐含量较对照增加95%。增钾没有明显的增产效果,对单株果实数和单果重影响不大,可以增加黄瓜果实的可溶性蛋白含量,显著降低Vc和可溶性糖含量,但相对于增氮、增磷,增钾使Vc下降的幅度较小,显著降低果实硝酸盐含量,且用量和比例越大,效果越明显。     

Colour development and quality of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit during ripening and after harvest

The colour of mangosteen (Garcinia mangostana L.) fruit changes from green to purple black after harvest as the fruit ripens, and is used as a quality guide for growers and consumers. We determined the relationship between anthocyanin composition and content during fruit colour development in relation to fruit maturity and postharvest quality. Fruit at different stages of maturity (light greenish yellow with 5% scattered pink spots to purple black) were harvested and kept at 25 °C (85–90% RH). Fruit from each maturity stage all developed to the final purple black stage. During the postharvest period, hue angle values and pericarp firmness decreased significantly, while soluble solids contents increased. Anthocyanin contents in the outer pericarp were higher than in the inner pericarp and increased to a maximum at the final colour stage. Sensory evaluation and fruit quality (hue angle values, soluble solids and titratable acidity) of fruit harvested at the different stages did not differ once the fruit had finally developed to the purple black stage. The anthocyanins in the outer pericarp mainly consisted of five compounds, identified by HPLC/MS as cyanidin-sophoroside, cyanidin-glucoside, cyanidin-glucoside-pentoside, cyanidin-glucoside-X, cyanidin-X₂ and cyanidin-X, where X denotes an unidentified residue of m/z 190, a mass which does not correspond to any common sugar residue. Cyanidin-3-sophoroside and cyanidin-3-glucoside were the major compounds and the only ones that increased with fruit colour development.