京郊半基质栽培条件下不同草莓品种果实品质分析

为适应草莓产业从追求产量向追求风味品质的转型,针对京郊不同规模农户筛选出优质高产的草莓品种,通过基质栽培试验充分发挥出其最大经济潜力。以‘黛颜’、‘红颜’、‘圣安德瑞斯’、‘越心’、‘京藏香’、‘桃熏’、‘隋珠’、‘百丽’、‘圣诞红’、‘章姬’为试验材料,在半基质栽培条件下,对外观性状、果实品质、矿质营养、抗病性等指标进行分析,以期为农户科学选择品种提供指导。结果表明：与其他品种相比,‘隋珠’、‘章姬’、‘圣诞红’成熟较早,草莓外观鲜艳,耐储运,果实中维生素C和可溶性固形物含量较高,果浆中钙铁锌含量丰富;‘红颜’果浆中维生素C、钾、镁和锌和可溶性固形物均为最高,口感较好,产量较高,能够获得较高的经济效益,适宜推荐农户和合作社种植;‘京藏香’、‘黛颜’口感酸甜,果型美观,果浆中矿质营养适中,产量较高,抗病性较好,适宜做加工草莓种植;‘桃熏’果形扁球形,有桃味儿,‘越心’果实短圆锥形,口感适中,适宜观光园区种植。     

套袋对西藏拉萨不同品种苹果果实品质的影响

以西藏拉萨地区5个不同品种苹果‘嘎啦’、‘意大利早红’、‘寒富’、‘新红星’、‘丹霞’为试材,研究套袋对拉萨地区主要栽培品种苹果成熟期果实外观和内在品质的影响。结果表明:与未套袋苹果相比,套袋对供试品种苹果的单果重、果皮色差指数(L~*、a~*、b~*值)均有提高作用,但是会降低果实硬度(‘嘎啦’除外)、可溶性固形物(‘嘎啦’除外)、可滴定酸含量(P0.05),而对果形指数虽有降低趋势但差异未达显著水平。其中,套袋对‘嘎啦’、‘新红星’的外观品质改善作用突出。套袋对拉萨主要栽培品种苹果外观品质有明显的改善作用,但对内在品质存在一定的负面影响。     

12个苹果新品种在西藏高原的生态适宜性评价

以引入西藏林芝的‘华硕’、‘丽嘎’等12个早中晚熟苹果新品种为试材,2011—2016年定株调查分析各新品种的物候期、生长结果习性、果实经济性状、抗病性等指标,进而探讨各品种的生态适宜性,以期筛选出适应西藏高原气候的优良早中晚熟苹果新品种。结果表明,‘华硕’、‘丽嘎’、‘红将军’、‘玉华早富’、‘凉香’、‘望香红’6个品种在西藏林芝地区栽培具有适应性强、早果性好、丰产、果大、色艳、品质优等特点,是综合性状优良的早中晚熟品种,适宜在西藏高原地区推广发展。     

不同采收期对阿克苏富士苹果贮藏品质的影响

以阿克苏红富士苹果为试材,研究了不同采收期对采后果实品质的影响,为苹果选择合理的采收期和保持果实良好的贮藏品质提供依据。结果表明:采收期对苹果呼吸高峰的出现时间影响较小,但对呼吸高峰的峰值影响明显;早期采收的果实硬度较大,但失重率也明显高于其他晚采果实;适宜采收期采收的果实在贮藏期间,其VC、可滴定酸、可溶性固形物含量变化幅度小。用于鲜食的果实可在10月22左右采收,此时果肉硬度为10.01 kg/cm2,固酸比为29.16,口感酸甜。用于长期贮藏的阿克苏红富士苹果的最佳采收期为11月1日左右,低温贮藏150 d后果实硬度≥8.79 kg/cm2,可溶性固形物含量≥14.67%。     

4个矮化自根砧短枝富士品种套袋与不套袋果实品质比较分析

为研究双矮栽培模式下套袋、不套袋管理对短枝富士苹果品质的影响,以嫁接在M9T337矮化自根砧上的4个短枝富士品种为试材,检测不同栽培条件下的果实品质和香气物质成分。结果表明,套袋果实的可溶性固形物含量和总糖含量均低于不套袋果实;苹果酸和琥珀酸是苹果中的主要酸组分,不同的短枝富士品种表现出不同的差异;4个短枝型富士品种的主要香气成分均为酯类,占总香气成分的77.71%~96.49%,是典型的酯香型苹果品种;‘烟富6’、‘沂源红’、‘宫崎短枝’3个品种,套袋和不套袋管理情况下主要香气成分均是乙酸己酯;‘龙富短枝’品种套袋果实的主要香气成分为乙酸己酯,而不套袋果实的主要香气成分为2-甲基丁酸己酯。     

都市型特色甜瓜品种比较试验

本文选取了8个特色甜瓜品种，包括酸甜风味哈密瓜和特色光皮厚皮甜瓜作为试验材料，通过测量各品种田间植株长势及成熟后果实各品质指标，以期筛选出适宜北京种植的优质特色甜瓜品种。结果表明：8个参试品种田间长势及果实品质均有显著差异，其中酸甜风味哈密瓜类型中‘香妃’的心糖边糖均为最高，口感酥脆，酸甜可口；特色光皮厚皮甜瓜中‘雅州蜜’植株的株高最高生长旺盛，果实较大、肉厚较厚且心糖边糖也较高，综合品质较好。综合看来，‘香妃’和‘雅州蜜’这两个品种可进一步在北京地区进一步推广栽培。     

不同藜麦品种农艺性状、产量及品质分析研究

为了筛选出适合山西省静乐县种植和用于功能食品开发的藜麦资源,以8个不同藜麦品种(品系)为试验材料,采用单因素随机区组设计方法,对农艺性状、千粒重、产量和籽粒营养成分进行了测定。结果表明：不同品种(品系)藜麦的农艺性状、营养成分和产量各不相同,差异明显,‘青白藜1号’花期叶片宽(7.56 cm)和茎粗(1.20 cm)值最大,‘黑16-1’蛋白质(16.10%)、膳食纤维(14.60%)含量最高,脂肪(2.70%)和淀粉(54.10%)含量最低,矿物质(8种)和氨基酸(16种)种类最全;‘青白藜1号’和‘陇藜4号’的产量最高,分别为2940.25 kg/hm²和2805.48 kg/hm²。综上所述,‘黑16-1’适合用作开发功能食品的原材料,‘青白藜1号’和‘陇藜4号’适合在山西省静乐县大面积种植。     

5个苹果专用授粉品种植物学特征与生物学特性研究

为实现苹果单品种建园,选育适宜专用授粉树,研究了‘道格’、‘绚丽’、‘红丽’、‘满洲里’、‘雪球’5 个观赏海棠品种的植物学、生物学性状、花粉特性及果实品质。结果表明,供试品种盛花期为4 月7—20日,和栽培品种花期相遇,‘道格’和‘满洲里’花期较早,盛花期分别为4月7日、4月9日,‘绚丽’和‘红丽’均为4月12日,‘雪球’为4月20日。供试品种花粉量大,‘道格’、‘满洲里’、‘红丽’、‘雪球’和‘绚丽’分别为13384、13162、7426、6074、6003粒/花药。单果重‘道格’最大(12.98 g),其次是‘雪球’(10.66 g)、‘绚丽’(2.59 g),‘红丽’和‘满洲里’较小（均为2.00 g）。果型指数与单果重趋势基本一致。种子数不尽相同,‘红丽’和‘雪球’为7 颗/果,‘满洲里’6 颗/果,‘道格’和‘绚丽’为4 颗/果。可溶性糖含量以‘道格’最高(18.49%),其次是‘满洲里’(16.33%)、‘雪球’(16.11%)、‘绚丽’(15.98%),‘红丽’较低为14.20%;可滴定酸‘红丽’最高为1.16%,‘绚丽’为0.99%、‘满洲里’为0.90%,‘道格’最低为0.80%。初步认为,供试品种适宜作为国内的苹果专用授粉树。     

不同采收期‘黄金富士’苹果果实品质分析

研究旨在分析不同时期连袋采收‘黄金富士’苹果与常规采收‘富士’苹果的果实品质和香气组分差异,为适时采收不摘袋苹果提供理论依据。利用常规果实品质测定与固相微萃取(SPME)气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术,分析果实品质和香气组分差别。结果表明:10月16—28日,随采收时间的延长,连袋采收‘黄金富士’果实可溶性固形物由12.1%增加到14.75%,Vc含量由1.92 mg/100 g增加到2.22 mg/100 g,可溶性总糖含量由10.26%增加到11.09%,而可滴定酸含量由0.318%下降到0.268%,硬度由8 kg/cm~2下降到7 kg/cm~2;于10月23日采收的果实中香气物质种类总数最多为29种,其中酯类物质种类和含量百分比均为最高,分别是15个和65.2%,醛类的特征成分2-己烯醛和醇类的特征成分正己醇百分比含量也为最高,分别占19.78%和4.94%,果实口感、风味最好。因此,适当延迟采收期有助于增加果实的糖度和风味物质种类,但会影响果实的硬度和贮藏性,生产上应根据生产和食用目的不同,在10月20日之后适期采收‘黄金富士’。     

5个梨授粉品种与‘玉露香梨’授粉效应比较研究

为提高‘玉露香梨’果实品质和脱萼率,筛选出适宜的授粉品种,选用‘黄冠梨’、‘雪青’、‘翠玉’、‘早酥’、‘苹果梨’5个梨品种为授粉品种,以生长健壮、盛果期‘玉露香梨’为母本进行人工授粉,测定不同授粉组合的坐果率、果实内外在品质等主要指标。结果表明,‘黄冠梨’授粉坐果率最高,果形指数最小,果实偏斜度小,果形端正,果个大,可溶性固形物高,果实内外品质显著优于其他授粉品种。综合考虑认为,‘黄冠梨’是景泰地区‘玉露香梨’最适宜的授粉品种。     

采后嘎拉苹果果实细胞壁代谢及关键酶基因表达特性研究

以嘎拉苹果为试材,研究其果实细胞壁代谢及关键酶基因表达特性及受1-MCP、乙烯利和低温的影响效应。结果表明,常温下,嘎拉果实硬度变化与WSP显著正相关,与CSP和半纤维素显著负相关,与ISP的关系不大;1-MCP和低温处理显著抑制了WSP含量上升,减缓了CSP和半纤维素降解。嘎拉果实细胞壁酶中,β-Gal活性最高、增加最快,其基因表达亦迅速增加,α-L-Af活性和基因表达虽增加速率低于β-Gal,但二者变化规律相似,均显著受到1-MCP和0℃低温的抑制;PG和PME活性和基因表达量亦呈增加趋势,但未能完全被1-MCP处理和0℃低温所抑制;相关性分析表明,其细胞壁酶活性变化均与硬度呈显著负相关性,并显著受到1-MCP和低温的影响。但是,乙烯利处理虽对嘎拉果实软化有一定的促进作用,但效果不显著。     

1-MCP处理对珊夏苹果贮藏品质的影响

以珊夏苹果果实为试材,研究了500nL·L^-1、1000nL·L^-1和1500nL·L^-1浓度的1-MCP处理对果实冷藏期间硬度等贮藏品质的影响,并对果实冷藏100天后货架期期间的硬度、可溶性固形物含量、可滴定酸含量和果肉白度进行了分析。试验结果表明,3个浓度的1-MCP处理均可明显地降低果实在冷藏期间呼吸强度与乙烯释放速率,对于延缓珊夏果实冷藏期间和冷藏100天后货架期间的果肉硬度、可滴定酸含量和果肉白度的下降有明显的效果;在3个处理浓度中,500nL·L^-1与1500nL·L^-1浓度处理效果优于1000nL·L^-1的1-MCP处理效果。     

Postharvest pigmentation in red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) in response to optimum light and temperature

The development of red color in the peel of red Chinese sand pears (Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai) is influenced by temperature and light; however, the response patterns vary among different cultivars. In this study, we systematically investigated the influence of postharvest treatment with various temperatures (low, high, variant and constant) on detached mature fruit of red Chinese sand pear ‘Mantianhong’ and ‘Meirensu’. Fruit of red apple (Malus domestica Borkh.) ‘Royal Gala’ and red European pear (P. communis L.) ‘Cascade’ received the same treatments for comparison. Furthermore, the effects of light quality and irradiance level on ‘Mantianhong’ pears were evaluated at the optimum temperature for anthocyanin accumulation. Fruit firmness and concentrations of total soluble sugars and organic acids were measured to determine fruit quality. The effect of temperature on red Chinese sand pear fruit color was similar to that of apples, but not European pear. Moreover, low temperature more effectively induced red coloration in ‘Mantianhong’ and ‘Meirensu’ pears than high temperature; anthocyanin levels increased with increasing irradiance level from 0 to 532 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹, and UV-B and visible light synergistically improved the red color of the fruit. Therefore, a combination of low temperature and high intensity of UV-B/visible light could improve the postharvest coloration of red sand pear fruit. The results will contribute to an improved understanding of the mechanism responsible for the coloration of red Chinese sand pears and will aid development of new techniques to improve color in postharvest fruit.     

不同植物细胞分裂素对‘红富士’苹果果实抗氧化活性及品质的影响

为了提高红富士苹果(Malus pumila Mill)果实内总抗氧化物质含量,增强其营养价值,开发功能保健苹果,试验通过在果实膨大期,以新鲜采摘的成熟红富士苹果的果实为研究对象,对苹果叶片喷施不同种类的植物细胞分裂素,研究植物细胞分裂素对果实内的总抗氧化活性及其品质的影响。试验结果表明：在果实膨大期对叶片喷施一定浓度的激动素、玉米素和6-苄基腺嘌呤都能提高苹果果实的抗氧化活性,提高果实内的总糖、总酸和蛋白质的含量。其中,激动素对提高果实抗氧化活性,提高总糖、总酸和蛋白质的含量的效果最明显,6-苄基腺嘌呤的效果居中,玉米素的效果最不明显。在果实膨大期对叶片喷施不同的植物细胞分裂素,能提高成熟果实的总抗氧化活性,改善果品品质,为开发生产富含抗氧化活性物质的功能保健苹果提供了理论依据与技术支持。     

Preliminary results of differentiating apple sports by pollen ultrastructure

The pollen grain surface morphology of two Red Delicious apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) sports, Aversang and Ultrared, and two Gala apple sports, Galalea and Splenola, were examined using scanning electron microscopy for genotype differentiation. Quantitative data on pollen dimensions, ridge patterns, and pore dimensions were extracted from micrographs using image analysis. Data were examined with analysis of variance, canonical variate analysis, and discriminant analysis in order to differentiate genotypes. The combination of image analysis to extract quantitative data and multivariate analysis was successful in differentiating apple sports with exine pore and pollen grain measurements. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Measuring consumer response to ‘Gala’ apples treated with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP)

Post-harvest apple treatment with 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) was previously found to inhibit fruit ripening but also to inhibit the production of volatile compounds that contribute to apple flavor. The first objective of this study was to determine if consumers could distinguish 1-MCP treated and untreated Gala apples [Malus sylvestris L. (Mill.) var. domestica Borkh. Mansf.] following long-term storage. Chemical analysis showed 1-MCP treated fruit had reduced flavor volatiles compared to untreated fruit. Consumer difference tests showed they could distinguish between 1-MCP treated and untreated fruit. A second objective was to compare consumers’ acceptance for 1-MCP treated to untreated apples. Both 1-MCP treated and untreated apples received high overall liking scores that were not significantly different. Equal numbers of consumers indicated preference for 1-MCP treated and untreated fruit and there was no difference in purchase intent. However, subsets of consumers who eat Gala, Fuji or Red Delicious apples showed preference for untreated over 1-MCP treated fruit compared to consumers who do not eat these varieties.     

Dynamics of ascorbic acid in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Gala’ apples during on-tree development and storage in atmospheres conducive to internal browning development

The underlying causes as well as chemical and biochemical alleviation for CO₂-induced browning in apple fruit are poorly understood. Ascorbic acid (AsA) dynamics in ‘Braeburn,’ a susceptible cultivar, and ‘Gala’, a resistant cultivar, were evaluated during on-tree development and storage at 0.5 °C in air or controlled atmospheres (CA) containing 1 kPa O₂ and 1, 3 or 5 kPa CO₂. ‘Braeburn’ fruit treated with diphenylamine (DPA) was also stored for 1 month to determine effects on browning incidence and AsA concentration. ‘Braeburn’ apples had significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) AsA levels than ‘Gala’ during on-tree development, and storage. No correlation between AsA and maturity/ripening indices for ‘Braeburn’ or ‘Gala’ was apparent. Histochemical localization of fruit AsA showed a staining intensity consistent with the quantity analytically determined, and showed that AsA is diffusely distributed throughout the cortex in both cultivars during on-tree development. During storage, AsA was localized to the periphery of brown tissue in ‘Braeburn’ and to the coreline and cortex proximal to the peel in ‘Braeburn’ and ‘Gala’ tissues. DPA decreased browning development during storage, however, no correlation between DPA treatment and AsA quantity in healthy or brown cortex tissue was observed. The results indicate AsA quantity alone is not an indicator of CO₂ sensitivity in these two cultivars.     

毒死蜱在苹果果实、叶片及果园土壤中的残留分析研究

通过降解动态试验和最终残留量试验,研究了毒死蜱在苹果果实、叶片及树下土壤中的残留降解规律。结果表明,毒死蜱在苹果不同部位中的残留主要集中在果皮部分;在推荐浓度和使用次数下,毒死蜱在果实中的半衰期为24.50d,最低检测限量为0.012 mg/kg;毒死蜱在果实、叶片和土壤中的残留量与试药量和次数有关;毒死蜱的残留量与时间有函数关系,随着时间的增加,残留量逐渐减少,整个消解过程呈负指数函数变化;毒死蜱降解速率：叶片>果实>土壤,最终残留量：果实>土壤>叶片。     

细胞膜透性和两种内源激素对硬肉桃果实成熟前后硬度变化的影响

以硬肉桃新品种‘双久红’和常规品种‘川中岛白桃’（对照）果实为试材,分别对两品种果实成熟前后20d内的果实硬度、MDA、相对电导率及ABA、GA含量进行了测定。结果表明,自成熟前15d开始,‘双久红’果实的MDA、相对电导率、ABA含量均极显著低于‘川中岛白桃’的（P <0.01）;而前者的GA含量则是极显著高于后者（P <0.01）。相关性分析表明,两品种桃果实硬度与MDA、相对电导率、ABA含量呈极显著负相关（P <0.01）; 而GA含量与前者呈极显著正相关,与后者仅达到显著正相关水平（P <0.05）。