大豆磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸磷酸酯酶(PEPP)研究: Ⅱ.纯化与特性

从大豆叶片中分离磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸磷酸酯酶（phosphoenolpyruvate phosphatase，PEPP），通过硫酸胺分部（20％～50％饱和度）沉淀、DEAE-纤维素层析、羟基磷灰石层析将酶纯化了96．81倍，酶活性达17．91U／mg蛋白。该酶专一性较强，米氏常数（Km）为0．39mmol／L（PEP），最适pH6．8，在PH6．O～7．4范围内及50。C以下较稳定，被Mg^2＋、Mn^2＋激活，F^-、Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋、PO^3-、MoO4^2-抑制。     

一株降解生木薯淀粉的曲霉菌株的筛选、鉴定及其淀粉降解特性

本研究利用以生木薯淀粉为唯一碳源的筛选培养基,从腐烂木薯渣中分离筛选出一株可以降解生木薯淀粉的真菌菌株RSDF-7。根据RSDF-7形态和18SrDNA与28SrDNA之间的内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列分析的结果,初步认定该菌株为曲霉属。菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液对多种不同的生淀粉底物均有水解效果;在以大米和玉米淀粉为底物时,其生淀粉分解活力比较高,分别为42%和40%。菌株RSDF-7的粗酶液具有良好的低pH稳定性,对生木薯淀粉的最适作用温度为50℃,最适作用pH为4.5。在30min的吸附后,RSDF-7的粗酶液对生木薯淀粉的吸附力高达60%。使用HPLC对粗酶液的酶解产物进行检测,结果发现酶解产物中仅存在葡萄糖,表明菌株RSDF-7所产的生淀粉降解酶主要为糖化酶。扫描电镜观察结果发现,经RSDF-7粗酶液酶解后的生木薯粉颗粒破裂,形成空洞,说明RSDF-7粗酶液对生淀粉有较强的水解作用。可以预见,经纯化后的曲霉菌株RSDF-7生淀粉酶将来可以用于基于酶解的木薯淀粉转化。     

欧文氏杆菌木聚糖酶的纯化与酶学性质研究

从实验室现有菌种资源中筛选出木聚糖酶高产菌株,发酵液酶活达到408 U;仅采用超滤和凝胶层析2个步骤即从发酵液中提取到电泳纯木聚糖酶,回收率高达69.17 %,比活达到28453.6 U/mg;用ESI-MS/MS法测得该酶氨基酸序列,与该研究室登陆GenBank的木聚糖酶基因表达的氨基酸序列一致;其酶学性质为：采用SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测得分子量为22.54 kD、21.89 kD;IEF-PAGE测得等电点为9.63;以桦木木聚糖为底物时,Km值和Vmax分别为1.0mg/ml和33.3μmol/（min.ml）,燕麦木聚糖的Km值和Vmax分别为0.5mg/ml和33.3μmol/（min.ml）;最适作用温度60℃,稳定温度0℃~60℃;最适pH5.8,稳定pH3.4~6.4;Fe2+、Co2+有激活作用,Cu2+有强烈抑制作用。     

嗜水气单胞菌丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶基因的克隆及酶学分析

以嗜水气单胞菌（Aeromonas hydrophila）基因组DNA为模板,通过PCR方法首次克隆了该菌的丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶基因（glyA）。将该基因插入到表达载体pGEX-6p-1中,转化大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli）DH5α,获得含有重组质粒pGEX-glyA的重组菌株。核苷酸序列测定表明该基因（GenBank登录号：FJ797607）全长1254bp,编码417个氨基酸。重组菌株IPTG诱导表达后,经过GST-tag亲和层析纯化,得到约45kD的目的蛋白。对纯化的丝氨酸羟甲基转移酶进行酶学性质分析表明,该酶的最适反应为pH8.0,最适反应温度为20℃,Cu^2＋和Mn^2＋对该酶有激活作用,而Zn2＋和SDS对该酶有抑制作用。由于该酶的最适反应温度是20℃,使得它在工业上具有一定的应用价值,同时有助于对低温酶机制的研究。     

纤维素降解真菌A25-2的分离、鉴定及其产纤维素酶的酶学特性

本研究以Avicel-刚果红选择培养基为初筛培养基,从云南哀牢山国家级自然保护区和广西猫儿山国家级自然保护区的土壤样品中分离筛选得到4200株真菌,从中筛选出透明圈与菌落直径比较大、透明程度较为清晰的12个菌株。通过液体培养发酵,测定其上清液中的羧甲基纤维素酶活力、滤纸酶活力和Avicel酶活力,最终筛选出一株产该三种酶且其活力均最高的真菌菌株A25-2。通过对菌株A25-2形态学观察和其内转录间隔区（internal transcribed spacer,ITS）序列同源性比对分析,将菌株A25-2鉴定为哈茨木霉（Hypocrea lixii）。酶活测定结果表明菌株A25-2产纤维素酶的酶活力较高,在最适作用pH4.5和最适作用温度55℃下,其羧甲基纤维素酶活力为2.26IU/mL,滤纸酶活力为0.58IU/mL,Avicel酶活力为0.39IU/mL。薄层层析实验表明A25-2具有完整的纤维素酶系统。因此,真菌A25-2可作为饲料加工等生产和纤维素酶相关研究的备选菌株。     

小麦种子过氧化物酶的纯化及其部分酶学性质研究

小麦全面粉水抽提液经醋酸酸沉淀,上清再经硫酸铵35%-75%分组沉淀,沉淀溶于pH5.5的乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲液,经FPLC-SOURCE 30S 阳离子交换层析,FPLC-Superdex G-75凝胶过滤层析,纯化了小麦种子过氧化物酶（Wheat Seed Peroxidase）,纯化酶的比活力为3912U／mg。在SDS-PAGE上显示出一条蛋白带,其分子量约为37 KD。光谱分析显示,在399nm处有一典型的Soret带,在495nm和636nm处有特征吸收,酶反应的最适pH在5.0左右,最适双氧水浓度为13mM/L,最适温度在40℃左右,有较好的耐热能力。     

海洋菌W11产中温淀粉酶的酶学特性

本研究从威海文登海域筛选获得一株产淀粉酶海洋菌W11,初步鉴定为弧菌,并探讨pH、温度、无机离子对淀粉酶活性和稳定性的影响及该酶底物浓度效应和Km值。结果表明：在pH7.5左右酶活性最高,pH在4.0～7.5范围内体现较强的稳定性。最适酶解温度为55℃,酶液在60℃以下有较好的热稳定性;Ba2＋、Mn2＋对淀粉酶有激活作用,而Cu2＋、Mg2＋、Zn2＋则抑制淀粉酶活性,表观Km值为0.973mg/mL。海洋菌W11所产的中温淀粉酶保存温度范围较广、适应pH作用的范围广及稳定性较强,将有着广泛的应用潜力。     

欧文氏杆菌变异菌株木聚糖酶纯化及其酶学性质

从现有309份菌种资源中筛选出木聚糖酶高产菌株(Erwinia),发酵液酶活达到408 U.采用超滤和凝胶层析法从发酵液中分离纯化出电泳纯木聚糖酶,回收率高达69.17%,比活达到28453.6U/mg.酶学性质研究结果显示,采用SDS-PAGE和凝胶层析测得分子量分别为22.54和21.89 kD;IEF-PAGE测得等电点为9.63;以燕麦木聚精为底物时,K_m和V_(max)分别为0.5mg/mL和533 U;最适作用pH 5.8,稳定pH 3.4～6.4;最适作用温度60℃,在pH 5.8条件下稳定温度0～65℃;Fe~(2+)和Co~(2+)有激活作用,Cu~(2+)有强烈抑制作用.用ESI-MS/MS法分析,该菌株分泌的木聚糖酶氨基酸序列与GenBank上登录的木聚糖酶基因表达的氨基酸序列一致.     

宇佐美曲霉木聚糖酶基因在大肠杆菌中的表达

在已知宇佐美曲霉E001菌株木聚糖酶Xyn II cDNA序列（Genbank登录号为DQ114485）的基础上，合成1对引物（含 EcoR I和Sal I酶切位点），以重组质粒pUCm-T-xyn II为模板，扩增得到编码Xyn II成熟肽的cDNA片段（555 bp）。将其与表达质粒pET-28a连接，构建了重组表达质粒pET-28a-xyn II，转化E. coli BL21-CodonPlus(DE3)-RIL，获得重组工程菌B21/xyn II。经IPTG诱导表达，木聚糖酶的比酶活力最高可达35.6 U/mg。最后采用金属Ni2+螯和层析柱对所表达的木聚糖酶进行纯化，达到了电泳纯。重组表达的木聚糖酶最适温度为45℃，最适pH值为4.6。     

重组甘蔗1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧基(ACC)氧化酶的纯化及其特性

在IPTG诱导下,重组甘蔗(Sacharum sinensis)1-氨基环丙烷-1-羧基(ACC)氧化酶在体外以包涵体蛋白形式表达。包涵体蛋白经Ni2+-NTA金属螯合层析柱纯化和复性后,获得酶活力高达132.58 nmolC2H4/ mg/h 蛋白。该蛋白在pH 5.5 ~ 8.0 和20 ~ 45 ℃温度范围内比较稳定,最适pH 6.7,最适温度33 ℃;米氏常数(Km )61.77 μmol/L,酶动力学参数（Vm）值0.9647 μmol/min,被一定浓度的CO2和底物ACC所激活,受Mg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+和EDTA抑制。     

Enzymatic synthesis and properties of highly branched rice starch amylose and amylopectin cluster

We enzymatically modified rice starch to produce highly branched amylopectin and amylose and analyzed the resulting structural changes. To prepare the highly branched amylopectin cluster (HBAPC), we first treated waxy rice starch with Thermus scotoductus alpha-glucanotransferase (TSalphaGT), followed by treatment with Bacillus stearothermophilus maltogenic amylase (BSMA). Highly branched amylose (HBA) was prepared by incubating amylose with Bacillus subtilis 168 branching enzyme (BBE) and subsequently treating it with BSMA. The molecular weight of TSalphaGT-treated waxy rice starch was reduced from 8.9 x 10(8) to 1.2 x 10(5) Da, indicating that the alpha-1,4 glucosidic linkage of the segment between amylopectin clusters was hydrolyzed. Analysis of the amylopectin cluster side chains revealed that a rearrangement in the side-chain length distribution occurred. Furthermore, HBAPC and HBA were found to contain significant numbers of branched maltooligosaccharide side chains. In short, amylopectin molecules of waxy rice starch were hydrolyzed into amylopectin clusters by TSalphaGT in the enzymatic modification process, and then further branched by transglycosylation using BSMA. HBAPC and HBA showed higher water solubility and stability against retrogradation than amylopectin clusters or branched amylose. The hydrolysis rates of HBAPC and HBA by glucoamylase and alpha-amylase greatly decreased. The k cat/ K m value of glucoamylase acting on the amylopectin cluster was 45.94 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1) and that for glucoamylase acting on HBAPC was 11.10 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), indicating that HBAPC was 4-fold less susceptible to glucoamylase. The k cat/ K m value for HBA was 15.90 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), or about three times less than that for branched amylose. The k cat/ K m values of porcine pancreatic alpha-amylase for HBAPC and HBA were 496 and 588 s(-1)(mg/mL)(-1), respectively, indicating that HBA and HBAPC are less susceptible to hydrolysis by glucoamylase and alpha-amylase. HBAPC and HBA show potential as novel glucan polymers with low digestibility and high water solubility.     

Beta-glucosidase from Chalara paradoxa CH32: purification and properties

The hyphomycete Chalara paradoxa CH32 produced an extracellular beta-glucosidase during the trophophase. The enzyme was purified to homogeneity by ion-exchange and size-exclusion chromatography. The purified enzyme had an estimated molecular mass of 170 kDa by size-exclusion chromatography and 167 kDa by SDS-PAGE. The enzyme had maximum activity at pH 4.0-5.0 and 45 degrees C. The enzyme was inactivated at 60 degrees C. At room temperature, it was unstable at acidic pH, but it was stable to alkaline pH. The purified enzyme was inhibited markedly by Hg(2+) and Ag(2+) and also to some extent by the detergents SDS, Tween 80, and Triton X-100 at 0.1%. Enzyme activity increased by 3-fold in the presence of 20% ethanol and to a lesser extent by other organic solvents. Purified beta-glucosidase was active against cellobiose and p-nitrophenyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside but did not hydrolyze lactose, maltose, sucrose, cellulosic substrates, or galactopyranoside, mannopyranoside, or xyloside derivatives of p-nitrophenol. The V(max) of the enzyme for p-NPG (K(m) = 0.52 mM) and cellobiose (K(m) = 0.58 mM) were 294 and 288.7 units/mg, respectively. Hydrolysis of pNPG was inhibited competitively by glucose (K(i) = 11.02 mM). Release of reducing sugars from carboxymethylcellulose by a purified endoglucanase produced by the same organism increased markedly in the presence of beta-glucosidase.     

Screening of commercial hydrolases for the degradation of ochratoxin A

Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a nephrotoxic and carcinogenic mycotoxin. The toxin is a common contaminant of various foods and feeds and poses a serious threat to the health of both humans and animals. A number of commercial hydrolases were screened for the ability to degrade OTA to nontoxic compounds. A crude lipase from Aspergillus niger (Amano A) proved to substantially hydrolyze OTA to the nontoxic OTalpha and phenylalanine, as confirmed by HPLC with fluorescence detection. The enzyme was purified by anion exchange chromatography to homogeneity. Activity staining of the purified enzyme with alpha-naphthyl acetate/Fast Red revealed only one band exhibiting hydrolytic activity. The specific activity of the purified enzyme toward OTA was 2.32 units/mg.     

Purification and characterization of a novel extracellular tripeptidyl peptidase from Rhizopus oligosporus

A novel extracellular tripeptidyl peptidase (TPP) was homogenously purified from the culture supernatant of Rhizopus oligosporus by sequential fast protein liquid chromatography. The purified enzyme was a 136.5 kDa dimer composed of identical subunits. The effects of inhibitors and metal ions indicated that TPP is a metallo- and serine protease. TPP was activated by divalent cations, such as Co(2+) and Mn(2+), and completely inhibited by Cu(2+). Enzyme activity was optimal at pH 7.0 and 45 °C with a specific activity of 281.9 units/mg for the substrate Ala-Ala-Phe-pNA. The purified enzyme catalyzed cleavage of various synthetic tripeptides but not when proline occupied the P1 position. Purified TPP cleaved the pentapeptide Ala-Ala-Phe-Tyr-Tyr and tripeptide Ala-Ala-Phe, confirming the TPP activity of the enzyme.     

Synergistic Hydrolysis of Crude Corn Starch by α‐Amylases and Glucoamylases of Various Origins

Four α‐amylases and two glucoamylases from various sources, in eight combinations, were used to study the synergistic hydrolysis of crude corn starch at various temperatures. At 40 and 50°C, the combinations containing Rhizopus mold glucoamylase enhanced hydrolysis of corn starch compared wth that obtained with the combinations from Aspergillus niger. At 60°C, Rhizopus mold combinations gave low reaction yields as the enzyme was inactivated. The differences observed between α‐amylases are smaller, with the exception of Bacillus licheniformis α‐amylase, which presented more than twice the productivity of the other α‐amylases, at all temperatures. In terms of substrate conversion at 5 hr of hydrolysis, the combination of B. licheniformis α‐amylase with Rhizopus mold glucoamylase at 50°C presents 76% substrate conversion, whereas, with all the other combinations, starch conversion was 13–73%. HPLC analysis of the reaction products obtained at 50°C showed that the main product of corn starch hydrolysis was glucose at 85–100%. Further experiments showed that A. niger glucoamylase and B. licheniformis α‐amylase were the only enzymes that retained their initial activity after incubation at the temperatures studied.     

Purification of hydroperoxide lyase from green bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruits for the generation of C6-aldehydes in vitro

The aim of this work was to compare the efficiency of different extracts of hydroperoxide lyase from green bell peppers in producing aldehydes: a crude extract, a chloroplastic fraction, and a purified enzyme were investigated. From a crude extract, the HPO lyase was purified by ion-exchange chromatography with a 22.3-fold increase in purification factor. Analysis by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis under denaturating conditions showed only one protein with a molecular weight of 55 kDa, whereas size-exclusion chromatography indicated a molecular weight of 170 kDa. A maximum of 7500 mg of aldehydes per g of protein was obtained with the purified enzyme within 20 min of bioconversion compared to 392 and 88 mg of aldehydes per g of protein within 50 and 60 min, respectively, for the chloroplast fraction and the crude extract.     

Enzymatic hydrolysis of chestnut purée: process optimization using mixtures of alpha-amylase and glucoamylase

The enzymatic hydrolysis of starch present in chestnut purée was performed through a one-step treatment with a mixture of a commercial thermostable alpha-amylase (Termamyl 120 L, type S) and glucoamylase (AMG 300 L) at 70 degrees C. The effect of the enzyme concentration and the ratio of both amylases in the reaction mixture was studied by means of a factorial second-order rotatable design, which allowed conditions to be set leading to the total conversion of starch to glucose after 15 min of incubation (60 total enzymatic units g(-1) of chestnut; ratio of alpha-amylase/glucoamylase enzymatic units, 0.35:0.65). At lower enzyme concentration, the delay in the addition of the glucoamylase with regard to the addition of the alpha-amylase allowed a slightly higher hydrolysis percentage to be reached when compared to the simultaneous addition of both amylases at the same low enzyme concentration. The kinetics of liberation of glucose supports the existence of a synergistic effect between these two enzymes only in the first moments of the reaction. Finally, a sequential one-step hydrolysis was assayed, and more concentrated glucose syrups were thus obtained.     

Release of Bound Lipids in Cereal Starches Upon Hydrolysis by Glucoamylase

The raw starch granules from corn, rice, and wheat were hydrolyzed by practically pure glucoamylase (Rhizopus niveus). The bound lipids remaining in the residual starches were investigated, of which the major components of the lipids, free fatty acids (FFA) in corn starch, FFA and phospholipids (PL) in rice starch, and PL in wheat starch were determined. In each case, the bound FFA and PL were decreased to some extent during the initial stage of hydrolysis. During the later stages, the FFA continued to gradually decrease, while the level of PL stabilized. It was interesting that some of the bound lipids were released from the granules upon glucoamylase hydrolysis, differing from the model amylose-lipid complexes. Furthermore, the structures of the residual starches were investigated. The blue value and λ_max of the starches were increased by partial hydrolysis of the starch granules using practically pure glucoamylase. Two gel-permeation chromatography analyses revealed that the relative amount of amylose fraction was increased by glucoamylase hydrolysis, and also that the increments were reduced by the defatting of bound lipids. The results suggest that the increase in amylose fraction is attributable to the existence of bound lipids in the granules.     

木霉β—1，3—1，4—葡聚糖酶性质及其cDNA片段克隆

本研究探讨了里氏木霉GXC的-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶特性，克隆和分析了酶基因片段。结果表明，粗酶液经硫酸铵沉淀、SephadexG-25、SephadexG-100和DEAE-SephadexA-50柱层析得到纯-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶；经12.5%SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳表明，该酶的分子量为35.21kD；酶最适反应pH5.0，最适反应温度为60℃；Michaelis-Menten动力学分析表明，-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的Km和Vmax分别为10.86mg/mL和14286mol/(minmg)。通过RT-PCR方法扩增并克隆了-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶cDNA片段，测序表明,该片段长度为280bp；同源性分析显示，该cDNA片段与水解淀粉芽孢杆菌、厌氧真菌OrpinomycesstrainPC-2、枯草芽孢杆菌中的-1,3-1,4-葡聚糖酶的基因片段有较高的同源性，分别为90%，79%，91%。