转基因植物中CaMV35S和tNOS元件的4种定性PCR检测方法的比较

花椰菜花叶病毒35S启动子(promoter of Cauliflower mosaicvirus 35S,CaMV35S)和胭脂碱合成酶基因终止子(terminator of nopaline synthase gene,tNOS)是转基因产品筛选检测中的首选参数,日常检测中发现,个别标准中用于筛选检测这两种元件的引物存在非特异性扩增和灵敏度差的问题。本研究收集了国内外标准中常用的扩增片段分别为195、165、147和123 bp的CaMV35S和扩增片段分别为180、172、165和118 bp的tNOS各4对引物,应用普通PCR和实时荧光(Real-time)PCR方法,对8对引物的特异性、灵敏度及在加工品中的扩增性进行了测试和适用性评价。结果表明,CaMV35S 165和147 bp引物具有很好的特异性,灵敏度高,在不同的加工品中也表现出强的检测能力,筛选检测效果最佳;195bp引物扩增性稍差,且经常出现非特异性扩增;123bp引物较其他引物扩增弱且扩增不稳定。tNOS 172和165bp引物具有很好的特异性,灵敏度高,在不同的加工品中也表现出强的检测能力,筛选检测效果最佳;180bp引物扩增性较差,且易出现非特异扩增;118bp引物较其他引物扩增弱且扩增不稳定。本研究通过普通PCR和实时荧光(Real-time)PCR对不同国标中出现的引物进行适用性评价,为转基因产品的检测监管提供可靠技术依据。     

转基因大豆SHZD32-1转化体普通PCR和qRT-PCR检测方法的研究

转基因大豆(Glycine max)SHZD32-1是我国自主研发的耐除草剂大豆转基因品系,该材料将耐草甘膦基因G10-EPSPS导入栽培品种中豆32(Glycine Max,Zhongdou 32)使其获得耐除草剂抗性,具有广阔的应用前景。到目前为止,尚没有针对SHZD32-1的检测方法系统研究的报道。本研究以转基因大豆SHZD32-1转化体的插入位点基因组序列和外源插入片段/基因组连接区序列为靶标,通过设计和筛选引物、探针,特异性、灵敏度等测试,建立了特异性SHZD32-1转化体普通PCR和q RT-PCR检测方法。检测方法特异性实验中,普通PCR和q RT-PCR方法均只在含有SHZD32-1的样品中扩增出阳性结果,而其他不含有SHZD32-1的检测样品中均为阴性结果;方法灵敏性检测中,普通PCR检测法检出限为0.1%,q RTPCR法检测下限(limit of detection,LOD)为21个拷贝;方法稳定性实验中,普通PCR和q RT-PCR方法在其相应最低检出限浓度下进行60次重复试验,结果均为阳性。本研究建立的SHZD32-1转化体特异性PCR检测方法特异性好、灵敏度高、稳定性强。转基因作物转化体特异性检测方法的研究是转基因生物分子特征评价的重要内容之一,其为转基因生物安全监管和追溯提供了技术支持。     

转基因玉米LY038转化事件的特异性检测

转基因高赖氨酸玉米LY038在畜禽饲料中已得到广泛应用,但目前还没有关于其侧翼序列扩增及转化事件特异性定性PCR检测方法方面的报道.本研究采用修饰接头连接PCR(modified adapter-linked PCR,M-AL-PCR)技术获得了转基因玉米LY038的外源基因与玉米基因组之间的5′端侧翼序列.据此侧翼 序列设计其转化事件特异性引物,建立了转基因玉米LY038转化事件特异性定性检测方法,扩增片段175bp.以转基因玉米(Zea mays L.)LY038、MIR604、Bt176、Bt11、MON810、MON863、GA21、NK603、非转基因玉米、转基因水稻(Oryza sativa L.)Cry1C*、Cry2A*、转基因大豆(Glycine max)Roundup Ready和转基因油菜(Brassica campestris L.)GT73为材料,验证该方法具有高特异性及灵敏度,最低检测限约为0.1%.研究结果提示,该定性检测体系可准确、快速、高效的检测转基因玉米LY038及其产品.     

转基因大豆加工产品的定性PCR检测*

利用改良的CTAB法，对多种大豆（Glycine max)加工产品DNA进行分离纯化，并以大豆特异性内源基因大豆凝集素基因为参照，对用该方法获得的DNA的可扩增性加以验证。设计CaMV35S启动子和NOS终止子特异性引物对大豆及其加工产品是否为转基因产品进行初步的定性PCR筛选，用转基因抗除草剂大豆中的目的基因5-莽草酸-3-磷酸合成酶基因(5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase gene,CP4-EPSPS)对阳性结果进行确证。实验结果表明，用改良的CTAB法提纯得到的大豆加工产品中的DNA完全可以满足PCR等分子生物学分析，而且定性PCR法能有效检测大豆及其加工产品中转基因成分。     

Semi-nested PCR检测饲料中牛羊源成分

加强对进口饲料中牛羊源成分的检测是防止疯牛病和痒病传播的一个重要措施。根据已发表的牛和羊特异性基因及引物序列，分别设计了1条牛和羊特异性semi-nested PCR引物，并采用semi-nested PCR技术对饲料中的牛和羊成分进行了扩增检测。结果表明，semi-nested PCR能够扩增得到247 bp的牛特异性基因条带和214 bp的羊特异性基因条带，其对饲料中牛或羊源性成分的检测灵敏度可达到0.00001%～0.0001%，比普通PCR检测灵敏度要高出103倍；对牛或羊成分DNA的检测灵敏度可以达到10-6～10-5 ng，比普通PCR检测灵敏度要高出105倍以上。该技术具有快速、灵敏和结果稳定的特点，是检测饲料中痕量牛羊源成分的一种有效方法。     

转cry1Ac基因抗虫棉鄂杂棉1号的旁侧序列和品系特异性检测

为更好地了解我国转基因棉花的转化品系,建立快速准确的品系鉴别方法,本研究采用长链PCR、Genome Walking的方法解析转基因抗虫棉(Gossypium hirsutum L.)新转化品系鄂杂棉1号的整合结构和外源DNA整合的基因组旁侧序列.以旁侧序列为靶标,设计引物,对引物的筛选优化、特异性和灵敏度测试结果显示,建立的鄂杂棉1号品系定性PCR检测方法具有特异性,检测灵敏度为40个拷贝,相当于100 ng模板的0.1%.对市场的21个样品棉花样品检测,有3个样品检测出具有与"鄂杂棉1号"相同转化品系来源,表明本研究建立的品系特异性检测方法可应用于我国转基因棉花育种材料的鉴别和筛选.     

转基因水稻EB7001S事件特异性检测方法的建立

随着越来越多的转基因作物及其产品进入人类生活的各个领域,准确、快速、高效的检测转基因作物及其产品成为转基因研究和安全管理的基本要求。为了建立抗两种除草剂转基因水稻(Oryza sativa)EB7001S的事件特异性检测方法,本研究利用高效热不对称PCR(high efficient thermal asymmetric interlaced PCR,hiTAIL-PCR)和长距离PCR法(long-distance PCR,LD-PCR)扩增获得了转基因水稻EB7001S中外源基因插入位点的旁侧序列,其中:右旁侧序列1 515 bp,左旁侧序列1 460 bp,外源基因插入水稻基因组第7号染色体第1 470 725位。以左右旁侧序列为基础,建立了转基因水稻EB7001S的事件特异性定性PCR检测方法,采用该方法可从转基因水稻EB7001S中扩增到458和629 bp的2条特异性目的片段。该方法特异性强、稳定性好、灵敏度高,在模板中掺入EB7001S基因组DNA的量为0.1%时仍能通过普通PCR方法检测出来。以旁侧序列为基础,还建立了能快速、准确鉴定外源基因纯合株系的三引物PCR检测法。这些检测方法的建立,将为转基因水稻EB7001S的利用和检测提供关键技术基础。     

应用牙釉蛋白(AML)基因鉴别牛早期胚胎性别

牛牙釉蛋白（AML）基因定位于牛X染色体和Y染色体上的同源区域.实验根据牛X、Y染色体AML基因第五内含子上序列同源性只有45.1%以及X、Y染色体该区段之间存在多处碱基缺失的特点,合成了1对性别特异性引物.该引物经扩增后母牛只得到1条467 bp的来自X染色体的扩增条带,而公牛能得到1条源自X染色体的467bp片段的扩增条带和1条源自Y染色体的341 bp的扩增条带.经基因组DNA验证,该引物的公母鉴定准确率为100%,同时该对引物具有高度的牛特异性.定量分析AML基因引物的反应灵敏度,发现1次PCR（30个循环）能扩增出0.5ng的基因组DNA,2次PCR（共50个循环）能扩增出20pg的基因组DNA.将AML基因引物与SRY基因引物的反应灵敏度相比较,结果表明前者的灵敏度比后者的高8～10倍.用AML基因反应体系鉴定了26枚优质胚胎,其中24枚有扩增结果,13枚鉴定为公牛,11枚鉴定为母牛.     

转基因玉米pNK603质粒分子的构建与应用

随着转基因植物和相关产品的迅速发展,转基因检测相关标准物质的需求越趋紧迫,本文针对转基因玉米(Zea mays)NK603进行了质粒分子标准物质的构建和适应性研究.通过从转基因玉米NK603阳性材料中定性扩增转化体特异性片段(NK603-108bp)和玉米的内标基因片段(zSSIIb-151 bp),将得到的PCR产物酶切连接后构建到T载体上,经过酶切、PCR扩增和测序三重验证,得到了pNK603质粒分子.选用不同转基因作物的转化体特异性引物和内标准基因引物对构建的pNK603质粒分子的特异性进行检测,PCR结果显示除了特异性目的条带外,并未发现非特异性扩增.同时采用pNK603质粒分子和转基因玉米阳性基因组DNA作定量标准对已知含量的3个水平的转基因基体物质进行转基因含量测定,实时荧光定量PCR结果发现,两种标准所得到测定的数据没有达到统计学差异显著.T检验表明,PCR扩增效率、两种标准所产生的内源或外源基因的标准曲线的斜率和截距没有显著性差异.这些结果表明,pNK603质粒分子可以作为转基因玉米NK603转化体特异性的定性和定量检测用标准物质.     

转基因水稻DNA样品浓度以及存放条件对PCR定性检测的影响

通过在不同模板DNA浓度(0.2～16 ng/μL)、不同转基因含量(0.05%～50%W/W)以及不同模板存放温度(22℃、4℃和-20℃)和存放时间(1、2、3周和1,3个月)条件下进行转基因水稻外源成分的定性PCR检测,发现当模板浓度在0.4 ng/μL以上时所有引物均能扩增出目标片段,对于转基因含量为1.0%和0.1%的混合样品,能稳定检测出转基因成分所需的DNA最低浓度分别为1和2～4 ng/μL.模板DNA的不同温度存放条件对检测没有明显影响,长时间存放后PCR扩增产物条带亮度有所减弱.     

Reliable detection and identification of genetically modified maize, soybean, and canola by multiplex PCR analysis

Multiplex PCR procedures were developed for simultaneously detecting multiple target sequences in genetically modified (GM) soybean (Roundup Ready), maize (event 176, Bt11, Mon810, T14/25), and canola (GT73, HCN92/28, MS8/RF3, Oxy 235). Internal control targets (invertase gene in corn, lectin and beta-actin genes in soybean, and cruciferin gene in canola) were included as appropriate to assess the efficiency of all reactions, thereby eliminating any false negatives. Primer combinations that allowed the identification of specific lines were used. In one system of identification, simultaneous amplification profiling (SAP), rather than target specific detection, was used for the identification of four GM maize lines. SAP is simple and has the potential to identify both approved and nonapproved GM lines. The template concentration was identified as a critical factor affecting efficient multiplex PCRs. In canola, 75 ng of DNA template was more effective than 50 ng of DNA for the simultaneous amplification of all targets in a reaction volume of 25 microL. Reliable identification of GM canola was achieved at a DNA concentration of 3 ng/microL, and at 0.1% for GM soybean, indicating high levels of sensitivity. Nonspecific amplification was utilized in this study as a tool for specific and reliable identification of one line of GM maize. The primer cry1A 4-3' (antisense primer) recognizes two sites on the DNA template extracted from GM transgenic maize containing event 176 (European corn borer resistant), resulting in the amplification of products of 152 bp (expected) and 485 bp (unexpected). The latter fragment was sequenced and confirmed to be Cry1A specific. The systems described herein represent simple, accurate, and sensitive GMO detection methods in which only one reaction is necessary to detect multiple GM target sequences that can be reliably used for the identification of specific lines of GMOs.     

Identification of genetically modified potato (Solanum tuberosum) cultivars using event specific polymerase chain reaction

Several genetically modified (GM) cultivars are registered in Canada although they are not currently in commercial production. The GM cultivars can be distinguished from the non-GM and other GM cultivars by analyzing the DNA nucleotide sequence at the insertion site of the transgene corresponding to a single transformation event in the plant genome. Techniques based on modified polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategies were used to generate sequence information from the plant genome flanking the insertion site of transgenic DNA for specific GM potato events. The plant genome sequence adjacent to the transgenic insertion was used to design PCR primers, which could be used in combination with a primer annealing to one of the nearby inserted genetic elements to amplify an event specific DNA fragment. The event specific PCR fragments generated were sequenced to confirm the specificity of the method.     

Equal performance of TaqMan, MGB, molecular beacon, and SYBR green-based detection assays in detection and quantification of roundup ready soybean

We have tested and compared the performance of 12 different assays representing four different real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) chemistries in the context of genetically modified organism detection. Several different molecular beacon, SYBR Green, TaqMan, and MGB assays were designed for the event specific detection and quantification of the 3' integration junction of GTS 40-3-2 (Roundup Ready) soybean. Sensitivity as well as robustness in the presence of background DNA were tested. None of the PCR-based approaches appeared to be significantly better than any of the other, but the molecular beacon assays had the lowest efficiency and also seemed more sensitive to changes in experimental setup.     

不结球白菜新种质P70-203雄性不育细胞质类型的鉴定

本研究根据OguraCMS、PolimaCMS的不育性状相关的线粒体基因序列设计特异引物,对不结球白菜雄性不育系新种质P70-203及其保持系P60-27-1进行PCR分析。研究结果表明,Polima引物P3/P4,P5/P6在不育系与可育系中均无扩增条带;Ogura引物P1/P2在不育系中扩增出750bp的特异片段,但可育系中无扩增条带。将扩增的特异条带回收并测序,将得到的测序结果在NCBI中进行Blastn同源性比较,结果与青花菜Ogura（登录号：EU604643）和萝卜Ogura（登录号：AB055438）细胞质雄性不育同源性均达到99%。从分子角度初步推测：该雄性不育系新种质P70-203具有Ogura细胞质。     

小麦AB基因组中一个重复序列的分离、定位与应用

利用102对微卫星引物对5份黑麦（Secale）、4份普通小麦（Triticum aestivum）和1份分枝小黑麦（Triticale）进行SSR分析,引物Xgwm614能在分枝小黑麦中扩增出一个387bp的特异DNA片段（记为FZ387,GenBank登录号为EF179137）,而黑麦未能扩增出。序列比对结果显示该片段与一粒小麦（T. monococcum）（AY485644）和栽培二粒小麦（T. turgidum）（AY494981）A基因组中Gypsy Ty3-LTR反转座子fatima的一部分分别有94%和95%同源性。根据序列同源性比对结果,在FZ387内部设计1对特异引物FaF和FaR。引物Xgwm614F和FaR能在含有A基因组的物种中扩增出约350bp的条带（记为A350）,而其不含A基因组的物种都未扩增出该条带。利用小麦二体和端体代换系材料对其进行定位,结果显示该片段分布在所有A染色体的长臂和断臂上。此外,引物FaF和Xgwm614R能在含有A、B或AB基因组的物种中扩增出约350bp的条带（记为AB350）,而不含AB基因组的材料未扩增出目标条带。利用这两对特异引物对小麦属近缘物种进行PCR扩增,发现只有中国春能够扩增出A350和AB350。序列比对结果和FZ387两侧SSR引物结合区的规律性变化表明该反转座子在进化上可能存在属间多样性和属内相似性。A350和AB350也可以分别作为分子标记检测A染色体和AB染色体。     

Qualitative and quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis for genetically modified maize MON863

Qualitative and quantitative analytical methods were developed for the new event of genetically modified (GM) maize, MON863. One specific primer pair was designed for the qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method. The specificity and sensitivity of the designed primers were confirmed. PCR was performed on genomic DNAs extracted from MON863, other GM events, and cereal crops. Single PCR product was obtained from MON863 by the designed primer pair. Eight test samples including GM maize MON863 were prepared at 0.01 approximately 10% levels and analyzed by PCR. Limit of detection of the method was 0.01% for GM maize MON863. On the other hand, another specific primer pair and probe were also designed for quantitative method using a real-time polymerase chain reaction. As a reference molecule, a plasmid was constructed from a taxon-specific DNA sequence for maize, a universal sequence for a cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter used in most genetically modified organisms, and a construct-specific DNA sequence for the MON863 event. Six test samples of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 and 10.0% of GM maize MON863 were quantitated for the validation of this method. At the 3.0% level, the bias (mean vs true value) for MON863 was 3.0%, and its relative standard deviation was 5.5%. Limit of quantitation of the method was 0.5%. These results show that the developed PCR methods can be used to qualitatively and quantitatively detect GM maize MON863.     

Establishment and application of event-specific polymerase chain reaction methods for two genetically modified soybean events, A2704-12 and A5547-127

For implementation of the issued regulations and labeling policies for genetically modified organism (GMO) supervision, the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method has been widely used due to its high specificity and sensitivity. In particular, use of the event-specific PCR method based on the flanking sequence of transgenes has become the primary trend. In this study, both qualitative and quantitative PCR methods were established on the basis of the 5' flanking sequence of transgenic soybean A2704-12 and the 3' flanking sequence of transgenic soybean A5547-127, respectively. In qualitative PCR assays, the limits of detection (LODs) were 10 copies of haploid soybean genomic DNA for both A2704-12 and A5547-127. In quantitative real-time PCR assays, the LODs were 5 copies of haploid soybean genomic DNA for both A2704-12 and A5547-127, and the limits of quantification (LOQs) were 10 copies for both. Low bias and acceptable SD and RSD values were also achieved in quantification of four blind samples using the developed real-time PCR assays. In addition, the developed PCR assays for the two transgenic soybean events were used for routine analysis of soybean samples imported to Shanghai in a 6 month period from October 2010 to March 2011. A total of 27 lots of soybean from the United States and Argentina were analyzed: 8 lots from the Unites States were found to have the GM soybean A2704-12 event, and the GM contents were <1.5% in all eight analyzed lots. On the contrary, no GM soybean A5547-127 content was found in any of the eight lots. These results demonstrated that the established event-specific qualitative and quantitative PCR methods could be used effectively in routine identification and quantification of GM soybeans A2704-12 and A5547-127 and their derived products.     

苹果基因邻近未知序列的PCR扩增与测序方法

本文提出的方法是首先利用已知基因序列设计三个巢式PCR引物p14、p15和p16,然后设计3’端为常见酶切位点、5’端为随机引物序列p17的9个酶切位点引物,用p14外引物与9个酶切位点引物进行第一轮PCR扩增,其中前5个反应的退火温度较低可以将酶切位点引物的5’端序列引入到PCR产物中,其余反应则以此PCR产物为模板采用较高的正常退火温度进行,退火温度较高是为了使整个酶切位点引物能稳定地结合到最初反应形成的产物上。为提高PCR产物的特异性和产量,用p15和p16引物分别与p17引物配对进行第二轮和第三轮PCR扩增,电泳检查发现PCR产物条带后进行纯化和测序。为保证序列的正确性,利用测得的DNA序列再设计新引物f3x与p14(或p15)配对,直接用提取的DNA为模板进行PCR扩增和测序。利用此方法成功地获得了苹果FPPS基因邻近的启动子序列528bp和5’UTR序列142bp,并已在GenBank注册（登录号FJ263960）。利用Blastn发现这是GenBank中首次发表苹果FPPS基因启动子序列。这说明用该方法获取基因邻近的未知序列是可行的。     

Development of one novel multiple-target plasmid for duplex quantitative PCR analysis of roundup ready soybean

To enforce the labeling regulations of genetically modified organisms (GMOs), the application of reference molecules as calibrators is becoming essential for practical quantification of GMOs. However, the reported reference molecules with tandem marker multiple targets have been proved not suitable for duplex PCR analysis. In this study, we developed one unique plasmid molecule based on one pMD-18T vector with three exogenous target DNA fragments of Roundup Ready soybean GTS 40-3-2 (RRS), that is, CaMV35S, NOS, and RRS event fragments, plus one fragment of soybean endogenous Lectin gene. This Lectin gene fragment was separated from the three exogenous target DNA fragments of RRS by inserting one 2.6 kb DNA fragment with no relatedness to RRS detection targets in this resultant plasmid. Then, we proved that this design allows the quantification of RRS using the three duplex real-time PCR assays targeting CaMV35S, NOS, and RRS events employing this reference molecule as the calibrator. In these duplex PCR assays, the limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 10 and 50 copies, respectively. For the quantitative analysis of practical RRS samples, the results of accuracy and precision were similar to those of simplex PCR assays, for instance, the quantitative results were at the 1% level, the mean bias of the simplex and duplex PCR were 4.0% and 4.6%, respectively, and the statistic analysis ( t-test) showed that the quantitative data from duplex and simplex PCR had no significant discrepancy for each soybean sample. Obviously, duplex PCR analysis has the advantages of saving the costs of PCR reaction and reducing the experimental errors in simplex PCR testing. The strategy reported in the present study will be helpful for the development of new reference molecules suitable for duplex PCR quantitative assays of GMOs.     

转基因大豆GTS40-3-2对子代雄性大鼠主要器官和生殖机能的影响研究

为探讨长期饲喂转基因大豆GTS40-3-2对雄性大鼠器官和生殖机能的影响,本研究将雌、雄大鼠随机分为2组,分别饲喂含转基因和非转基因大豆成分的饲料90 d后,亲代大鼠组内交配获得子代大鼠;子代雄性大鼠断乳后继续饲喂对应饲料30、60和90 d后,摘取子代大鼠睾丸、附睾、脑、心脏、肺脏、肝脏、脾脏、肾脏和肾上腺,检测脏器系数;选取睾丸、附睾、肾、肺制备石蜡切片,观察各器官的组织结构变化;运用实时荧光定量PCR检测睾丸雄性激素合成限制性蛋白葡萄糖转运蛋白8(GLUT8)基因的表达变化;用蛋白酶联免疫反应法进一步验证GLUT8蛋白含量。结果表明,与对照组相比,饲喂30、90 d后9种器官脏器系数均无显著差异(P>0.05);饲喂60 d后,仅肺、附睾脏器系数存在显著差异(P<0.05)。组织切片镜检结果显示,睾丸、附睾、肾、肺未发现明显结构改变;睾丸GLUT8基因转录水平和蛋白水平均未受到显著影响(P>0.05)。综上所述,转基因大豆GTS40-3-2饲料在试验周期内未对子代雄性大鼠各重要器官产生不良影响,对雄性大鼠生殖器官及其生理机能未显示毒性作用。本研究结果进一步拓展了转基因大豆安全评价研究深度,对转基因大豆的推广应用具有重要意义。