动物热应激反应机制研究进展

动物机体受到热应激刺激时,体内热休克蛋白合成量增多,从而免受因应激而造成的机体不可逆损伤.热休克蛋白是所有生物细胞在受应激原刺激后,产生的一类细胞伴侣蛋白的总称,该蛋白在细胞生命过程中可参与蛋白的折叠、装配和运输等活动,对调控细胞的生长、存活及分化起着重要的作用.论文从热休克蛋白参与热应激反应的角度上,阐述了其在热应激...     

动物机体热休克应答相关信号途径的研究进展

动物处于不良饲养、运输、屠宰等环境下产生热应激,机体对热应激的反应称为热休克应答,多条信号途径调控热休克应答,引发热休克蛋白的产生。本文综述了MAPK、PI3K/Akt、PKC等信号途径对热休克蛋白的调控作用,从分子机制上阐明了热应激的调控机理。     

谷氨酰胺对热休克蛋白表达的影响

谷氨酰胺的研究是生理和营养免疫领域研究的热点之一 ,近年来发现当动物处于应激状态下 ,谷氨酰胺不能满足机体需要 ,添加谷氨酰胺有助于增强机体对应激的抵抗能力。热休克蛋白 (HSP)是动物对外界刺激作出应答反应时产生的多肽类物质 ,起减缓应激不良影响、恢复机体正常机能的作用。鉴于最近几年来谷氨酰胺和热休克蛋白关系的研究 ,本文从体内、外试验研究两方面论述了谷氨酰胺对应激细胞的保护作用 ,以及添加谷氨酰胺与提高HSP表达的关系 ,且对其作用机制作了初步的探讨     

热休克蛋白在冷应激引起的炎症反应和氧化应激中的调节作用

冬季持续低温引起的冷应激是降低北方畜牧业经济效益和动物福利的重要因素,可诱导动物产生炎症反应和氧化应激危害机体健康。热休克蛋白作为体内重要的分子伴侣蛋白,在维持机体内环境稳态、帮助动物抵抗应激方面有重要作用,低温环境可激活热休克蛋白快速产生,以此在细胞内外对免疫和抗氧化系统发挥重要调节作用：在胞外,具有保护细胞、参与调节免疫细胞功能、激发免疫反应和提高抗氧化酶活性等作用;在胞内,可抑制NF-κB信号通路保护机体免受炎症损伤,上调Nrf2信号通路提高机体抗氧化功能,缓解冷应激对机体造成的负面影响。本文总结了国内外关于在冷应激状态下热休克蛋白对机体免疫和抗氧化功能的调节作用及其机制,并给出部分提高热休克蛋白表达水平的方法,以期为后续畜禽的冷应激理论研究提供参考。     

中药复方对猪热应激时脾脏中IFN-γIL-4水平的影响

热应激是指当环境温度超过动物等热区中舒适区上限临界温度时,动物所产生的非特异性反应应答的总和[1]。猪热应激时,通过改变自身的各种生理和生化反应实现对高热环境的适应,必然会导致其生产性能、免疫功能的下降[2]。目前国内外对热应激的研究多集中在热休克蛋白(HSPs)上[3],     

冷休克蛋白表达的分子机制

生物对环境应激 (如温度波动 )的适应 ,对于其生存是至关重要的。原核生物和真核生物对高温细胞水平的反应主要是合成一系列保守的热休克蛋白。和热休克反应相比 ,有关生物体对低温适应的研究 ,虽还不是特别深入 ,但现在已经发现了原核生物的冷诱导蛋白家族 ,以及生物体对低温的适应机制 ,包括改变膜的流动性和蛋白质翻译等方面。本文主要对冷休克与冷适应诱导不同生物体冷休克蛋白表达的分子机制进行综述。1　冷休克反应的生理特征　　不同动物的最适生长温度不同 ,对寒冷的应激范围和程度也不完全一样。原核生物的最适生长温度范围非常大 …     

Hsp70研究进展

迄今研究的所有生物都可通过合成一组叫热休克蛋白(Ｈｅａｔｓｈｏｃｋｐｒｏｔｅｉｎ ,Ｈｓｐ)的蛋白质对环境应激产生应答。最初使用“热休克蛋白”这一术语 ,是因为有一项实验发现Ｄｒｏｓｏｐｈｉ ｌａ幼虫接触到高于最佳所需要的生长温度时 ,合成一组特殊的蛋白质的能力增强。然而 ,以后的研究发现其他各种应激和缺氧 ,接触酒精、重金属离子和氨基酸类似物等也可以诱导类似的应答。由于在所研究的每个有机物中 (从细菌到植物和动物 )都发现了此应答反应 ,所以说此应答反应具有高度保守的遗传性。尽管Ｈｓｐ参与保护细胞免受热应激的损…     

热应激蛋白在动物应激反应中的作用机制

热应激蛋白(heatshockproteins,HSPs)是动物在不良因素作用下所产生的一组特异性蛋白质,任何应激均可诱导机体的HSPs合成增加,它能使动物迅速适应环境变化,保护机体不受或少受损害。HSPs作为应激的调控蛋白对阐明动物的应激机理有着非常重要的作用。文中从热应激蛋白的国内外研究现状、生物学功能、在应激反应中的作用机制等方面加以综述,以期为探讨畜禽应激机理提供可行性参考。     

动物冷应激反应中多种基因调控机制的研究

冷应激可引起动物生产性能下降,诱发多种疾病,甚至造成死亡。研究动物冷应激发生机制,探索科学的应激监测方法,对提高应激预防水平,保障畜牧业发展有重要意义。动物应激可涉及多种基因表达的改变。作者简要综述了包括抗冻蛋白(AFP)基因、热休克蛋白(HSP70)基因、即刻早期基因(c-fos)、诱导型一氧化氮合成酶(iNOS)基因在动物冷应激反应中的表达调控机制。     

哺乳动物热休克蛋白70表达的基因调控与生物学功能

热休克蛋白70(HSP70)是热休克蛋白家族中的重要成员,作为一种细胞内源性保护蛋白,当机体或细胞遭受应激时,它可以通过一定的表达调控机制进行显著增量表达,并在一定范围内发挥其特有的生物学功能来抵御或减缓应激对细胞的损伤。     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1985

In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%).

Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1988

In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1984

In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal.

Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1989

In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated.

Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1987

In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%).     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1986

In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%).

Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada.

     

Heartworm in dogs in Canada in 1983

In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario.

Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously.