户用“风-光”互补发电系统技术与应用

中国10 kW以下小型风力发电机组年产量逐年增加,2005年生产3.3万台,累计生产量达32.6万台。年产量、保有量均列世界之首。随着广大农、牧、渔民生活水平不断提高,生活用电量不断增加,并强烈要求确保连续供电,因此,为保证不间断用电;近年来,风光互补发电系统应用推广很快。本文着重介绍,中国“风、光”资源情况。“风-光”互补发电技术。     

户用型可再生能源发电系统在苏尼特右旗应用的调查分析

中国西部地区风力资源和太阳能资源都非常丰富,利用当地资源和能源通过发展户用可再生能源发电系统(独立风能、独立太阳能和风光互补发电系统的统称)来解决牧民的用电问题.该文通过对内蒙古自治区锡林郭勒盟苏尼特右旗牧区户用型可再生能源发电系统的使用情况、牧民经济条件进行调查,分析了当地风能和太阳能等地区资源,推广户用型可再生能发电系统过程中所存在的问题及原因.通过调查发现,支付能力低和技术维护的非专业性是阻碍户用型可再生能源发电系统可持续发展的主要障碍.在现有条件下,通过优化系统配置可以有效的降低系统成本、提高系统使用的可靠性.     

风光互补发电系统中混合储能单元的容量优化

通过配置容量合适的蓄电池-超级电容器混合储能单元,可以提高风光互补发电系统供电的连续性和可靠性。该文在风力发电、光伏发电、蓄电池和超级电容器的稳态模型基础上,建立了蓄电池-超级电容器混合储能系统的容量优化模型,提出了混合储能单元的多目标优化函数,并对各种约束条件进行了探讨,采用遗传算法对目标函数进行了求解。通过对算例系统的求解,证明了该文所建模型和算法的正确性。结果表明,该文提出的方法可为风光互补发电系统中混合储能单元的容量优化提供参考。     

独立光伏发电系统在农村的应用

介绍了独立光伏发电系统的原理与构成,通过分析福建农村发展太阳能的自然条件和机遇,并结合一个典型的农村家庭用电需求,阐述了户用独立光伏发电系统的设计,光伏发电系统对于解决无电地区和边远地区的用电问题具有重要意义。     

温室便携式温差发电系统的设计与试验

为解决在极端条件下,偏远地区温室大棚小功率器件,如节能灯、温度湿度监控系统、数码设备等必要用电设备的随时供电问题。该文设计了一种便携式且可持续供电的温差发电系统。该系统发电结构为一个小型的长方体发电箱,且系统总质量较轻,满足便携性。该系统采用生物质燃烧产生的热量作为热源,使用扁平热管作为导热元件,冷端利用水冷散热。使用ANSYS对系统进行仿真分析,并搭建试验平台,采集并记录相关数据,数据显示该系统热端的最高温度为270.1℃,输出的最大功率为10.7 W,热电效率最大为5.73%;结果表明,该系统具有便携性,热端温度较高,具有较高的热电效率,在极端条件下或偏远地区可实现随时发电,同时为便携式发电系统的研究与应用提供了有力依据。     

基于随机机会约束规划的农村风/水/光发电容量配置

开发利用农村丰富的风、水、光资源是缓解农村能源供需矛盾的有效途径,因地制宜多能源互补发电系统的优化配置方法是亟待解决的实际问题。该文采用逆变换法对农村风速和微水流量进行随机抽样,建立了风力和水力发电量的随机模型,在此基础上提出了基于随机机会约束规划的农村风水光发电系统优化配置数学模型。该模型以投资和年费用最小、供电可靠性和资源利用率尽可能高为目标,满足发用电功率平衡约束和机组发电功率符合资源条件约束。用蒙特卡罗模拟—遗传算法求解该模型可以得到在各种置信水平下满足目标和约束的若干优化配置方案以及各方案的评价指标,为用户提供决策支持。     

聚光太阳能光伏/温差热复合发电系统设计与性能测试

针对现代温室用电成本高、太阳能利用效率低及余热能量浪费的问题。论文探究了光伏温差混合发电的机理,设计了一种聚光太阳能光伏/温差复合发电系统,该系统利用抛物型聚光器进行聚光,采用三角形热管对光伏电池热量进行传递,完成了以下目标:光伏电池的一部分热量通过温差电池实现二次发电;另一部分通过热管内水对流将多余热量传递到储热箱进行热利用。为测试该复合发电系统电/热性能,建立了电/热数学的模型对系统的能量转换进行分析,并进行试验,得出全年四季不同光辐射强度、冷却水流量对系统的影响。冬季测试期间电效率最高达到20.98%,热效率达到39.81%,?效率达到32.5%。结果表明,该系统与无聚光光伏温差混合发电系统相比效率较高且稳定。所获电能可为温室内环境监控、照明系统供电,并能为作物生长提供部分热能。     

光伏发电项目水土保持措施体系设计与实施方案

以宁夏惠农区惠泽湖"渔光互补"光伏发电项目为例,通过对项目区水土流失特点进行分析,设计有针对性的水土保持措施体系与实施方案,有效控制了光伏发电项目建设过程中的水土流失,能够为西北地区太阳能光伏发电项目水土流失防治工作的开展提供良好的借鉴。     

包含自动励磁单元的微水发电系统故障响应特性

包含自动励磁单元的微水发电机组对提高基于可再生能源的多能互补发电系统的电压稳定性具有重要作用。该文根据微水发电系统的数学模型,在电力系统电磁暂态平台上EMTP/ATP建立了微水发电系统的动态模型,该模型包括水轮机、同步电机、励磁控制单元、电力系统综合负荷等模块。在故障工况下,对微水发电系统的故障响应特性以及励磁单元进行了研究。仿真结果表明:在短路故障导致微水机组端电压跌落的情况下,自动励磁单元可以通过调节励磁电压,快速增加励磁电流,提高微水机组的端电压水平。     

农村水能与太阳能混合发电系统的设计与应用

针对农村水能和太阳能2种可再生能源混合发电创新模式,该文设计了一种互补型的混合发电系统。在系统特点分析的基础上,构架了总体设计方案。在混合发电系统的设计过程中重点应用了混合直流系统构建技术、光伏谐波抑制与无功补偿技术、共享型微机监控技术等关键技术。核心技术的应用使光伏电站可为水电站提供直流电源和无功补偿、为电网提供谐波抑制;同时通过共享型微机监控技术使水电站和光伏电站共享现有控制单元、数据通讯网络、工作站及服务器,节约了投资成本。实践和计算表明,农村水能与太阳能混合发电系统的设计能够节约一次性投资成本超过50%,并产生长期的谐波抑制和无功补偿效益;每1kW电量能节约0.4kg标准煤,减少0.997kg二氧化碳(CO2);同时具有保护大坝和节约国土资源等社会效益。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.