内源氨基酸测定技术评定

氨基酸的真消化率是评价饲料蛋白生物学效价的重要指标,而要测定氨基酸的真消化率,就必须对内源氨基酸排泄量进行估测。本文就目前内源氨基酸的测定方法进行了综述,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了评述。在内源氨基酸的测定方法中,以传统方法(无氮日粮法、回归外延法和完全可消化蛋白源法)最为常用,但存在很大的缺陷。为克服传统方法的缺陷,学者们提出了新的估测内源氨基酸的方法,如同位素标记法、高精氨酸法、肽营养超滤技术、氨基糖测定法以及体内体外结合测定法等,但这些方法也存在或多或少的缺陷,还有待于改进。     

猪回肠氨基酸消化率的研究进展及应用

目前在许多国家都是采用可消化(或粗)蛋白和必需氨基酸(AA)总量,来评价猪日粮的蛋白质指标,然而由于不同日粮中氨基酸的消化率差异很大(Fuller和Wang,1991),所以根据氨基酸的消化率配制日粮,比用总氨基酸含量指标要精确得多。氨基酸的消化率因其测定方法不同有表观和真消化率之分,后者校正了内源氨基酸的损失(lenis,1992),但由于内源氮排出量难以准确测定,所以表观消化率在养猪生产中也很实在。本世纪七十年代以来,应用回肠体外桥式瘘管法测定猪日粮氨基酸消化率的     

差量法和酶解酪蛋白法测定鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率及内源排泄量的比较研究

本试验研究了差量法和酶解酪蛋白法测定动物在采食正常含氮日粮条件下的内源氨基酸排泄量及饲料氨基酸真消化率的差异,并同时与无氮日粮法作比较。差量法以豆粕为唯一蛋白源,配制成15%和20%2种粗蛋白质水平的试粮;酶解酪蛋白法以酶解酪蛋白作为蛋白质来源,配制成17.5%粗蛋白质水平的试粮;无氮日粮用淀粉和纸纤维进行配制。每种方法选用7周龄、平均体重(2.77±0.16)kg天府肉公鸭64只,分为4组,分别饲喂4种不同日粮,每组4个重复,每重复4只鸭,采用Sibbald的强饲法进行代谢试验,测定各试粮氨基酸表观消化率、内源氨基酸排泄量及真消化率。结果显示:差量法、酶解酪蛋白法和无氮日粮法测定的内源氨基酸排泄量分别为0.9946、1.2243和0.9297mg/gDMI;差量法测定的氨基酸真消化率(%)为88.93±4.43,用酶解酪蛋白法和无氮日粮法测定的内源氨基酸排泄量计算的15%和20%2个粗蛋白质水平日粮氨基酸真消化率(%)分别为91.15±4.33和91.97±4.16、88.55±4.29和88.82±4.61。以上结果表明,在15%～20%的日粮蛋白质水平范围,差量法测定的氨基酸真消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量较酶解酪蛋白法准确,酶解酪蛋白法可能高估了内源氨基酸排泄量和氨基酸真消化率。     

猪内源氨基酸测定技术评述

氨基酸的真消化率是评价饲料蛋白质生物学效价的重要指标,而要测定氨基酸的真消化率,就必须对内源氨基酸排泄量进行估测。本文就目前内源氨基酸的测定方法进行了综述,并对各种方法的优缺点进行了评述。在内源氨基酸的测定方法中,以传统方法(无氮日粮法、回归外延法和完全可消化蛋白源或静脉灌注平衡氨基酸法)最为常用,但存在种种缺陷。为克服传统方法的缺陷,学者们提出了新的估测内源氨基酸的方法,如同位素标记法、高精氨酸法、肽营养超滤技术、氨基糖测定法以及体内体外结合测定法,但这些方法也存在或多或少的缺陷,还有待于改进。     

猪内源氮排泄量测定方法

氨基酸营养是猪营养研究的重要方面。饲料中氨基酸的消化率是反映饲料蛋白质营养价值的重要参数。内源氮的测定是测定真消化率的必要步骤。本文针对猪的内源氮测定方法、改进措施及各方法的优缺点进行综述。     

差量法测定鸭饲料氨基酸真消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量的研究

为了考察差量法测定氨基酸真消化率及内源氨基酸排泄量的可行性,用平均体重(3.0±0.1)kg、7周龄的天府肉公鸭(樱桃谷×建昌鸭)96只进行试验,设计6个试验日粮,蛋白质水平分别为0、5%、10%、15%、20%和25%。采用Sibbald的强饲法测定氨基酸的消化率,并同时用无氮日粮法、梯度回归法及饥饿法测定内源氨基酸的排泄量,计算各蛋白质水平日粮氨基酸的真消化率。试验结果表明,差量法测得各蛋白质水平段日粮氨基酸真消化率为(90.54±2.70)%、(90.62±1.88)%、(92.52±1.73)%、(92.73±1.77)%、(93.44±1.59)%和(92.37±1.09)%,在10%～20%的日粮蛋白质水平范围基本稳定。差量法、无氮日粮法、回归法和饥饿法测得日粮氨基酸真消化率平均值分别为(92.37±1.09)%、(92.65±0.56)%、(92.53±0.48)%和(89.15±2.02)%,其内源氨基酸排泄总量分别为0.233±0.015(6个蛋白质水平日粮平均值)、0.228、0.230和0.184g/(4只.h)。由此得知,差量法可用于测定饲料氨基酸的真消化率及内源氨基酸排泄量。     

畜禽内源氨基酸损失的影响因素

动物内源氮和氨基酸损失是影响饲料消化率和动物氮利用效率的重要因素,同时也是造成环境污染的重要氮来源。本文对影响内源氮和氨基酸损失的采食量、体重、环境、日粮蛋白、纤维、抗营养因子等因素进行了综述。     

单胃动物消化道内源氨基酸排泄量的测定方法研究进展

氨基酸的利用受消化率的影响最大,消化吸收后的氨基酸仅有很小一部分不能为体内代谢利用。从实际应用的角度出发,经常把可消化氨基酸与可利用氨基酸看作等同的概念。目前普遍认同的是饲粮蛋白质和氨基酸的消化率测定应在回肠水平而不是粪水平。但由于回肠食糜蛋白中包含了相当数量的非日粮蛋白质(内源和微生物),M oughan等(1989)研究报道,代谢氨基酸及胃肠道内源氨基酸的损失占生长猪氨基酸维持需要量的绝大部分。D eLange等(1995)也研究报道,内源氮损失在畜禽维持氮需要中所占的比例最大。因此,准确量化回肠末端内源氨基酸流量的方法学问…     

差量法真消化率及内源AA的排泄量测定猪回肠AA的

本文探讨了采用差量法测定猪对豆粕氨基酸(AA)的消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量的可行性。试验测得豆粕在16%、10%日粮蛋白水平上的表观氨基酸消化率分别为81.84%、78.59%,以差量法求得真消化率为87.87%。研究结果表明,差量法可以作为测定猪氨基酸真消化率和内源氨基酸排泄量的新方法。     

鸡饲料氨基酸消化率的研究

１　氨基酸消化率日粮蛋白对动物营养需要的满足依赖于日粮中蛋白质的含量和氨基酸组成,以及动物对氨基酸的利用效率。由于氨基酸的利用率是由消化吸收和在体内的利用两部分决定的,目前人们采用消化率来表示利用率。氨基酸消化率有“表观消化率”和“真消化率”之分,其计算公式如下：氨基酸表观消化率＝食入氨基酸量－粪中排出的氨基酸量食入氨基酸量氨基酸真消化率＝食入氨基酸量－粪中排出的氨基酸量＋粪中内源氨基酸量食入氨基酸量２　氨基酸消化率的测定方法测定鸡饲料氨基酸消化率方法有体外法和活体法。体外法有染料结合物（ＤＢＬ…     

标准回肠消化率在肉鸡饲料原料氨基酸营养价值评定中的应用

为了获得最佳生产性能,配制满足家禽营养需要的日粮配方和将排泄到环境中的过多养分降到最低,已显得尤为重要。关于蛋白质饲料原料,多通过表观回肠消化率反映其利用率。以表观回肠消化率值为基础配制日粮,低估了饲料原料的氨基酸消化率,导致排泄物中养分含量增加。通过内源氨基酸基础损失校正表观回肠消化率所得的标准回肠消化率,能克服表观回肠消化率的局限性。作者讨论了标准回肠氨基酸消化率和内源氨基酸基础损失的估测方法,并对其在肉鸡饲料原料氨基酸营养价值评定中的应用作一总结。     

A Comparative Study of the Difference Method and the Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Casein Method for Determining True Amino Acid Digestibilities and Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Duck Feed

In this study, we examined the variations between the difference method and the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method for determining endogenous amino acid loss and the true amino acid digestibility in ducks fed normal protein-containing diets. These methods were compared to the nitrogen-free (N-free) diet method. The difference method was based on soybean meal as the only protein source, with the experimental diets containing crude protein levels at 15% and 20%. The enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method was based on enzyme-hydrolyzed casein meal as the protein source, with the experimental diet containing a crude protein level of 17.5%. The N-free diet was prepared with starches and paper fibers. In each method, 64 Tianfu meat drakes (7-weeks-old) with an average body weight of 2.77 ± 0.16 kg were used and divided into four groups, and fed four different diets. Each group contained four replicates of four drakes and they were force fed trial diets according to the Sirbald method for detecting their apparent amino acid digestibility, endogenous amino acid loss and true amino acid digestibility. The results demonstrated that using the difference, enzyme-hydrolyzed casein and N-free diet methods, endogenous amino acid losses were 0.9946, 1.2243 and 0.9297 mg/g dry matter intake (DMI), respectively. The true amino acid digestibility measured by the difference method was 88.93% ± 4.43%. Using the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20%, the digestibility was 91.15% ± 4.33% and 91.97% ± 4.16%, respectively, and by the N-free diet methods with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20%, it was 88.55% ± 4.29% and 88.82% ± 4.61%, respectively. The results suggested that when the dietary protein level was 15% to 20 %, the true amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid loss as determined by the difference method was more accurate than the values determined by the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method.     

A Comparative Study of the Difference Method and the Enzyme-Hydrolyzed Casein Method for Determining True Amino Acid Digestibilities and Endogenous Amino Acid Losses in Duck Feed

In this study,we examined the variations between the difference method and the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method for determining endogenous amino acid loss and the true amino acid digestibility in ducks fed normal protein-containing diets.These methods were compared to the nitrogen-free(N-free)diet method.The difference method was based on soybean meal as the only protein source,with the experimental diets containing crude protein levels at 15% and 20%.The enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method was based on enzyme-hydrolyzed casein meal as the protein source,with the experimental diet containing a crude protein level of 17.5%.The N-free diet was prepared with starches and paper fibers.In each method,64 Tianfu meat drakes(7-weeks-old)with an average body weight of 2.77±0.16 kg were used and divided into four groups,and fed four different diets.Each group contained four replicates of four drakes and they were force fed trial diets according to the Sirbald method for detecting their apparent amino acid digestibility,endogenous amino acid loss and true amino acid digestibility.The results demonstrated that using the difference,enzyme-hydrolyzed casein and N-free diet methods,endogenous amino acid losses were 0.9946,1.2243 and 0.9297 mg/g dry matter intake(DMI),respectively.The true amino acid digestibility measured by the difference method was 88.93%±4.43%.Using the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20%,the digestibility was 91.15%±4.33% and 91.97%±4.16%,respectively,and by the N-free diet methods with two dietary crude protein levels of 15% and 20%,it was 88.55%±4.29% and 88.82%±4.61%,respectively.The results suggested that when the dietary protein level was 15% to 20 %,the true amino acid digestibility and endogenous amino acid loss as determined by the difference method was more accurate than the values determined by the enzyme-hydrolyzed casein method.     

Invited review: Amino acid bioavailability and digestibility in pig feed ingredients: terminology and application

In this review, the terminology that is used to describe the bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA in pig feed ingredients is defined. Aspects of the methodology to establish bioavailability and ileal digestibility values also are discussed, and recommendations about the use of these values are provided. Two main factors can contribute to differences between bioavailability and ileal digestibility of AA. First, some AA, such as Lys, may be absorbed in chemical complexes that preclude their use for metabolism. Second, fermentation in the upper gut may result in a net loss or gain of AA to the animal. In addition, dietary effects on the efficiency of using bioavailable AA intake for tissue growth or milk production should be considered and may be attributed to endogenous AA losses in the hindgut and the metabolic costs associated with endogenous gut protein synthesis and losses. Ileal digestibility values may be expressed as apparent ileal digestibility (AID), standardized ileal digestibility (SID), or true ileal digestibility (TID). These terms are used to specify how ileal endogenous AA losses are reflected in digestibility values. Ileal endogenous AA losses may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses, which are induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as levels and types of fiber and antinutritional factors. Values for AID are established when total ileal outflow of AA (i.e., the sum of endogenous losses and nondigested dietary AA) is related to dietary AA intake. A concern with the use of AID values is that these are not additive in mixtures of feed ingredients. This concern may be overcome by correcting AID values for defined basal endogenous losses of AA, which yields SID values. Furthermore, if the AID values are corrected for basal and specific endogenous losses, then values for TID are calculated. However, reliable procedures to routinely measure specific endogenous losses are not yet available. It is recommended that basal ileal endogenous losses of AA should be measured in digestibility experiments using a defined protein-free diet and that these losses are reported with observed AID and SID values. It is suggested that SID values should be used for feed formulation, at least until more information on TID values becomes available.     

Progress in ileal endogenous amino acid flow research in poultry

The progress in our understanding of the endogenous protein concept over the past century is reviewed. Nondietary proteins found in the digesta at the terminal ileum of poultry, known as endogenous protein loss, are comprised of digestive secretions, mucus and sloughed gut epithelial cells. The measurement of this loss is of fundamental importance because it is an indicator of gut metabolism and is essential to adjust apparent estimates of ileal amino acid digestibility. The ileal endogenous amino acid losses comprise of two components, namely basal and specific losses. The basal losses are fixed and associated with feed dry matter intake, whereas the specific losses are variable and induced by the presence of dietary components such as fibre and anti-nutrients. Currently there is no methodology available to directly measure the specific endogenous losses and these losses are calculated by determining the basal and total(basal plus specific) losses and, then subtracting the basal losses from total losses.The seminal features, specific applications and shortcomings of available methodologies are briefly outlined as well as the practical challenges faced in using the published endogenous amino acid loss values for true digestibility corrections. The relevance of taurine as a component of endogenous protein flow in poultry is identified for the first time.     

Definition of apparent, true, and standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in pigs

Measures of ileal digestibility (ID) are used routinely as estimates of amino acid (AA) bio-availability in pig feed ingredients. Values for ID may be expressed as apparent (AID), standardized (SID), or true (TID). Values for AID are calculated by deducting the total ileal outflow of AA (the sum of endogenous losses (IAA_end) and non-digested dietary AA) from dietary AA intake. The IAA_end may be separated into basal losses, which are not influenced by feed ingredient composition, and specific losses induced by feed ingredient characteristics such as anti-nutritional factors and dietary fiber. If the AID values are corrected for total IAA_end, then values for TID are calculated. Lack of additivity of AID values in feed formulation may be overcome by correcting AID values for basal IAA_end only, which yields SID values. Until reliable procedures for the routine measurement of specific IAA_end become available, it is suggested that SID values are used for feed formulation. It is advisable that basal IAA_end are measured in digestibility experiments and that these losses are reported with SID values.     

高油玉米在猪和家禽中氨基酸消化率和能量利用率的研究

通过两个试验测定了两种高油玉米和普通玉米在猪和家禽中营养物质消化率和有效能。试验1选用48只33周龄海兰蛋用种公鸡,随机分为4个处理,每个处理12只鸡。前3个处理分别给每只家禽强饲50g待测原料测定氨基酸消化率,第4个处理作为对照组,绝食法测定内源排出量。试验2使用6头去势公猪,通过手术置入T型瘘管,采用重复拉丁方设计测定3种玉米的氨基酸回肠消化率和营养物质消化率。试验结果显示,随着玉米籽粒含油量的上升,两种高油玉米的总能分别比普通玉米提高了4 29%和6 23%;粗蛋白含量也分别较普通玉米提高了17 26%和35 19%。高油玉米家禽真代谢能、猪消化能和代谢能显著高于普通玉米(P<0 05);家禽氨基酸消化率3个玉米品种差异不显著。猪回肠氨基酸消化率随玉米籽粒蛋白质含量的提高有上升的趋势,其中高油玉米B的异亮氨酸,苯丙氨酸和天门冬氨酸消化率显著高于普通玉米(P<0 05);酪氨酸消化率高油玉米显著优于普通玉米(P<0 05)。平均氨基酸消化率高油玉米B高于普通玉米(P<0 05)。研究结果证实高油玉米品种比普通玉米含有更多的能量和必需氨基酸,而且氨基酸消化率和有效能含量都优于普通玉米,是一种优质高效的饲料原料。     

Ileal amino-acid digestibility of wheat, autoclaved wheat and spaghetti by-products for broiler chicks

An experiment was conducted to determine true and apparent ileal amino‐acid digestibility of a native cultivar of wheat (Mahdavi), autoclaved wheat (120°C for 30 min) and spaghetti by‐products available in Iran. One hundred 21‐day‐old broiler chickens were fed a standard corn–soybean meal starter diet from day 0 to 28 post hatch. At 28 days 80 chicks were distributed according to possessing very nearly the same average bodyweight to 20 wire cages. The experimental units were allocated at random to five dietary treatments with four replicates per treatment. The basal diet contained corn and soybean meal as the major ingredients. Three test diets were formulated containing wheat, autoclaved wheat and spaghetti by‐products as the sole source of dietary protein and each test diet was combined with a basal diet 50:50 on a weight basis to form three assay diets. The apparent and true digestibility of amino acid in the test ingredients were estimated from those in the assay diets basal/test diet mixtures, using the difference method. The apparent and true amino‐acid digestibility of the test ingredients were significantly different (P < 0.01). Autoclaving of wheat increase its amino‐acid digestibility (P < 0.01). Among the test ingredients, the average ileal amino‐acid digestibility of spaghetti by‐products was higher than wheat and autoclaved wheat but it was lower than values for the basal diet (P < 0.01).     

Estimation of endogenous protein and amino acid ileal losses in weaned piglets by regression analysis using diets with graded levels of casein

Background： Many studies have investigated endogenous loss of proteins and amino acids （AAs） at the ileal level in growing pigs. However, only a few studies have researched this subject in piglets. Knowledge regarding AA ileal digestibility in piglets would be helpful during the formulation of diets for weaning piglets, rather than just using coefficients obtained in growing pigs. Therefore, in this study, we sought to estimate endogenous protein and AA ileal losses in piglets. Furthermore, apparent and true ileal digestibility （AID and TID） of protein and AAs from casein were measured. Results： The average flow of protein was 20.8 g/kg of dry matter intake （DMI）. Basal protein loss, as estimated by regression, was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid （2.2, 1.4, and 1.2 g/kg DMI, respectively） were the AAs for which greater losses were seen. The AID of protein and AAs increased as the protein level in the diet increased. A higher increment in AID was observed between diets with 80 and160 g CP/kg of feed; this finding was mainly attributable to increases in glycine and arginine （46.1% and 18%, respectively）. The TID of protein was 97.8, and the TID of AAs varied from 93.9 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine. Conclusions： The basal endogenous protein loss in piglets was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Endogenous protein was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine, which represented 32.7% of endogenous protein loss in weaning piglets. The TID of casein was high and varied from 93.0 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine.