近似法计量施用有机肥料对培肥水稻土土壤的研究

用近似法计量施用有机肥培肥土壤，测定土壤有机质矿化率和农肥及作物根茬的腐殖化系数。5a试验结果表明，土壤有机质矿化率在轻壤质良水型水稻土上平均为2．44％，轻壤质滞水型水稻土上平均为1．39％。有机质的腐殖化系数：马粪为35％-40％；猪粪为28％-34％；水稻根茬为45％。根据上述结果，计算了有机肥的建议施肥量，该计算值在水稻土上基本符合生产实际情况。     

长期培肥对土壤肥力及玉米产量的影响

在吉林省中部重点产粮区的黑土上进行了近30年的土壤定位培肥研究。结果表明,连续30年不施肥料,耕层土壤有机质含量年均减少0.1 g/kg左右,单施化肥土壤有机质年平均矿化率约为0.38%,施入不同数量有机肥及与化肥配合施用的耕层土壤有机质平均年增加0.3 g/kg左右,土壤全氮含量的变化与土壤有机质趋势相同。施用有机肥可以降低土壤容重,下降幅度在0～0.06 g/cm³,不施肥和单施化肥区土壤容重呈增加趋势。施用高量有机肥,耕层土壤总孔隙、田间持水孔隙增加。长年施用有机肥的玉米产量与单施化肥的处理基本相同。有机－无机肥配施有利于土壤有机质的积累,改善耕层土壤理化性状,玉米产量稳定增加。     

旱地玉米施用有机肥的定位研究

7年定位研究在旱地土壤进行.结果表明:连年施用有机肥,可增加土壤有机质和各种养分,提高土壤供肥能力,增强保水性能,改善土壤结构;连年施用化肥,土壤有机质逐年减少;玉米根茬还田有利于培肥土壤;施用化肥配施有机肥并根茬还田,对增强旱地土壤供肥、保水能力、提高玉米产量起促进作用。     

江苏建湖县不同土种养分含量及小麦基础产量的比较

为掌握不同土种对土壤N素的供应能力,通过不同土种N素养分来精确定量施用肥料,发展小麦生产,研究江苏省建湖县不同土种N素养分和种植小麦基础产量之间的相关性。设供试土种8个,每个土种设4个不施N肥空白小区,共32个;每个土种设置2个常规施肥区,共16个;总共试验小区48个。以当地主推品种宁麦13号为供试品种。结果表明,潴育型水稻土类4个土种中的田间土壤有机质、碱解氮含量及不施用N肥空白小区小麦基础产量要明显高于脱潜型水稻土类4个土种,速效磷含量2个土类较接近。潴育型水稻土类4个土种土壤N肥当季利用率平均为40.5%,而脱潜型水稻土类4个土种土壤N肥田间当季利用率平均为35.3%。同一土种不同农田土壤中的有机质、全氮与碱解氮含量相对较为稳定,潴育型水稻土类4个土种土壤氮当季利用率大于脱潜型水稻土类4个土种。     

栗钙土施肥土壤有机碳特性与平衡调控研究

有机无机肥配施明显改善了栗钙土土壤有机 C特性 ,土壤总有机 C、易氧化 C、重组 C、有机 C复合量增大 ,提高了土壤有机 C活性 ,松、稳和紧结态 C含量增加 ,且以紧、松结态 C为主 ,同砂质栗钙土相比 ,壤质草甸栗钙土呈现紧结态 C向稳结态 C转化趋势。不同有机物料在砂质栗钙土和壤质草甸栗钙土上腐殖化系数分别变化于 0 .2 5～ 0 .68和 0 .4 1～ 0 .72之间 ,矿化率则分别变化于 2 .86%～ 4 .53%和 1 .1 0 %～ 3.77%之间。维持高水平土壤有机 C平衡的有机物料临界施用量砂质栗钙土需秸秆类肥 1 1 2 56.5kg· hm-2或畜粪肥1 0 953.4 kg·hm-2或农家肥 32 1 76.5kg· hm-2 ,而壤质草甸栗钙土则需秸秆类肥 7379.2 kg· hm-2或畜粪肥681 4 .0 kg·hm-2或农家肥 1 4 1 58.1 kg· hm-2。     

海南水稻土养分状况分析与质量评价

采用网格布点法收集海南岛较大的洋田水稻土样52份,分析测定土样的pH值、全磷、全氮、全钾和有机质5个养分指标,并对其进行分析与评价。结果表明：海南水稻土为酸性土壤,其pH值平均为5.94;海南水稻土养分水平以中低级为主,占总数的74.9%,普遍表现为土壤有机质和钾的含量低;不同母质形成的水稻土之间土壤养分差异不显著。     

水稻覆膜插秧节水栽培技术研究

水稻覆膜插秧节水栽培可促进土壤有机质的分解与矿化 ,提高土壤氧化还原电位 ,增强土壤微生物活性 ;使根层土温日增 0 1～ 3 6℃ ;促进水稻生长与发育 ,加速生育进程 ,提高光能利用率 ;与常规栽培相比增产 2 2 5～ 4 17kg/hm2 ,增效 2 61 0～ 4 51 5元 ;节省灌溉用水 5598m3/hm2 ;提高氮肥利用率 10 1个百分点 ;减少病虫危害 ,灭草效果可达 80 1%～ 91 0 %     

论玉米在农田生态中的地位 Ⅱ.玉米秸秆和根茬在农田生态中的重要地位

玉米不仅粮食产量高,秸秆、根茬的数量也很大。玉米的秸秆、根茬还田后在土壤中发挥着非腐解有机物的培肥作用,不仅成为土壤有机质的重要给源,而且使土壤中已渐老化的腐殖物质得到更新,从而保持地力常新。这对保持一个良性循环的农田生态系统具有重要意义。传统农业认为刨除根茬才算“精耕细作”的观念要改变,建立根茬还田(保留根茬)的农作制度,以充分发挥玉米在农田生态中的积极作用。     

玉米秸秆不同还田方式对土壤有机质及微生物数量的影响

2011～2015年采用玉米田间原位定位试验方法,探讨农户常规种植(根茬还田)、根茬+1/3秸秆还田、根茬+秸秆全量粉碎耕翻还田对土壤有机质及土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,根茬还田(对照)土壤有机质年下降0.14 g/kg,根茬+1/3秸秆还田和根茬+全部秸秆还田处理土壤有机质年分别提高0.03 g/kg和0.26 g/kg。同时,秸秆还田能显著增加细菌、真菌、放射菌、自生固氮菌、硝化细菌、纤维素分解菌的总体数量。根茬+1/3秸秆还田和根茬+秸秆全量粉碎耕翻还田后可使土壤有机质年提高,是吉林中部黑土农田提高土壤有机质可行的农艺措施。     

水稻覆膜插秧节水栽培技术研究

水稻覆盖插秧节水栽培可促进土壤有机质的分解与矿化，提高土壤氧化还原电位，增强土壤微生物活性；使根层土温日增0.1～3.6℃；促进水稻生产与发育，加速生育进程，提高光能利用率；与常规栽培相比增产225～417kg/hm^2，增效261.0～451.5元；节省灌溉用水5598m^3/hm^2；提高氮肥利用率10.1个百分点；减少病虫危害，灭草效果可达80.1%～91.0%。     

有机无机肥配施对冬水田水稻产量和耕层土壤性质的影响

在农业生产要求全面减施化肥农药的大背景下,综合评价四川冬水稻田区有机无机配施对水稻产量和土壤肥力的效应具有一定意义。本试验在冬水稻田区,比较了在等氮量替代条件下,无N(CK)、单施化肥N、P、K(T1)、30%有机肥N+70%化肥N(T2)、50%有机肥N+50%化肥N(T3)、100%有机肥N(T4)等处理的水稻产量、氮肥利用和土壤肥力变化情况。结果表明,有机无机肥配施处理的水稻产量较CK增加17.29%~31.43%,T2处理最高,且明显提高了氮肥利用率、氮肥农学效率和氮肥偏生产力;有机无机肥配施具有提升土壤有机质、培肥地力的作用。可见,冬水稻田区适宜的有机肥替代方案为30%有机N+70%化肥N,既可稳定水稻产量、降低成本,又可提高氮素利用率和降低对农田环境的不良影响。     

Effect of rice straw management and organic fertilizer application on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice

The objectives of this research were to investigate the effect of rice straw management and application of different types of organic fertilizer on growth and yield of dry direct-seeded rice grown under rainfed conditions. The experiment was conducted in a farmer’s field at Muang Yai village, Khon Kaen province in 2005. A split-plot design was used, with the main plot under rice straw management (incorporating into the soil and burning), and sub-plots by type of organic fertilizer (green manure, cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer) and one plot under no-fertilizer application. It was found that rice straw incorporated into the soil had no significant effect on grain yield when compared with the effect of burning. Organic fertilizer of cattle manure and powder organic fertilizer significantly increased grain yield over that of green manure and no-fertilizer application. This paper is listed as a series of articles of the special issue “Water and Food” 6(1), March 2008.     

施肥结构对茶园土壤氮素营养及茶叶产量品质的影响

通过设置施氮水平、有机肥与化肥配施比双因素田间试验,研究了不同施肥结构对茶园土壤有机质和氮素营养、春茶产量和品质的影响。结果表明,与不施肥处理相比,各种施肥处理均能有效提高茶园土壤有机质和全氮含量,且均在900βkg·hm^-2的施氮水平下75%有机肥+25%化肥处理效果最为显著;施肥可以显著提高春茶芽叶密度、百芽重等产量指标;有机肥比例高于25%的氮素处理能显著提高春茶的品质指标,有机肥比例50%以上时效果更好。     

A framework for determining the efficient combination of organic materials and mineral fertilizer applied in maize cropping

Application of organic manures and composts in crop production has been strongly encouraged in many places but often without due consideration to their quality and price. Since organic amendments can vary greatly in composition and mineralization rate, a framework is needed to make rational choices on their use as replacements of inorganic fertilizer, especially when considering poor quality organic materials. A field experiment was carried out with maize grown annually for 5 years on a Rhodic Kandiustox in Thailand to test response to mineral fertilizer (at 0-0 to 125-55 kg N-P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹), compost (0.59% N, 0.31% P and 0.55% K at 0-7500 kg ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) and stubble removal. The DSSAT model was calibrated to predict yields using the first year's trial data and then used to predict treatment yields for the following 4 years. The Seasonal Analysis module of DSSAT using Dominance Analysis showed that mineral fertilizer (125-55 kg N-P ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) with stubble return gave the highest net profit whereas the highest rate of compost without mineral fertilizer gave the biggest loss. The yield response was attributed primarily to N supply rather than P. Effects of compost, mineral fertilizer, stubble management, and their interactions on yield and profit were not related to bulk density or soil available water capacity even though soil organic matter (SOM) levels increased. With stubble return, the highest rate of mineral fertilizer increased SOM whereas with compost application or stubble removal it did not. The DSSAT simulation of yield indicated that the low quality compost would only be as profitable as mineral fertilizer if the N concentrations are 3-4 times higher than the present compost (1.8-2.4% N) or if the compost price is greatly reduced. The DSSAT yield simulation and Seasonal Analysis provided a framework whereby the suitability of compost as a N fertilizer replacement for maize could be determined based on its composition, rate of application and price. Further validation of this approach is needed where the organic amendments have significant effects on soil physical properties and where other nutrients besides N are a significant factor in the crop yield response.     

不同栽培措施集成对稻茬小麦产量、农艺及光合特性的影响

为探究不同栽培措施集成对稻茬小麦产量及农艺和光合特性的影响,以小麦品种扬麦16和扬麦20为材料,设置氮空白、当地常规(对照)、减氮、减密减氮、施有机肥、施蚓粪6种栽培措施处理,对不同栽培措施下稻茬小麦产量、干物质积累与转运、冠层光合特性等进行了分析。结果表明,两个品种的产量在不同栽培措施下均表现为施有机肥>施蚓粪>减密减氮>当地常规>减氮>氮空白。与对照相比,两个品种的平均产量在减密减氮、施有机肥和施蚓粪栽培处理下分别提高了7.45%、22.33%和11.02%,而这主要得益于穗数、穗粒数与千粒重的同步提高。各栽培措施处理均显著增加了小麦茎蘖成穗率、拔节期至成熟期的干物质积累量、干物质向籽粒中的分配量及其对籽粒产量的贡献率,提高了开花期的叶面积、比叶重、叶片氮含量和拔节期至成熟期旗叶的净光合速率、蒸腾速率、气孔导度,降低了开花期的株高、叶角、透光率以及拔节期至成熟期的冠层温度。综合来看,在江苏稻茬麦区,扬麦16和扬麦20均在基本苗192×10株·hm^-2、施氮量216 kg·hm^-2和有机肥施用量1 800 kg·hm^-2条件下可以获得较好的群体质量和冠层光合特性,进而实现高产。     

Orchardgrass response to different types,rates and application patterns of dairy manure

Manure management is a difficult task on many intensive dairy farms. Crops that can utilize large quantities of manure N, yield quality forage with larger rates of manure application, and allow manure spreading at different times in a year can simplify that task. A study was conducted in 1990 and 1991 on a Copake sandy loam soil (mixed mesic) in New Milford, Connecticut. The objectives were: (1) to measure and compare dry matter (DM) response of orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) to different amounts and application times of N fertilizer and liquid and solid cattle manure; and (2) to determine crop uptake of fertilizer and manure N. Fertilizer and liquid and solid manure were applied to the soil surface annually in amounts of 150, 300 or 450 kg N ha⁻¹ in one, two or four equal applications. Orchardgrass dry matter production increased over the entire range of N amounts from all sources. Yields varied from approximately 2500 kg DM ha⁻¹ for control plots (0 kg N) to 10600 kg for plots receiving 450 kg N ha⁻¹ either as fertilizer or liquid manure. Crop response to liquid manure application was greater in year one with abundant rainfall than in year two with dry conditions during most of the growing season, whereas crop response to solid manure application improved in the second year, due to the availability of residual organic N. Orchardgrass was more sensitive to the timing of fertilizer N application than to manure N application. Despite the large differences in weather patterns experienced during this study, analysis of application patterns indicated that manure could be applied throughout the growing season to crop stubble (post-harvest) with comparable rates of uptake overall. N uptake in control plots averaged 56 kg N ha⁻¹ for both years, compared to 340 kg N ha ⁻¹ for fertilizer plots, 250 kg N ha ⁻¹ for liquid manure plots and 190 kg N ha⁻¹ for solid manure plots receiving 450 kg total N ha ⁻¹.     

长期培肥下红黄壤区茶园土壤酶活性的变化

通过红黄壤区茶园长期培肥试验,研究不施肥、全量化肥、半量化肥+半量有机肥、全量有机肥、全量化肥+豆科绿肥、半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥等不同培肥模式对土壤蛋白酶、脲酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶和磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明,各培肥模式均能不同程度提高土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和磷酸酶的活性,特别是半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥的培肥模式可显著增强这3种酶的活性,分别增加了2.82、7.73、0.33倍,而长期施用化肥对这些酶活性的促进作用则较小。此外,土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、阳离子交换量、土壤含水量、茶树株高及茶叶产量与土壤蛋白酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性均有显著正相关性,说明这些酶对培肥模式的变化反应灵敏,可作为红黄壤区茶园土壤肥力水平和茶树生长状况的评价指标;而与过氧化氢酶活性的相关性较弱,该酶活性不能较好地表征土壤肥力状况。因此,半量化肥+半量有机肥+豆科绿肥的培肥模式更有利于加快土壤中氮、磷等营养元素的循环,增加茶树的养分供应。     

叶面喷施调节肥对寒地水稻生长及产量形成的影响

以水稻空育131(主茎11叶)为材料,通过叶面喷施调节肥,比较了不同处理之间水稻生长及产量形成的差异,确定了适宜的调节肥施用量及喷叶期。结果表明:调节肥叶喷施用量为整个生育期氮肥用量的10%和15%更有利于提高水稻成穗率和增加平方米茎数,其中15%施用量对各节间长度的配比效果最佳;3个处理均显著提高了抽穗后15～20 d干物质积累量,其中6.1～6.5叶期喷干物质积累为最多,8.1～8.5叶期喷次之。