肌肉发生相关长链非编码RNA研究进展

肌肉参与机体的运动、协调和体温调节等一系列生命活动,同时畜禽肌肉是人类重要的蛋白质来源。肌肉发生过程中的不同调控机制可引起肌肉发育的阶段性差异,而整个肌肉发育主要以两个时期（胚胎期和出生后）的发育状态体现。长链非编码RNA（lncRNA）是一类不具有蛋白编码能力且长度>200 nt的RNA分子。近年来,随着基因组学和分子生物学技术的高速发展,发现lncRNA广泛参与到肌肉发育的各个阶段,以多种作用机制调控肌肉的发育过程。作者介绍了肌肉的发育过程,综述了目前发现的与肌肉发育相关的lncRNAs及其作用机制,并阐述其在肌肉发育的不同阶段发挥的重要作用,为进一步研究肌肉发育相关lncRNAs提供了参考。     

Akt 基因对肌肉细胞发育的表观调控

 
Akt是真核细胞中非常重要的丝/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在细胞生长、增殖、分化、代谢和细胞运动方面都有重要作用。论文从Akt结构与功能、Akt调控成肌细胞增殖与分化、Akt调控表观修饰、肌细胞分化与组蛋白甲基化、Akt调控成肌细胞基因表达、问题与展望等方面论述了Akt基因对肌肉细胞发育的表观调控,以期为畜禽肌肉发育和分化研究提供依据。     

MicroRNAs在畜禽肌肉生长发育中的研究进展

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是近年来研究较为广泛的一种短小RNA,主要通过转录后调控参与真核生物细胞多种生理和病理过程。动物产肉性状为一数量性状,肌纤维是肌肉的组成单位,主要由肌球蛋白组成,而肌球蛋白的合成受到了内外环境的高度调控。作者就近年来miRNAs在主要畜禽肌肉生长和发育过程中的研究进行了综述,为相关研究提供参考。     

microRNA与猪肌肉发育

MicroRNAs(miRNAs)是一类内源性的具有调控功能的非编码RNA,成熟的miRNAs可通过与靶基因的3′UTR结合,从而发挥对靶向基因负调控作用。目前,研究人员已经证明miRNA在机体的生长、发育、繁殖、分化和凋亡等生理过程中发挥重要的作用。猪肌肉发育的相关研究备受关注,猪肌肉的发育与其他动物一样,受众多基因的调控,这些基因的表达和翻译同时受miRNAs的调控。本文对miRNAs与猪肌肉发育的相关性进行了系统的分析,提出miRNAs在猪生产中的研究和应用的某些展望。     

DNA甲基化与去甲基化调控肌肉发育研究进展

肌肉发育是一个复杂的生物学过程,其调控机制尚不完善。但近年来表观遗传修饰对肌肉发育的调控作用逐渐成为热点领域,研究发现DNA甲基化与去甲基化修饰对肌肉发生与发育起到重要的调控作用。肌肉干细胞特异位点通过DNA甲基化修饰,影响肌肉发育过程关键基因的表达,进而调控早期发育的生肌过程。本文主要围绕肌肉发育过程中DNA甲基化及去甲基化修饰的变化、重要的甲基转移酶和去甲基化酶以及营养物质通过DNA甲基化修饰影响肌肉发生的作用进行论述。     

非编码RNAs在肉牛肌肉发育和脂肪沉积中的研究进展

肌肉和脂肪作为动物机体的主要组成部分,同时是畜牧生产中重要的经济性状。动物肌肉发育和脂肪沉积都是复杂的生物学过程,受到严密而精确的调控。近年来研究表明,非编码RNAs作为一类调节因子,在肌肉发育和脂肪沉积过程中发挥重要调控作用。牛肉是我国主要的肉类来源之一。肉牛肌肉发育和脂肪沉积过程与牛肉产量和牛肉品质密切相关。本文在简要概括肉牛肌肉发育、脂肪沉积过程和非编码RNAs作用机制的基础上,详细总结了非编码RNAs(微小RNA、长链非编码RNA和环状RNA)在肉牛肌肉发育和脂肪沉积中的最新生物学功能研究进展,并对非编码RNAs在肉牛肌肉发育和脂肪沉积中的研究进行展望,以期为今后非编码RNAs在肉牛营养调控和分子育种方面的研究提供科学理论依据和参考。     

色氨酸及其代谢物调控肌肉生长发育的研究进展

色氨酸是一种必需氨基酸，食物中的色氨酸在动物的肠道、肝脏和脑等组织代谢中产生犬尿氨酸、犬尿酸、5-羟色胺、褪黑素、吲哚及吲哚衍生物等多种代谢产物。近年来，一些研究指出色氨酸及其不同代谢物会对动物肌肉生长、发育和生理功能产生不同的调控影响。本文主要综述了色氨酸及其主要代谢物的代谢途径及肌肉生长发育的作用机制，以期为畜禽肉品生产改良提供新的思路。     

动物成肌分化及非编码RNA调控研究进展

肌细胞分化密切关系到肉用动物的肌肉产量,也与人类的一系列疾病(如肌肉萎缩、心脏病等)密切相关。胚胎成肌分化期决定了肌纤维数量,是动物骨骼肌发育的关键时期。动物成肌分化及骨骼肌发育严格受各种细胞信号分子和转录因子调控,其中microRNA(miRNA)和lncRNA发挥着重要作用。本文从动物胚胎成肌分化及调控途径、卫星细胞的分化及调控、非编码RNA对肌肉形成的调控等方面进行综述,并展望了畜禽动物骨骼肌生长发育分子调控机制的研究方向,为提高畜禽肌肉产量与质量提供一定的分子理论参考。     

肌肉生成抑制素（MSTN）基因研究进展

肌肉生成抑制素(myostatin,MSTN),又称GDF-8（growth differentiation factor 8),是控制肌肉生长的负调控因子,也是近些年研究发现的又一影响畜禽瘦肉率、改善肉质性状的重要营养基因。它通过抑制MyoD家族成员转录活性负向调控肌细胞的生长发育,它的表达量与肌肉重量的变化呈负相关。本研究就MSTN的发现、基础研究及其在各种动物中的研究进展进行了综述,并讨论了该基因的应用前景。     

肌肉生长抑制素研究进展及其在家禽育种中的应用前景

肌肉生长抑制素(Myostatin,MSTN)是抑制肌细胞增殖与分化的关键基因,对骨骼肌生长发育起着负调控作用,还参与到机体脂肪沉积等其他生命过程中。在家禽生产中,产肉量和肉质是影响经济效益的重要指标,前者的主要影响因素是肌肉发育,后者的主要影响因素则是肌内脂肪分布。MSTN不仅能够调控肌肉生长,也能调控脂肪的发育,而这两者对于禽类产肉量和肉质均起到关键作用,提示MSTN可以在家禽育种中作为分子靶标,通过分子标记辅助育种、基因编辑等方法,提高家禽肌肉发育效率、提升产肉量、优化肌肉和脂肪分布,同时提高家禽育种效率。本文主要对MSTN的结构、表达特点、生物学功能及在家禽中的研究进展进行综述,并对利用该基因进一步提高家禽产肉量和肌内脂肪含量的方法进行了展望。     

Salmonella in pork cuttings in supermarkets and butchers' shops in Denmark in 2002 and 2006

The prevalence of Salmonella in fresh pork cuttings in Denmark in the years 2002 and 2006 was investigated at retail and compared with the retail supply pattern. A total of 1025 and 3473 samples were taken in 2002 from butcher's shops and supermarkets, respectively. The corresponding numbers in 2006 were 259 from butchers' shops and 628 from supermarkets. In 2002, 1.2% of all samples were positive for Salmonella; butchers' shops and supermarkets had 1.8% and 1.0% positive samples, respectively. The overall prevalence in 2006 was 4.2%, with prevalence of 8.1% and 2.6% for butchers' shops and supermarkets, respectively. Hence, increases around 3- to 5-fold were found. There was neither observed any parallel increase in Salmonella positive carcasses in Danish slaughterhouses during the study period, nor were any changes in supply routes towards slaughterhouses with higher prevalence observed, which could explain the apparent increase. We hypothesize that hygiene levels and ability to avoid cross-contamination and prevent growth of the organism, in the meat processing chain after slaughter were the most likely responsible factors. Results from this study indicate that the hygiene performance, particularly at retail, has a significant impact on the occurrence of Salmonella. This implies that there is no direct link between slaughterhouse Salmonella surveillance data and the level of Salmonella contamination at retail. To improve risk assessment of Salmonella in fresh pork meat, this study underlines the need for comprehensive retail data.     

Helminth and protozoan parasites in dogs and cats in Belgium

This study investigates the level of helminthic and protozoal infestation over the last 10 years in strays, well-cared-for dogs and cats. Determination of the prevalence of infections was based either on faecal examination or on worm counts at necropsy. Of 2324 faecal flotations (NaCl sp.gr. 1.20) of stray dogs, 34.2% had eggs or proglottids of one or more worm species consisting of Toxocara canis (17.4%), Toxascaris leonina (10.1%), Uncinaria stenocephala (11.4%), Trichuris vulpis (7.0%) and cestodes (2.1%). Isospora oocysts were observed in 5.2% of the dogs. The data on the distribution of the various worm species in the positive dogs indicate that T. canis eggs were by far the most common (50.9%). Necropsy data from 212 infected dogs indicate that 38.9% were infected with T. canis and 33.7% with T. leonina. The overall prevalence of worm infestation of 246 well-cared-for kennel dogs, based on worm egg counts by the McMaster technique, was 36.1%. Of 30 feline faecal samples examined by flotation, 83.3% were positive for parasites, including Toxocara cati (60%), Ancylostoma tubaeformae (36.6%), Taenia (Hydatigera) taeniaeformis (20%) and coccidia (30%). Toxocara cati was the most frequently found worm species at the necropsy of 25 cats (52%). Toxoplasma was not observed.     

Sanguinarine metabolism and pharmacokinetics study in vitro and in vivo

Sanguinarine (SA) is a benzo[c] phenanthridine alkaloid which has a variety of pharmacological properties. However, very little was known about the pharmacokinetics of SA and its metabolite dihydrosanguinarine (DHSA) in pigs. The purpose of this work was to study the intestinal metabolism of SA in vitro and in vivo. Reductive metabolite DHSA was detected during incubation of SA with intestinal mucosa microsomes, cytosol, and gut flora. After oral (p.o.) administration of SA, the result showed SA might be reduced to DHSA in pig intestine. After i.m. administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their peak concentrations (C_max, 30.16 ± 5.85, 5.61 ± 0.73 ng/ml, respectively) at 0.25 hr. Both compounds were completely eliminated from the plasma after 24 hr. After single oral administration, SA and DHSA rapidly increased to reach their C_max (3.41 ± 0.36, 2.41 ± 0.24 ng/ml, respectively) at 2.75 ± 0.27 hr. The half-life (T_1/2) values were 2.33 ± 0.11 hr and 2.20 ± 0.12 hr for SA and DHSA, respectively. After multiple oral administration, the average steady-state concentrations (C_ss) of SA and DHSA were 3.03 ± 0.39 and 1.42 ± 0.20 ng/ml. The accumulation indexes for SA and DHSA were 1.21 and 1.11. The work reported here provides important information on the metabolism sites and pharmacokinetic character of SA. It explains the reasons for low toxicity of SA, which is useful for the evaluation of its performance.     

Chlortetracycline in swine-bioavailability and pharmacokinetics in fasted and fed pigs

Chlortetracycline hydrochloride was administered intra-arterially (11 mg/kg) and as an oral drench (33 mg/kg) to ten 21.0-31.5-kg pigs. Five of the pigs were fasted 18 h prior to dosing and five of the pigs were fed ad libitum prior to dosing. The mean volume of distribution determined by area-under-the-curve calculations for the fasted pigs (0.967 +/- 0.210 l/kg) was significantly less (P less than 0.05) than the mean volume of distribution for the fed pigs (1.39 +/- 0.31 l/kg). Mean total body clearance of the drug was also significantly less (P less than 0.05) in the fasted pigs (0.165 +/- 0.055 l/kg/h) as compared to the fed pigs (0.307 +/- 0.053 l/kg/h). The elimination constants (beta) were not found to be statistically different (P less than 0.05): 0.1811 +/- 0.0057 for the fasted pigs; 0.2260 +/- 0.0461 for the fed pigs. The bioavailability for both groups was similar; 19.12 +/- 8.3% for the fasted pigs and 17.88 +/- 5.3% for the fed pigs. In a second experiment three groups of six pigs which weighed 34.5-44.1 kg were fed a corn-soy diet ad libitum. The rations were fortified with chlortetracycline at 100, 400 or 1000 mg chlortetracycline hydrochloride/kg feed. Chlortetracycline concentrations were determined in plasma samples collected over a 6-day period. Plasma chlortetracycline concentrations reach a plateau within 24 h after initial access to the trial diets and were highly correlated with the dose of the drug consumed (r2 = 0.97).     

2005年国内蛋、肉鸡市场分析回顾及2006年走势预测

2005年如果没有年底的禽流感疫情,对于我国蛋鸡、肉鸡生产来说应该是一个非常完美的丰收年,是哪些因素导致了2005年蛋鸡市场如此好的行情?2006年我国家禽市场又将走向何方?……作者对以上热点问题进行了深入分析研究,供读者参考。     

Pharmacokinetics of penicillin-G in ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation

Concentrations of penicillin-G in serum were determined after single intravenous doses of potassium penicillin-G (10 mg/kg body wt) to ewes and cows in late pregnancy and in early lactation. Penicillin-G in serum was analysed by a microbiological method and pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated by model-independent methods. Serum concentrations were lower in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. The differences were statistically significant at most sampling times in ewes but only during the first hour in cows.
Weight corrected values of clearance and volume of distribution were significantly higher in early lactation than in late pregnancy in both ewes and cows. Mean residence time and elimination-half life were shorter in lactating than in pregnant ewes, however for the latter parameter the difference was not statistically significant. Neither of these parameters changed in cows.
It is concluded that in both ewes and cows pharmacokinetic parameters of penicillin-G are altered from late pregnancy to early lactation but that these changes have little practical impact and do not call for a revised dosage regime of the studied drug.     

Housing of dogs and cats in shelters and kennels in Switzerland

The study deals with the situation regarding housing of dogs and cats in Swiss shelters and kennels. In shelters, dogs were mainly held inside a cubicle with a small outside yard. In kennels, housing of dogs took place mainly in inside rooms. Usually two or three dogs were kept together. Cats were held in rooms, with or without outside yards, mainly in groups; no establishment preferred exclusively the housing in cubicles. Shelters received on average 183 dogs and 262 cats each year. Among them, about a third were lost animals while the remaining ones were relinquished. The study highlights some possibilities for improvements and the great diversity of the establishments regarding their size, infrastructure, housing conditions and aims.