籽粒蛋白质含量不同的转基因水稻株系产量形成特点

水稻籽粒蛋白质含量与产量的关系仍不十分清楚。本试验以日本晴和以其为亲本通过转基因方式获得的5个籽粒蛋白质含量有明显差异的水稻株系为材料,在大田栽培条件下研究上述株系产量的形成特点。结果表明,在相同施氮量条件下,蛋白质含量高的水稻株系,其产量水平相对较低,结实率与籽粒蛋白质含量呈显著负相关。随着施氮水平的提高,各株系籽粒蛋白质含量和产量明显增加,产量增加的主要原因是单位面积穗数和每穗粒数的增加。抽穗前积累的干物质少,抽穗后叶片功能期相对较短,光合速率低,灌浆结实期茎秆中的干物质和非结构性碳水化合物向籽粒转运率低,引起结实率下降,是导致籽粒蛋白质含量高的水稻株系产量降低的重要生理原因。     

水氮配合对春小麦产量和品质的影响

在盆栽条件下，研究不同土壤水分和施氮量对春小麦产量和品质的影响。结果表明，当土壤相对含水量低于45％时，增施氮肥加重土壤水分胁迫，使籽粒产量、蛋白质产量以及籽粒粗蛋白含量均降低，而籽粒淀粉含量增加；当土壤相对含水量介于45％～75％时，增施氮肥能够缓解土壤干旱的不利影响，从而增加籽粒产量、蛋白质产量和籽粒粗蛋白含量，但降低籽粒淀粉含量，随着土壤水分状况的改善肥效提高；当土壤相时含水量高于75％时，增施氮肥虽然能提高籽粒粗蛋白含量，但以适量施用氮肥的籽粒产量和蛋白质产量最高。     

不同基因型小麦籽粒蛋白质合成动态及相关酶活性的研究

以蛋白质含量差异较大的小麦为材料,研究了不同营养水平下籽粒发育过程中蛋白质含量和谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸脱氢酶(GDH)活性的动态变化规律及关系,以及小麦生育期功能叶相关酶活性动态变化及与籽粒蛋白质含量的关系。结果表明,两种营养水平下蛋白质含量的动态变化都表现为“高-低-高”的变化趋势,不同品种籽粒的蛋白质积累过程品种间存在差异,PH82-2-2一直处于最高水平,而PH97-4一直处于最低水平,PH97-5在籽粒发育后期蛋白质含量超过济南17,低于PH82-2-2,高于PH97-4。籽粒GS活性在籽粒发育过程中总体呈下降趋势,籽粒蛋白质含量较高的品种,籽粒GS活性较高,反之,较低,PH82-2-2籽粒有较高的酶活性,PH97-4的酶活性较低,籽粒GS活性和蛋白质积累在两种营养水平下在花后21 d,相关显著。对于籽粒GDH活性,PH82-2-2和PH97-5表现趋势基本一致,而济南17和PH97-4表现基本一致,但和籽粒蛋白质积累相关不显著。功能叶片NR活性在开花期最高,高营养水平下起身期和开花期NR活性和籽粒蛋白质含量相关显著;营养水平高叶片GS活性高,品种间表现基本一致;GDH活性品种间表现不完全一致,叶片GS和GDH活性籽粒蛋白质含量相关不显著。     

播期和行距互作对小麦籽粒产量和品质的调控

为探明播期和行距对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响,于2019-2020年在连云港市稻麦综合示范基地以小麦品种连麦7号和淮麦45为供试材料,设置不同播期和行距处理,研究不同处理下小麦产量及其构成因素、籽粒蛋白质组分含量、加工品质和粉质参数的变化规律。结果表明,随着播期推迟,连麦7号和淮麦45的穗粒数、千粒重和籽粒产量均先增加后减少。在10月15日和10月30日播期下,2个小麦品种籽粒产量在行距25cm时最高。2个小麦品种籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量、加工品质和粉质参数等指标在10月15日和10月30日播期下表现较好,而11月15日播期下各行距处理的小麦品质均明显下降。随着行距增大,2个小麦品种湿面筋含量、吸水率、稳定时间和粉质质量指数不断提高,但3个行距处理间差异未达到显著水平。由以上可知,播期对小麦籽粒产量和品质的影响大于行距。综合分析可知,兼顾连麦7号和淮麦45高产优质的最佳播期和行距配置分别为10月30日、25cm和10月15日、25cm。     

水旱条件下小麦不同抗旱性品种籽粒蛋白质积累的差异及施氮量的调控效应

在水、旱两栽培条件下比较了农大189 (不抗旱品种)和晋麦47 (抗旱品种)的籽粒蛋白质积累及施氮的调控效应。与灌溉条件相比,旱地栽培提高了籽粒清蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白、总蛋白含量及谷/醇比,降低了球蛋白含量。旱作对农大189的籽粒蛋白质组分含量有显著影响,而对晋麦47籽粒球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、总蛋白、谷/醇比的影响不显著。旱作降低了籽粒谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、籽粒谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、籽粒谷丙转氨酶(GPT)、旗叶谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、旗叶谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)活性,且影响了籽粒GPT活性的变化趋势。旱作对蛋白质合成有关酶活性的影响表现为农大189大于晋麦47。随着施氮量的增加,籽粒蛋白质及其组分含量表现为增加趋势,且施氮的调控效应对晋麦47大于对农大189。不同栽培条件下各处理的籽粒GS、籽粒GOGAT、籽粒GPT、旗叶GOGAT活性与籽粒蛋白质产量呈显著正相关,而与籽粒蛋白质含量无显著相关。两品种旗叶GS活性与蛋白质产量的相关性不同。总之,抗旱品种的籽粒蛋白质积累受水分条件影响小于不抗旱品种,表现一定的抗旱能力;施用氮肥可提高籽粒蛋白质含量,抗旱品种的氮肥调控效应大于不抗旱品种。     

高密度条件下行距配置对春玉米光合特性及产量的影响

为探明在9.0万株/hm2高密度种植条件下旱地春玉米最佳的株行距配置,采用随机区组设计,12个处理(DH1.等行距40.0 cm,DH2.等行距50.0 cm,DH3.等行距60.0 cm,DH4.等行距70.0 cm,DH5.等行距80.0 cm,DH6.等行距90.0 cm,KH1.宽窄行(53.3 cm+26.7 cm),KH2.宽窄行(66.7 cm+33.3 cm),KH3.宽窄行(80.0 cm+40.0 cm),KH4.宽窄行(93.3 cm+46.7 cm),KH5.宽窄行(106.7 cm+53.3 cm),KH6.宽窄行(120.0 cm+60.0 cm))。3次重复,研究了行距配置对郑单958在旱地春播情况下产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明,随着行距的缩小,穗位叶SPAD值、穗位叶净光合速率、叶面积指数(LAI)、PAR截获率、单株干物质积累量、籽粒产量均提高;其中,50.0 cm+50.0 cm和66.7 cm+33.3 cm配置2年平均籽粒产量较90.0 cm+90.0 cm和120.0 cm+60.0 cm配置的平均产量提高24.3%,除2013年DH6处理产量显著高于KH6处理外,其余等行距处理和宽窄行处理之间产量无显著性差异。高密度条件下山西省春玉米最佳行距配置为50.0 cm+50.0 cm和66.7 cm+33.3 cm。     

播量、行距对裸燕麦籽粒品质的影响

以裸燕麦青引3号莜麦(Avena nudaL.cv.QingyinNo.3)为材料,研究了播量和行距对籽粒产量及籽粒品质的影响.结果表明,播量和行距对籽粒产量、β-葡聚糖含量,也对籽粒粗蛋白和粗脂肪及β-葡聚糖产量均有显著的影响.播量和行距也对裸燕麦籽粒粗蛋白、粗脂肪含量有影响.在播量120kg/hm2和行距20 cm处理下,裸燕麦籽粒、粗蛋白和粗脂肪及β-葡聚糖产量均达最高值.裸燕麦籽粒粗蛋白质Yp(kg/hm2)和粗脂肪Ye(kg/hm2)及β-葡聚糖产量Y(kg/hm2)可用其与N(kg/hm2)和P(P2O5,kg/hm2)肥间的二元二次回归方程估测.     

春小麦籽粒蛋白质含量与农艺性状的相关性研究

为了给专用小麦的相关研究提供依据,从疆内外引入了26个春小麦的品种,田间观察测定各品种的农艺性状以及籽粒蛋白质含量,对各个农艺性状以及籽粒蛋白质含量进行了相关分析和通径分析.结果表明:穗长与单株粒数呈显著正相关,穗叶距与单株粒数、穗长与穗叶距、芒长与穗长呈显著负相关,单株粒数与单株穗数、株高与穗叶距、容重与千粒重、籽粒蛋白质含量与千粒重呈极显著正相关,籽粒蛋白质含量与单株穗数、单株粒数呈极显著负相关.对籽粒蛋白质含量贡献最大的为千粒重,穗叶距、容重、株高与籽粒蛋白质含量的直接通径系数为正相关,对籽粒蛋白质含量有一定的贡献.而芒长、穗长、单株穗数、单株粒数与籽粒蛋白质含量的相关系数和通径系数均为负数,它们之间的增长是异向的.     

种植密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米群体光合特性的影响

在67 500株 hm^-2、90 000株hm^-2和112 500株hm^-2等3个种植密度条件下,研究了密度和行距配置对超高产夏玉米品种登海701产量和群体光合特性的影响。结果表明,随密度增加,籽粒产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、光合有效辐射(PAR)上层截获率、群体光合(CAP)和群体呼吸(CR)、干物质积累量均提高;而叶绿素含量、穗位叶层和下层PAR截获率则降低。在67 500株 hm^-2下,宽窄行与等行距处理相比无显著优势。但在90 000株 hm^-2和112 500株 hm^-2密度下,80 cm+40 cm行距处理的产量、叶面积指数(LAI)、叶绿素含量、穗位叶层的PAR截获率、花后群体光合速率(CAP)平均值均显著高于其他行距处理(等行距、70 cm+50 cm和90 cm+30 cm);而群体呼吸速率与光合速率的比值(CR/TCAP)则显著低于其他行距处理。说明在较高密度条件下,80 cm+40 cm的宽窄行配置有助于扩大光合面积、增加穗位叶层的光合有效辐射、提高群体光合速率、减少群体呼吸消耗,从而提高籽粒产量。     

氮素营养水平对冬小麦氮代谢关键酶活性变化和籽粒蛋白质含量的影响

通过氮素营养水平对籽粒蛋白质含量差异较大的3个小麦品种的氮素代谢关键酶活性变化及籽粒蛋白质含量影响的研究表明: 增加施氮量能够提高氮素同化关键酶硝酸还原酶和谷氨酰胺合成酶的活性, 降低旗叶蛋白质水解酶的活性. 增加施氮量提高籽粒蛋白质含量主要与促进开花后氮素吸收同化能力有关. 不同品种间籽粒蛋白质含量的差异     

Environmental and genetic determination of protein content and grain yield in durum wheat under Mediterranean conditions

The unpredictability of the Mediterranean climate causes fluctuations in wheat yield and quality, but offers the opportunity for obtaining high‐quality durum wheat in terms of grain protein content. Twenty‐five durum wheat genotypes were grown under irrigated and rainfed conditions at each of two latitudes in Spain during 1998 and 1999. Differences between latitudes in grain protein content and chlorophyll content in the flag leaf were attributable to nitrogen fertilization management. Cycle length until anthesis was less affected by the environment than grain‐filling duration, and was longer under irrigated conditions than in the rainfed sites. A negative asymptotic curve was the best equation to fit the relationship between yield and protein content, suggesting that yield improvements in fertile environments may be attained with negligible reductions in protein content. ‘Jabato’, ‘Waha’, ‘Lagost‐3’, ‘Massara‐1’ and ‘Vit?on’ showed medium to high yield, yield stability and high protein content. Chlorophyll content in the flag leaf, measured at anthesis with the soil‐plant analysis development (SPAD) portable field unit, may be useful for the fast and cheap detection of durum wheat genotypes with high grain protein content in drought‐stressed Mediterranean environments.     

高丹草新品种在河北平原农区的引进筛选

在河北平原农区,通过对国内外11个高丹草新品种的产草量、粗蛋白产量、物候期、分蘖力、再生性、株高等性状的研究分析,结果表明：以青饲、青贮饲喂牛为目的,表现最好的品种为健宝,不仅产草量高、粗蛋白产量、分蘖能力、再生性、长势均较好。其次为晋草1号、瑞奥3号。高丹草在河北平原农区春播、夏播均可,春播可刈割三次,夏播可刈割二次。     

栽培措施对青贮玉米粗蛋白质含量及产量的影响

通过三因素最优饱和设计,建立了氮肥、磷肥与种植密度三因素与不同收获时期青贮玉米粗蛋白质含量、产量的回归模型,各因素效应分析结果表明:随着收获期延迟,P对粗蛋白质含量的作用逐渐增强,氮和密度的作用逐渐减弱。不同收获期三因子对粗蛋白质产量的作用均表现为:N(X1)>密度(X3)>P(X2);总体来看,随氮、磷用量的增加,粗蛋白质的含量、产量均呈“单峰”曲线变化,随密度的增大则呈“U”型曲线变化。在散粉、灌浆、乳熟期3个不同时期收获,氮、磷对粗蛋白质均有显著的增产作用。呼和浩特地区青贮玉米生产中,获得较高粗蛋白质及产量的适宜施氮量为270~350 kg/hm2,施磷量为100~140 kg/hm2,此结果可作为呼和浩特地区青贮玉米生产的施肥标准。     

菜籽浓缩蛋白的制备研究

研究水酶法制备菜籽浓缩蛋白的工艺优化,在单因素试验的基础上采用L9（34）正交优化试验,探讨加酶量、提取温度、提取时间和固液比为提取因素对菜籽浓缩蛋白提取的影响。单因素试验和正交试验表明,各因素对菜籽浓缩蛋白提取的影响次序为提取温度>固液比>提取时间>加酶量;水酶法的最佳工艺条件为提取温度60℃,加酶量1.0%,提取时间4 h,固液比1∶4。验证试验得出浓缩蛋白产品中蛋白含量为62.8%,蛋白提取率可达72.3%,制备得到的菜籽浓缩蛋白中抗营养因子成分单宁、植酸、硫苷的脱除率分别为90.2%,62.2%,98.7%。     

Growth and Yield Response of Facultative Wheat to Winter Sowing, Freezing Sowing and Spring Sowing at Different Seeding Rates

Growth and yield of wheat are affected by environmental conditions and can be regulated by sowing time and seeding rate. In this study, three sowing times [winter sowing (first week of September), freezing sowing (last week of October) and spring sowing (last week of April)] at seven seeding rates (325, 375, 425, 475, 525, 575 and 625 seeds m^?2) were investigated during the 2002–03 and 2003–04 seasons, in Erzurum (Turkey) dryland conditions, using Kirik facultative wheat. A split‐plot design was used, with sowing times as main plots and seeding rates randomized as subplots. There was a significant year × sowing time interaction for grain yield and kernels per spike. Winter‐sown wheat produced a significantly higher leaf area index, leaf area duration, spikes per square metre, kernel weight and grain yield than freezing‐ and spring‐sown wheat. The optimum time of sowing was winter for the facultative cv. Kirik. Grain yields at freezing and spring sowing were low, which was largely the result of hastened crop development and high temperatures during and after anthesis. Increasing seeding rate up to 525 seeds m^?2 increased the spikes per square metre at harvest, resulting in increased grain yield. Seeding rate, however, was not as important as sowing time in maximizing grain yield. Changes in spikes per square metre were the major contributors to the grain‐yield differences observed among sowing times and seeding rates. Yield increases from higher seeding rates were greater at freezing and spring sowing. We recommended that a seeding rate of 525 seeds m^?2 be chosen for winter sowing, and 575 seeds m^?2 for freezing and spring sowing.     

不同除草剂对大豆合丰39 品质和产量的影响

摘要：选用10种除草剂组合对大豆品种合丰39 号进行了试验,以研究除草剂对合丰39号品质和产量的影响。试验结果表明, 不同处理对合丰39号品质和产量均有一定的影响,但方差分析表明差异均未达显著水平。 不同处理均有增加大豆合丰39号脂肪的作用,增加幅度为0.14%-0.65%;只有处理A蛋白质含量与对照比增加了0.095%,其余处理蛋白质含量均降低;不同处理之间产量存在差异,有正向效应的是处理H,较对照增6%。     

Nitrogen Fertilizer Rate and Timing Effect on Bread Wheat Protein in Eastern Canada

Nitrogen management for production of bread quality wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) in eastern Canada has received little research attention. An experiment was conducted for 2 years at each of two sites in Québec to study the effect of level and timing of nitrogen (N) fertilizer application on grain protein concentration, protein content per seed, non-protein seed dry matter, grain protein yield and nitrogen harvest index (portion of plant N in the grain) of four hard red spring wheat cultivars known to have potential as bread wheats in eastern Canada. The soil types were Bearbroock clay (fine, mixed, non-acid, frigid, Humaquept) and Ste-Rosalie clay (typic, non-acid, frigid, Humaquept). The experiment was a 4 × 4 × 2 factorial. Four cultivars were used: Columbus, Katepwa, Max and Hege 155–85. In both years 0, 60, 120 and 180 kg Nha⁻¹ were applied either all at seeding or 60 % at seeding and 40 % at heading. Grain protein concentration and grain protein yield increased consistently with increasing N fertilizer and with split N application. Nitrogen harvest index was not increased by increasing applications of N fertilizer. Protein content per seed was more critical in determining grain protein concentration than non-protein seed dry matter content. The western Canadian cultivars Columbus and Katepwa generally had greater grain protein concentration than the European cultivars Max and Hege 155–85, With reasonable N fertility the grain protein concentration of spring wheats grown in eastern Canada are sufficient for bread production.     

大豆分离蛋白 麦芽糊精 NaCl和亲水胶体对羊肉持水性能的影响

研究了大豆分离蛋白、NaCl、麦芽糊精、注射型卡拉胶和海藻酸钠对羊肉持水性能和出成率的影响。采用L16(4)5正交实验得出最佳配比为(羊肉质量的百分数):大豆分离蛋白2%,麦芽糊精2%,NaCl1.8%,卡拉胶0.3%,海藻酸钠0.2%,反应时间1h,反应温度20℃,羊肉的持水性能和出成率最好。     

滴灌条件下苜蓿刈割适期的研究

试验以‘新牧4号’紫花苜蓿为材料,研究高频次滴灌条件下不同时期刈割对苜蓿生长及产量和品质的影响,以期为苜蓿生产提供依据。结果表明:不同灌水频次对苜蓿的物候期有影响,高频次的灌溉处理(8 d/次)物候期比低频次灌溉处理(15 d/次)延后2~3天;进入花期以后,苜蓿株高增长速度减缓;随着苜蓿刈割时间的推迟,各处理茎叶比呈增加的趋势,初花期和盛花期刈割处理茎叶比分别达到2.67和2.81,与其他各处理差异极显著(P0.01);初花期刈割可以得到最大的苜蓿干草产量(18220.5 kg/hm~2),但牧草品质较蕾期有所下降;现蕾期刈割的处理粗蛋白产量最高(3702.2 kg/hm~2),干草产量为17563.5 kg/hm~2。     

Direct and correlated responses to three S1-recurrent selection strategies for increasing protein yield in oat

Summary The objectives of this study were to evaluate the efficacy of S₁-recurrent selection for increasing groat (caryopsis)-protein yield in oat (Avena sativa L.) and to compare the effects of three selection strategies on correlated responses in groat yield and groat-protein concentration. Three S₁-recurrent selection programs were conducted for five cycles. Selection criteria in each program (line of descent) emphasized different components of protein yield; high grain yield in HG, both high grain yield and high groat-protein concentration in HP, and protein yield per se in HGP. Thirty to sixty random S₀-derived lines from each cycle and ten check lines were evaluated in one year at two locations to estimate the response to selection. Groat-protein yield increased 4.4% cycle^-1 in HG, 3.4% cycle^-1 in HP, and 2.2% cycle^-1 in HGP. Gains in groat yield were 7% cycle^-1 in HG, 1% cycle^-1 in HP, and 3% cycle^-1 in HGP. Mean groat-protein yield and groat yield in the cycle 5 (C5) populations of all three lines of descent were equal to or slightly higher than those of high yielding cultivars. The HG line of descent showed a significant decrease from 193 to 175 g kg^-1 groat protein, while the HP line of descent showed a significant increase from 202 to 218 g kg^-1. The HGP line of descent showed a small but significant decline in groat protein from 200 to 192 g kg^-1. In comparison, the high-protein commercial cultivars contained about 210 g kg^-1 groat protein. The C5 population of the HP line of descent had a unique combination of high groat yield and high groat-protein concentration. Genotypic variances for groat-protein yield, groat yield, and groat-protein concentration were not always significant in the various cycles of the three lines of descent, but in no instance was there a consistent change from C0 to C5. S₁-recurrent selection was effective for increasing groat-protein yield of oat, and with the proper germplasm and selection strategy both groat yield and groat-protein concentration can be improved simultaneously.Abbreviations C - cycle - GPC - groat-protein concentration (a groat is the part of an oat grain that is the actual seed or caryopsis, rather than the hull) - GPY - groat-protein yield - GTY - groat yield - HG - selection for protein yield through high grain yield - HGP - selection for protein yield per se - HP - selection for protein yield through high grain yield and high protein concentration Journal Paper No. J-15287 of the Iowa Agriculture and Home Economics Experiment Station, Ames, IA 50011, USA. Project No. 2447.