人工湿地松林矿质营养循环的研究

利用一块天然小流域，研究了人工湿地松林内Ｋ、Ｐ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｚｎ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｍｎ等矿质元素１９９３—１９９４年通过降雨输入、地表径流输出以及积累、留存、淋溶、归还、吸收等循环过程。湿地松林有较高的生产力（生物生产量２０．３４９ｔ／ｈｍ２·ａ，生长量９．４０８ｍ２／ｈｍ２·ａ），原因在于它对矿质元素有较高的利用率。林分矿质元素支出大于收入，在总体上，林地呈退化状态；并且归还量少，林分矿质元素循环效率低。建议采取人工措施调控湿地松林，以提高林分生产力，建立良性循环的生态系统。     

银杏种子矿质元素含量的季节变化及其与落种的关系

为了揭示银杏种子生长发育对矿物质养分的需求规律,研究了不同生长发育时期银杏种子中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ等矿质营养元素含季节变化。结果表明,银杏种子中Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ元素的含量随时间呈从高到低的规律性变化,但不同元素间变化的幅度不同,整个生长季４月底至５月下旬和５月下旬至６月上旬银杏种子中营养元素含量变化较大。微量元素的含量变化各有其特点。同一时期正常发育种子和脱落种子中营养元素含量存在明显差     

湿地松人工林养分循环及密度关系的研究

在广西禄峰山林场１６年生４种不同造林密度的湿地松试验林地内,对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ９种养分元素的含量、积累、分配和生物循环以及它们与密度间的关系进行了研究。结果表明：湿地松林分中养分元素总积累量为１２７３８３～１６１５８８ｋｇ／ｈｍ２,树干约占６０％,积累速率为１１１４６～１３３３９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ,高于杉木和马尾松,归还量仅有９０４３～１０５０９ｋｇ／ｈｍ２·ａ,其周转期长,养分循环速率低,每生产１ｔ有机物需要上述养分元素共１３１９～１４８１ｋｇ。可见湿地松具有高养分利用率、低循环速率的循环机理,经营过程中应处理好养地与用地的关系,才能防止林地退化。不同密度湿地松林以密度为３２００株／ｈｍ２的生产力、养分积累量和吸收量最大,其养分利用率也最高。     

青冈常绿阔叶林死地被层和土壤性质特征的研究

１９９０年至今对浙江建德青冈常绿阔叶林生态系统的养分循环进行了研究。报道了死地被层现存量，死地被层（包括Ｌ、Ｆ、Ｈ三亚层）和土壤（包括Ａ、Ｅ、Ｂ三层）中Ｃ和８种养分元素的分布，以及植物对养分元素的累积特征。结果表明：死地被层现存量为１４．１４１ｔ／ｈｍ２，其中Ｈ＞Ｆ＞Ｌ．死地被物中９种元素含量和贮量大小依次为Ｃ＞Ｎ＞Ｃａ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｍｇ＞Ｐ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｕ，而土壤中为Ｃ＞Ｎ（Ｋ）＞Ｋ（Ｎ）＞Ｍｇ＞Ｍｎ＞Ｃａ＞Ｐ＞Ｚｎ＞Ｃｕ。与其它地区相比，本区土壤中Ｍｎ和Ｎ的含量较高而Ｐ和Ｃａ较低．不同元素具有不同的层次分布和季节变化特征。自表层至深层，Ｃ、Ｎ、Ｃａ、Ｍｎ的含量呈下降趋势；而Ｋ、Ｍｇ的含量均在表层较低，并在深层有较高的含量；而Ｐ、Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ则以Ｈ与Ａ层的含量为最高．植物对元素的累积特征因元素和层次（种类）而异。各元素中以Ｃａ的富集系数最高，Ｎ次之，Ｃｕ和Ｚｎ最低；一般而言，藤本、草本和下木层植物对元素的累积程度比乔木层和亚乔木层要高。     

湿地松人工养分循环及密度关系的研究

在广西禄峰山林场１６年生４种不同造林密度的湿地松试验林地内,对Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ、Ｍｇ、Ｃｕ、Ｆｅ、Ｚｎ、Ｍｎ９种养分元素的含量,积累,分配和生物循环以及它们与密度间的关系进行了研究。     

锥栗人工林生态系统养分特征和生物循环的研究

在林分样地调查分析的基础上,研究了３ 个不同生长发育时期即未结果期、结果初期和盛果初期锥栗人工林各器官Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ 、Ｍｇ 的养分浓度及其变化。结果表明：各种养分元素的存留量从未果期到盛果初期逐渐增大,Ｎ 与Ｃａ 的积累占很大比例,Ｋ、Ｍｇ 次之,存留量最少的元素均为Ｐ。在未结果期,Ｎ 的归还量最大,Ｃａ 次之,最小为Ｐ。始果期,Ｃａ 与Ｎ 的归还量仍占首位,其次是Ｋ,Ｐ最少。至盛果初期,Ｋ 的归还量最大,Ｎ 次之,最小为Ｐ。各元素循环速率,从未果期至盛果初期,呈增大趋势,元素周转期则呈缩短。对产生这些变化的原因进行了必要的分析。研究结果可为不同时期养分补偿措施的制定提供参考     

黄泛平原区毛白杨中矿质元素的测定和分析

对毛白杨的根、干、枝、叶进行N、P、K、Si、Ca、Mg等矿质营养元素测定表明,矿质元素含量由高到低依次为叶、根、枝、干,各器官内矿质元素含量与土壤类型及养分、树木生长均有一定的关系,其中N、P、K含量与毛白杨生长表现明显正相关。根据土壤养分和毛白杨矿质元素含量的变化,可通过施肥,达到调整和控制林木生长的目的。     

湿地松人工林矿质营养循环的研究

利用一块天然集水区 ,研究了湿地松人工林内K、P、Ca、Mg、Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn等矿物质元素。 1998～ 1999年通过降雨输入、地表径流输出以及积累、归还和吸收等循环过程。湿地松人工林有较高的生产力 (生物生产量为 2 0 349t·hm-2 ·a-1、材积生长量为 9 40 8m3·hm-2 ·a-1) ,原因在于它对矿物质元素有较高的利用率。林分矿质元素支出大于收入 ,并且归还量少 ,林分矿质元素循环效率低。建议采用阔叶树混交等方法调控湿地松林 ,以提高林分生产力 ,建立良性循环的生态系统     

天然次生白桦林凋落物养分含量动态及养分归还

天然次生白桦林凋落物养分含量动态及养分归还张成林，田树新，吴昊（黑龙江省林科院）（哈尔滨市环保局）森林生态系统中各种元素的地球化学循环、生物地球化学循环和生物化学循环相互作用和制约，构成了养分循环的统一模式。关于白桦林林地枯落物分解过程中营养元素含量...     

引种针叶树种矿质元素浓度及季节变化的比较研究

以８～１０年生的引种试验林为取材对象,分别在１９９２年４月３０日、７月３０日、１０月３０日及１９９３年１月３０日,同时采１５个树种当年和１年生针叶,测定Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ和Ｍｇ浓度。结果表明,矿质元素浓度种间存在极显著差异。各元素浓度高低总趋势为Ｎ＞Ｋ＞Ｃａ＞Ｐ＞Ｍｇ。松属中单维管束亚属和双维管束亚属分别表现为富Ｎ、Ｍｇ和Ｋ、Ｐ两种元素含量型。树种间Ｍｇ元素季节动态存在显著多样性,Ｎ、Ｐ、Ｋ、Ｃａ动态模式松类树种具有极大的相似性。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。