湿害后小麦生理变化与品种耐湿性的关系

 选用 12个小麦品种 (系 )为材料 ,研究了湿害对小麦某些生理特性的影响 ,以及小麦耐湿性与其自身某些性状间的关系。结果表明 ,湿害使植株的根系活力下降 ,旗叶丙二醛含量增加 ,旗叶叶绿素含量、净光合速率、硝酸还原酶活性、相对含水量下降 ,对植株体内有机物的含量产生较大的影响 ,从而使得单株粒数及千粒重下降 ,最终导致单株产量下降 ;孕穗期小麦的旗叶保水力、次生根游离氨基酸含量、次生根淀粉含量、成熟期主穗穗重占单株产量的百分比与小麦的耐湿性呈极显著相关 ,孕穗期旗叶丙二醛含量、旗叶相对含水量、叶部游离氨基酸含量等指标与小麦的耐湿性呈显著相关。这些性状可作为耐湿育种的参考指标。     

冬小麦根系活力与产量性状关系的研究

在大田条件下对6个冬小麦品种（系）不同生育时期根系活力（0－20cm耕层）的变化及其与产量性状的关系进行了分析。结果表明，在整个生育期内，不同小麦品种（系）的根系活力变化总趋势相似，但不同的品种（系）间存在差异，华麦9号、21015、鄂恩1号、华麦8号等4个品种（系）根系活力在拔节期增至最大值，而鄂麦12号、9214等2个品种（系）在孕穗期达最大值。小麦整个生育期内的根系活力的平均值与单株产量呈极显著正相关，但不同生育期根系活力对产量性状的影响并不相同，分蘖期根系活力对单株成穗数影响较大，孕穗期根系活力对穗粒数影响较大，千粒重受拔节期根系活力影响较大，穗粒重受分蘖期、灌浆期根系活力的影响较大。     

小麦品种(系)籽粒产量与其他若干性状关系初探

[目的]寻求小麦高产和超高产育种的关键指标。[方法]以安徽省种植的10个小麦品种（系）为试验材料,研究不同品种（系）的产量与产量构成因素（有效穗数、千粒重、穗粒数、穗粒重、单位面积粒数、穗长、结实小穗数、不实小穗数）、生物学产量、株高、收获指数等性状之间的相关性。[结果]产量与其他若干性状在相关方向和程度上均有差异,且其他性状之间相关性及差异显著性均有不同;大多数品种（系）的产量与产量构成因素中的生物学产量及穗粒重显著相关,同时某些品种（系）的产量与其他性状之间显著相关。[结论]以产量作为小麦高产及超高产育种的选择指标之一是有效的。     

小麦孕穗期湿害的主要性状及形态指标

对３０份小麦品种（系）孕穗期有关性湿害指数间的相关及通径分析表明：过湿主要导致主穗粒数锐减，千粒重下降，其遗传效应与环境作用并存；以湿害指数为基础，以抽穗后１５ｄ的主茎绿叶数为初测指标，结合考察籽粒产量综合评价基因型间的耐湿性差异的方法切实可行的，品种耐湿性的遗传特性为筛选综合状较好且耐渍的新品种提供了理论依据。     

小麦茎叶性状与穗部性状相关性的探讨

对小麦品种（系）茎叶性状与穗部性状进行相关性研究,结果表明：小麦茎叶性状与穗部性状之间存在不同程度的相关。其中,穗节茎粗与穗粒数,穗长,穗粒重、剑叶面积呈正相关;剑叶面积与穗粒数、穗长、穗粒重呈正相关;穗长、穗粒数、穗粒重之间呈正相关,穗节茎粗和剑叶面积与株高呈负相关。     

干旱胁迫时期对水稻产量及产量性状的影响

为了明确干旱胁迫对水稻产量及产量性状的影响,以粳稻品种农大3号为材料,利用盆栽的方式人工控制土壤水分（水势）,研究了不同生育阶段干旱胁迫对产量及产量性状的影响。结果表明：任何时期干旱胁迫都会导致减产,孕穗中期、后期减产幅度最大,其次是分蘖中期、前期。分蘖后期（无效分蘖期）干旱虽然穗粒数有所增加,但是祢补不了由于穗数下降造成的产量损失,出穗前各阶段干旱胁迫的减产幅度大于出穗后各阶段。分蘖期干旱使单穴有效穗数减少,孕穗期干旱穗粒数减少;孕穗期、产量形成期（出穗—乳熟期）干旱千粒重、成熟粒率降低;孕穗中期干旱结实率下降,混合千粒重降低。干旱胁迫条件下,提高单穗平均粒数和混合千粒重有助于提高产量,提高饱满千粒重和混合千粒重有助于提高成熟粒率。     

提高小麦分蘖成穗率和单穗生产力的途径

研究了小麦不同类型品种在分蘖成穗率和穗粒结构上的差异以及栽培密度、施肥方法对这些性状的影响。结果表明:单株穗数和平均单穗粒重的关系,品种间差异明显,大穗型品种的单穗粒重有随单株穗数增加而增加的趋势,多穗型品种以带2个分蘖穗的植株单穗粒重最大;降低栽培密度可增加单株分蘖数和成穗数,每穗粒数印单穗粒重心显著提高,但成穗率是否增加因品种而异;孕穗肥可提高分蘖成穗率、增加每穗粒数和单穗粒重。文中还就提高小麦分蘖成穗率和单穗生产力的栽培途径作了讨论。     

啤用大麦主要农艺性状对产量及部分酿造品质的影响

对啤用大麦的11个农艺性状与小区产量、千粒重、蛋白质含量及α-淀粉酶含量分别进行通径分析和比较研究。结果表明：对产量有显著影响的性状为单株粒数、单株粒重、主穗粒重及主穗粒数;对千粒重、α-淀粉酶含量、蛋白质含量等部分酿造品质有显著影响的主要性状为主穗穗长、单株粒重、单株穗数、主穗粒数、分蘖数、基本苗数及有效穗数（指667 m²有效穗数,下同）,其中基本苗数和单株粒重的遗传决定系数h₂B＜50%;主穗粒重、主穗粒数这2个性状受遗传效应的影响较大,同时对千粒重和α-淀粉酶的直接作用效应较大,所以在育种实践中应特别注意该性状的锁定及选择。     

不同来源谷子品种产量比较及综合评价

内蒙古赤峰市敖汉旗是全国最大优质谷子生产基地。对不同来源的115个谷子品种（系）在敖汉旗进行田间种植鉴定,并对产量及表型性状进行分析。结果表明,有31个品种（系）的产量高于对照（赤谷4号）,这些品种的生育期为106.16±5.71 d,主茎长度为133.97±14.85 cm,主穗长度为27.32±4.02 cm,主穗直径为29.18±5.89 mm,主穗重为29.10±5.63 g,主穗粒数为8 333.99±1 983.66 粒,主穗粒重为22.91±4.69 g,千粒重为2.80±0.36 g,产量为7 887.41±796.60 kg/hm2。方差分析表明,有25个品种（系）的产量极显著高于对照（P<0.01）;穗粒数、千粒重的显著增加,或各产量性状的协同提高均能实现产量的显著增大。相关性及回归分析表明,生育期、主茎长度、主茎直径、叶片数、主穗重、主穗粒数、主穗粒重、千粒重与产量极显著相关,其中生育期和主穗粒数对产量起决定性作用。主成分分析可将15个表型性状归纳为8个主要因子,并筛选出10个综合评价较高的品种（系）。总体来看,燕谷18的产量最高,铁8050、公谷74号、14H758的产量和综合评价均较高。     

燕麦主要农艺性状与产量的相关性及灰色关联度分析

应用相关性和灰色关联度方法分析了18个燕麦品种的农艺性状与产量的关系,结果表明:在皮燕麦品种中,鲜草产量与苗数、分蘖、茎数、株高、穗长、穗粒数正相关,各农艺性状与鲜草产量的关联度依次为:生育期苗数穗长小穗数株高成穗率单株穗数分蘖茎数穗粒重千粒重穗数穗粒数,籽粒产量与分蘖、穗数、成穗率、单株穗数、小穗数、穗粒数、穗粒重正相关,各农艺性状与籽粒产量的关联度依次为:成穗率千粒重单株穗数分蘖穗长生育期株高小穗数穗粒重穗数苗数茎数穗粒数。在裸燕麦品种中,鲜草产量与苗数、分蘖、生育期、茎数、穗数、单株穗数、株高、穗长、小穗数正相关,各农艺性状与鲜草产量的关联度依次为:穗长小穗数单株穗数生育期穗数株高穗粒重千粒重茎数分蘖苗数成穗率穗粒数,籽粒产量与茎数、小穗数显著正相关,与苗数、分蘖、生育期、穗数、株高、穗长正相关,各农艺性状与籽粒产量的关联度依次为:小穗数穗长茎数单株穗数苗数成穗率穗粒数株高生育期千粒重穗粒重分蘖穗数。从主要农艺性状之间的关联度和相关性来看,皮燕麦和裸燕麦品种表现不尽相同,在品种选育时,应根据不同育种目标,确定相应的技术路线。     

人工模拟连阴雨渍害对冬小麦生长影响及恢复补救效应研究

[目的]研究渍害对小麦生长的影响,探讨补救措施。[方法]采取渍害发生期(W)、恢复补救措施(R)2因子裂区设计,分析渍害发生期对小麦产量和产量构成的影响,研究不同补救措施的恢复效应。[结果]拔节孕穗期是小麦涝渍灾害最敏感阶段,也是补救措施恢复效果最佳时段;稻茬小麦耐涝渍性能较强,连续滞水7 d以上不会绝收;稻茬小麦涝渍后恢复能力较强,连阴雨渍害拔节期恢复指数最高可达36.00,孕穗期最高可达29.79,扬花灌浆期最高可达32.15。[结论]该研究可为小麦生产提供参考。     

不同生育时期渍水对小麦旗叶光合特性及产量的影响

为给小麦耐渍品种选育以及抗逆栽培提供理论依据,以鄂麦006为材料,研究不同生育期(包括拔节期、孕穗期、开花期和灌浆中期)渍水对小麦旗叶光合特性和产量的影响。结果表明,小麦各生育期渍水均导致小麦旗叶叶绿素含量,光合速率降低,丙二醛含量升高。不同的时期渍水其影响程度不一,其中开花期渍水影响最为严重,与对照及其他处理差异极显著。渍水还导致了小麦干物质积累速率和灌浆速率低于对照,穗粒数和千粒重降低,影响最为明显的也是开花期渍水处理。由此可以看出,小麦在不同的生育时期渍水均导致其旗叶光合作用降低,衰老加快,干物质积累减少,导致小麦产量下降。开花期为小麦水分敏感期,这一时期渍水,小麦减产53.62%,损失严重。     

Changes of Physiological Characters of Wheat After Water logging at Booting and Relations Between Physiological Characters and Waterlogging Tolerance

Effects of waterlogging on some physiological characters and relationship between waterlogging tolerance and some characters of their own were studied by using 12 varieties of wheat. Results showed waterlogging made the content of malondialdehyde in flag leaf increase, made the root vigor, the content of chlorophyll, the net photosynthesis rate, the nitrate reductase activity, the relative water content of flag leaf decrease, the content of organic matter change obviously, and then the yield per plant declined. The correlations between waterlogging tolerance and the water conservation ability of flag leaf, the content of free amino acids and starch in secondary root at booting, the percentage of stem yield in yield per plant, the content of malondialdehyde and water in flag leaf, the content of free amino acids in leaves were significant or highly significant.     

Effects of Waterlogging in Different Growth Stages on the Photosynthesis,Growth,Yield,and Protein Content of Three Wheat Cultivars in Jianghan Plain

To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs,the effects of waterlogging on the photosynthesis,growth,yield,and protein content of three wheat cultivars,namely Xiangmai55(X55),Jingmai102(J102),and Zhengmai9023(Z9023),in four different growth stages were investigated.Experiments were conducted in specially designed experimental tanks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 wheat growing seasons in China.Results showed that X55 was the most susceptible to waterlogging,followed by J102 and Z9023.Chlorophyll content reduction and leaf senescence,which resulted in decreased green-to-total leaf number ratio,were induced to the greatest extents by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky stage.Meanwhile,chlorophyll content in flag leaf,plant height were significantly decreased by waterlogging in jointing stage but effectively recovered after waterlogging withdrawal,and recovery ability varied among the cultivars.Plant biomass and grain yield were most significantly decreased by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages,followed by milky and jointing stages.Grain protein content was also considerably affected by waterlogging depending on growth stage and cultivars.The decreased grain yield caused by waterlogging was mostly due to the sharp decline in 1 000-grain mass.Waterlogging led to reduced protein yield in all growth stages in three wheat cultivars.Above all,in this experiment,waterlogging decreased grain yield significantly,and waterlogging at booting stage and flowering stage was most serious.Comparing the three cultivars,X55 was most sensitive to waterlogging.     

小麦主要性状的遗传相关性及其选择效果研究

对13个小麦品种(系)26个性状的5种遗传参数研究表明,穗数与产量的相关系数很低,且与其他性状呈负相关或微弱正相关,这说明现有品种的单位面积穗数已接近或达到高限;同时,穗数、穗粒数的直接通径系数很高,是产量构成因素中最重要的因素。可见,当前小麦高产育种在保证一定穗数的前提下,要着力于穗粒数的提高,同时要兼顾千粒重,才能实现小麦高产稳产。进行多性状组合选择方能高产,"倒一叶鞘长+穗长+粒重叶比"相对选择效率较高、简单易行,可作为综合选择的较佳指标。     

Effects of Waterlogging in Different Growth Stages on the Photosynthesis,Growth, Yield,and Protein Content of Three Wheat Cultivars in Jianghan Plain

To maintain high wheat grain yield in areas where frequent and periodic waterlogging occurs, the effects of waterlog-ging on the photosynthesis, growth, yield, and protein content of three wheat cultivars, namely Xiangmai55 (X55), Jingmai102 (J102), and Zhengmai9023 (Z9023), in four different growth stages were investigated. Experiments were conducted in special y designed experimental tanks in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 wheat growing seasons in China. Results showed that X55 was the most susceptible to waterlogging, fol owed by J102 and Z9023. Chlorophyl content reduction and leaf senescence, which resulted in decreased green-to-total leaf number ratio, were induced to the greatest extents by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages, fol owed by milky stage. Meanwhile, chlorophyl content in flag leaf, plant height were significantly decreased by waterlogging in jointing stage but effectively recovered after waterlogging withdrawal, and recovery ability varied among the cultivars. Plant biomass and grain yield were most significantly decreased by waterlogging in booting and flowering stages, fol owed by milky and jointing stages. Grain protein content was also considerably affected by waterlogging depending on growth stage and cultivars. The decreased grain yield caused by waterlogging was mostly due to the sharp decline in 1 000-grain mass. Waterlogging led to reduced protein yield in al growth stages in three wheat cul-tivars. Above al , in this experiment, waterlogging decreased grain yield significantly, and waterlogging at booting stage and flow-ering stage was most serious. Comparing the three cultivars, X55 was most sensitive to waterlogging.     

施氮和拔节期测墒补灌对冬小麦产量和氮素吸收的影响(英文)

[目的]研究施氮量和拔节期不同测墒补灌量对冬小麦的产量及构成因子、植株氮素吸收的影响。[方法]采用土壤目标相对含水量和施氮量3×3完全均衡方案和裂区设计,土壤目标相对含水量设3个水平,分别为拔节期60%(W1)、70%(W2)和80%(W3),施氮量设3个水平,分别为施纯氮0 kg/hm2(N0)、195 kg/hm2(N195)和255 kg/hm2(N255),以周麦18为供试材料。[结果]拔节期测墒补灌和施氮对小麦产量及其构成因子、植株氮素积累量均有显著或极显著影响。补灌量和施氮量对穗数、穗粒数、千粒重、产量和植株氮积累量的交互效应均达显著或极显著水平,在不同水氮处理组合中,以W2N195产量最高,而以W1N255产量最低。[结论]随着补灌量的增加,相应地降低氮肥用量有利于增加穗数、穗粒数、产量和植株氮素积累量,降低施氮对千粒重的负效应。     

小麦新品系(种)一些数量性状的灰色关联度分析

本文通过对小麦新品系(种)产量和有关性状的灰色关联度分析,得出了高产小麦品系(种)的各性状对产量的灰色关联度顺序依次为千粒重>穗粒数>亩穗数>穗下节长>不孕小穗数,为高产小麦新品种选育和高产栽培提供了参考。文中较详细地介绍了灰色关联度的计算方法。     

开花期渍水对土壤不同形态氮素含量及小麦氮素积累运转和产量的影响

【目的】探讨开花期渍水对土壤不同形态氮素含量的影响及其与小麦籽粒产量、植株氮素积累量的关系,以期为江汉平原小麦抗渍栽培提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田裂区试验,以襄麦55和郑麦9023为试验材料,设不渍水（CK）和开花期连续渍水7 d（WL）处理,测定土壤不同形态氮素含量、小麦植株氮素积累量及产量和产量结构等指标,并分析土壤不同形态氮素含量变化与籽粒产量、植株氮素积累量的关系。【结果】 0~20 cm土层各形态氮素含量对渍水的反应强度较20~40 cm和40~60 cm表现更剧烈。与CK相比,WL处理下（渍水后0~7 d）,0~20 cm土层硝态氮含量显著下降,下降幅度达65.7%~81.2%,铵态氮含量则上升48.7%~54.8%;碱解氮含量有所下降,总氮含量上升,但变化幅度较小。当撤去水分处理后（渍水后7~14 d）,硝态氮含量急剧上升,甚至恢复至与CK相同水平,铵态氮含量逐渐下降,与CK变化趋势相反;总氮和碱解氮含量变化与CK趋势一致。随后至小麦成熟期,CK和WL处理下各氮素含量总体上均逐渐降低。开花期渍水显著降低了襄麦55和郑麦9023的花后氮素积累量（P<0.05,下同）,并导致成熟期营养器官氮素积累量和籽粒氮素积累量均显著下降;襄麦55花后氮素积累量下降幅度显著小于郑麦9023。此外,WL处理显著降低了襄麦55和郑麦9023的千粒重和籽粒产量,与CK相比襄麦55和郑麦9023的产量分别降低25.24%和34.81%。通过对渍水条件下土壤各形态氮素含量与产量及成熟期植株氮素积累量的冗余分析可知,渍水第7 d （渍水终止当天）土壤硝态氮含量与小麦产量和成熟期植株氮素积累量均呈正相关,铵态氮和总氮含量与小麦籽粒产量和成熟期植株氮素积累量呈负相关,与土层深度关系较小;碱解氮含量与小麦籽粒产量和成熟期植株氮素积累量的关系存在土层间差异。【结论】开花期渍水显著降低小麦产量和花后氮素积累量,对土壤各形态氮素的影响主要在0~20 cm土层,以硝态氮和铵态氮含量变化对渍水的响应最敏感,其中硝态氮含量与成熟期植株氮素积累和籽粒产量呈正相关,而铵态氮与成熟期植株氮素积累和籽粒产量呈负相关。