覆黑地膜对旱作玉米根区土壤温湿度和光合特性的影响

明确雨养旱地地膜覆盖春玉米高产与水分高效利用的土壤环境条件,及其对玉米光合特性的作用,对延缓玉米衰老、提高玉米光合能力和促进玉米增产具有重要意义。以陕单609为材料,2012和2013年开展黑色地膜覆盖、白色地膜覆盖和裸地栽培试验,研究黑色地膜对玉米根区土壤水温环境、玉米叶片光合特性、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,黑色地膜较普通白色地膜和裸地栽培,能显著改善玉米根区土壤温湿条件,提高玉米叶片光合能力。黑色地膜覆盖下,玉米叶片衰老时间明显推迟,衰老速度显著下降,成熟期叶片叶绿素含量较普通白色地膜提高11.7%(P0.05),较裸地提高45.5%(P0.05)。与普通白色地膜和裸地栽培相比,黑色地膜覆盖提高了吐丝后玉米叶片光合速率、蒸腾速率、叶片水分利用效率、PSII电子传递速率、量子产量(灌浆期除外)和光化学猝灭系数。黑色地膜覆盖下玉米千粒质量、产量和水分利用效率显著增加,千粒质量较普通白色地膜和裸地栽培分别增加5.0%和14.9%(P0.05);产量分别提高10.4%和22.1%(P0.05);水分利用效率分别提高10.4%和25.3%(P0.05)。在雨养旱作地区,玉米采用黑色地膜覆盖具有延缓后期叶片衰老和促进增产的效果。     

旱地垄沟覆膜栽培对土壤硝酸盐时空分布和玉米产量的影响

通过大田试验,考察了旱地垄沟覆膜栽培对土壤硝酸盐时空分布和玉米生物性状及产量的影响。试验设计了垄沟覆膜、平作不覆膜、平作覆膜和裸地对照4个处理,并对其土壤水分、硝酸盐的时空分布和玉米产量进行研究。结果表明:在整个玉米生长季,垄沟覆膜栽培模式下土壤0~40 cm土层含水量显著高于平作不覆膜;NO_3~--N主要集中在0~40 cm土层,且垄沟覆膜-垄上NO_3~--N表聚现象比其它处理更明显,10 cm处垄上NO_3~--N含量是沟内的1.6倍、平作不覆膜的2倍;垄沟覆膜和平作覆膜比平作不覆膜处理单株干物质量分别增加了36.15%、16.11%;单株含氮量分别增加了13.97%、3.59%;垄沟覆膜产量高于其他处理。垄沟覆膜栽培能够在保持作物生长状况良好,获得较高产量的同时,增加作物对氮素的吸收利用,同时增加NO_3~--N的表层累积,将其保持在根区,从而降低了NO_3~--N淋洗的发生,降低环境风险,是旱区获得经济和环境双重效益的玉米栽培模式。     

秸秆与地膜覆盖条件下旱作玉米田土壤氮组分生长季动态

研究不同覆盖措施下农田土壤全氮及其活性和半活性组分在作物生长季的动态变化,有助于深入理解农田土壤氮循环过程。基于黄土高原8年春玉米覆盖定位试验,系统分析了土壤全氮、矿质氮、微生物量氮、潜在可矿化氮以及颗粒有机氮在玉米不同生育期的动态特征。试验包括全生育期9 000kg/hm2秸秆覆盖、全生育期地膜覆盖和不覆盖对照3个处理。结果表明:(1)除硝态氮和铵态氮在苗期上升外,秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤全氮及其组分含量在春玉米生育期基本呈苗期下降、拔节期上升、大喇叭口—抽雄期下降、灌浆和收获期回升的变化趋势;(2)与对照相比,秸秆覆盖提高了大多数生育时期0—40cm土层全氮和硝态氮含量及0—20cm土层铵态氮含量,提高各生育时期0—40cm土层微生物量氮、潜在可矿化氮以及颗粒有机氮含量;(3)地膜覆盖较对照提高大多数生育时期0—40cm土层硝态氮和0—20cm土层铵态氮含量,降低作物生育后期0—20cm土层全氮和0—40cm土层颗粒有机氮含量,降低大多数时期0—40cm土层微生物量氮和10—20cm土层潜在可矿化氮含量;(4)除了地膜覆盖下20—40cm土层颗粒有机氮相对含量在作物不同生育期差异不显著外,秸秆和地膜覆盖下0—40cm土层微生物量氮、潜在可矿化氮、颗粒有机氮对土壤全氮的动态均有重要贡献。总之,黄土高原的春玉米田秸秆覆盖具有明显的提升土壤全氮及其组分含量的作用,有助于培肥地力和土壤固氮;地膜覆盖则降低了作物生育后期土壤全氮及其组分含量,同时显著提高了土壤硝态氮水平,导致农田土壤氮素淋溶风险提高。     

免耕旧膜再利用对玉米产量及灌溉水生产力的影响

在河西走廊中段边缘绿洲安排田间试验,明确保护性耕作地膜再利用栽培对玉米产量及灌溉水生产力的影响,探讨降低农田残膜污染、节本增效和可持续土地利用的耕作栽培管理方式。试验涉及3种不同质地与肥力水平的土壤,设3个处理:(1)传统耕作与冬灌、覆新膜栽培(NM);(2)免耕少冬灌、旧膜直播(RM);(3)免耕少冬灌、旧膜直播行间秸秆覆盖(RMS)。结果表明,在玉米播种后至拔节期前,日平均土壤温度2个免耕旧膜直播处理较传统覆新膜处理仅低0.6~1.0℃(5 cm土层)和0.5~0.8℃(15 cm土层),表明旧膜直播仍具地膜覆盖提高地温的效应。玉米产量免耕旧膜直播较覆新膜降低4.4%~10.6%,但节省了耕作和地膜投入,收益增加。免耕旧膜直播结合秸秆覆盖栽培方式玉米产量与新覆膜栽培持平,净收入提高12.5%~17.1%。免耕旧膜直播栽培减少了冬灌量,灌溉水生产力提高。土壤质地与肥力水平对作物吸氮量、灌溉水生产力影响显著。在水资源紧缺的干旱区绿洲,适时进行保护性耕作地膜再利用栽培技术是节本增效、土地可持续利用的一种选择。     

秸秆和地膜覆盖条件下玉米农田土壤有机碳组分生长季动态

基于黄土高原8 a的春玉米覆盖定位试验,研究了秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤有机碳、微生物量碳、潜在可矿化碳及颗粒有机碳在作物不同生育期的季节变化特征,探讨旱作农田不同碳组分对地表覆盖的响应规律。结果表明:1)秸秆和地膜覆盖下土壤有机碳及其各组分含量在玉米生长期间总体呈苗期下降、拔节期上升、大喇叭口—抽雄期下降、灌浆和收获期回升的变化趋势。2)与不覆盖对照相比,秸秆覆盖在大部分作物生育期均显著提高了土壤有机碳各组分含量,有助于培肥地力和土壤固碳;而地膜覆盖在作物生育后期导致土壤有机碳及各组分含量显著下降。3)秸秆覆盖下表层土壤颗粒有机碳对总有机碳变化具有重要贡献,地膜覆盖后土壤有机碳变化可能主要来自于潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳,而土壤微生物量碳相对含量在不同处理间差异不大。4)对照和地膜覆盖处理土壤潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳的相对含量在大喇叭口—抽雄期均有显著下降,而秸秆覆盖下两种组分的相对含量则保持平稳,表明秸秆覆盖对生育后期土壤潜在可矿化碳和颗粒有机碳有重要的补给作用。总之,黄土高原的春玉米田秸秆覆盖具有明显的提升土壤有机碳及组分含量的作用,地膜覆盖则无明显效果,且在春玉米生育后期降低了土壤总有机碳及各组分的含量。     

地膜覆盖对黄土高原旱作春玉米田土壤碳氮组分的影响

基于2年田间试验,研究了地膜覆盖对旱作春玉米田土壤有机碳、全氮及其组分的影响,试验包括地膜覆盖玉米田、无覆盖玉米田和裸地休闲3个处理,分层测定了0—40cm土层有机碳、全氮、颗粒有机碳氮、潜在矿化碳氮和微生物量碳氮含量。结果表明:在0—40cm土层,各处理间土壤有机碳和全氮含量均无显著差异。与不覆盖相比,地膜覆盖处理0—40cm土层颗粒有机碳氮及其所占比例分别降低了29.0%,33.3%,29.9%,35.7%;0—10cm土层潜在可矿化碳及其所占比例分别降低了17.8%和16.1%,潜在可矿化氮和微生物量碳及其所占比例无显著差异,但在0—10cm土层地膜覆盖微生物量氮含量及其所占比例分别较不覆盖处理提高了10.6%和10.5%(p0.05)。与裸地休闲相比,无覆盖处理0—40cm土层潜在可矿化碳氮分别提高了12.8%和14.7%,地膜覆盖处理则分别提高了7.8%和6.5%(p0.05),但种植玉米降低了微生物量碳氮含量及其所占比例。在0—40cm土层覆盖与否对潜在可矿化碳氮和微生物量碳氮影响不显著。总体来看,地膜覆盖能够在一定程度上提高表土微生物量氮组分及其所占比例,但显著降低了中活性碳氮组分含量及其比例,不利于长期的土壤碳氮固定。     

Carbon fluxes from plants to soil and dynamics of microbial immobilization under plastic film mulching and fertilizer application using 13C pulse-labeling

Plastic film mulching and fertilizer application have improved soil fertility and sustainable agricultural development in China. However, there is limited information on carbon (C) fluxes from plants to soil, and dynamics of microbial immobilization where these practices have been employed. The objectives of this study were to quantify the photosynthesized C transported from maize to soil, and to assess the effect of mulching (with or without plastic film mulching) and fertilizer (no fertilizer control, medium-level organic manure, and high-level organic manure) application on the dynamics of microbial C sequestration. We used in-situ ¹³C pulse-labeling of maize planted at an experimental site in Liaoning Province, China. We found, on average, from 12% to 15% of net fixed ¹³C was translocated belowground up to 15 days after labeling. More than 60% of ¹³C retained in soil was incorporated into microbial biomass C on the 1st day, but only less than 27% on the 15th day after labeling. Treatments that combined organic manure application with mulching showed the greatest proportion of photosynthesized ¹³C incorporated belowground and the largest amount of microbial biomass C derived from rhizodeposits. These results demonstrate that organic manure application coupled with plastic film mulching facilitates photosynthesized C sequestration belowground and enhances soil microbial activity during the maize seedling stage.     

Plastic film mulching on soil water and maize (Zea mays L.) yield in a ridge cultivation system on Loess Plateau of China

Plastic film mulching has commonly been used for adaptation to water scarcity and for increasing agricultural productivity on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China. However, the effect of plastic film mulching on cropland soil water and thermal regimes on the semiarid Loess Plateau of China is not well understood. This study simultaneously monitored the dynamics of the soil water content and the soil temperature with high resolution in a ridge cultivation system with plastic film mulching (RS) and a flat cultivation system without plastic film mulching (FS) during the maize (Zea mays L.)-growing season. We found that, in general, the soil temperature and soil water content were significantly different among the ridge under RS (RS-ridge), the furrow under RS (RS-furrow) and FS throughout the maize-growing season (P < 0.05). Plastic film mulching increased the near-surface soil temperature by approximately 1°C throughout the study period. RS significantly increased the soil water content during the dry period (May to June), especially within the middle soil layer (30–60 cm), compared to FS. The lowest monthly average soil water content was found at a depth of 30–60 cm layer in FS during the dry period (May and June). The water depletion was found within deeper (100–160 cm) soil layers in May but the water storage in the same layer of FS in June increased although it was the dry period, which differed from RS. The RS practices showed a longer period of water supply from the deeper soil layer (100–160 cm) in May and June for meeting maize water demands during the early growing stage rather than in only May for FS. During June (dry period), the water storage at a depth of 0–60 cm was greater in RS than in FS, and the reverse was true at a depth of 60–160 cm. The results indicate that the dry soil layer at a depth of 30–60 cm formed during June in FS likely reduced water movement from deeper layers to the topsoil layer, and hence constrained the availability of surface soil water for meeting maize water requirements during the early growing stage (dry period). Our study suggests that RS tends to significantly increase surface soil water availability by restraining the formation of a dry soil layer during the early maize-growth stage primarily under dry conditions, and thus enhances maize productivity in the semiarid Loess Plateau of China.     

华北集约农区马铃薯地膜覆盖安全期的探讨

作物地膜覆盖安全期指某一作物在某一区域要求地膜覆盖的最佳天数,也就是地膜覆盖农田土面能保持膜面完整的日数,在此日数之前地膜应该保持基本完整,维持增温保墒等功能,此日数之后,这些功能基本消失。华北集约农区水分条件基本能满足马铃薯生长的需求,因此,生产中主要根据该区域自然条件和作物对温度需求的特点适期揭膜。为确定华北集约农区马铃薯种植的最佳揭膜时间,在青岛市以露地种植为对照（T1）,分别设置了播种后覆膜30d（T2）、60d（T3）、75d（T4）、90d（T5）4个中途揭膜和全生育期覆膜不揭（T6）共6个处理,观测田间10cm土层土壤温度以及马铃薯生育期、出苗率及产量等指标。结果发现：与露地（T1）相比,地膜覆盖（T2、T3、T4、T5和T6）可以促使研究区马铃薯提前5d出苗,且出苗率得到提高;全生育期覆膜（T6）通过提高地温从而促进马铃薯的生长发育,在马铃薯播种-出苗期,全生育期覆膜（T6）处理较露地（T1）10cm土层土壤日平均温度提高1.1℃,10cm土层地积温增加66.1℃·d。不同揭膜时间的试验结果显示,在播种后60d揭膜处理中,马铃薯田10cm土层的地积温较高,为1795.6℃·d。此外,在马铃薯播种60d内地膜覆盖可以显著提高马铃薯田10cm土层地温日较差,播种60d后揭膜对10cm土层地温日较差影响不大。研究结果显示马铃薯产量与地膜覆盖和揭膜时间密切相关,对照露地种植（T1）产量最低,为40.3thm⁻²;60d揭膜（T3）最高,为45.7thm⁻²,较露地种植（T1）增产13.4%;75d揭膜（T4）较高,较露地种植（T1）增产10.4%。综合看,在该地区马铃薯生产中覆膜后60～75d进行揭膜最合适,即该地区马铃薯地膜覆盖安全期为60～75d。     

旱地雨养农业覆膜体系及其土壤生态环境效应

覆膜技术作为一项有效提高粮食产量的重要手段,在中国西北地区雨养农业中得到广泛的推广应用。本文综述了地膜覆盖体系关于作物产量、土壤水分、土壤温度、土壤养分转化和迁移以及微生物数量和活性等方面的研究进展,以期为旱地雨养农业发展和完善覆膜技术体系提供理论支撑。研究表明:玉米、小麦和马铃薯覆膜处理增产显著,其平均增产率分别为26.2%、37.1%和29.8%;同时,增产受到覆膜方式影响,全覆膜处理增产效果最好,其玉米、小麦和马铃薯平均产量分别比半覆膜处理高30.0%、5.1%和26.4%。覆膜下玉米、小麦与马铃薯的水分利用效率分别比不覆膜处理高42.8%、10.9%和92.8%。覆膜处理影响硝酸盐在土体的空间分布,硝酸盐在膜下出现表聚现象;同时覆膜能够提高氮肥利用效率,减少氮素淋溶损失,降低氨挥发。但关于覆膜下反硝化过程的研究结论不一,还需进一步深入的探讨。覆膜对有机碳的影响与气候、土壤、作物、覆膜年限等有关,其研究结论尚有争议。另外,覆膜增加了农田土壤微生物量,改变土壤物理性状。尽管覆膜显著提高作物产量,其对生态环境却可能存在一定的影响,比如"奢侈耗水"现象,温室气体排放增加,土壤有机质耗竭,农膜残留等问题。因此,进一步系统研究覆膜对土壤生态环境的影响机理,完善覆膜技术体系与应用,全面评估覆膜体系的生态环境影响,对其在中国干旱地区农业生产的可持续发展具有重要意义。     

Carbon dioxide flux and soil carbon stock as affected by crop residue management and soil texture in semi‐arid maize croplands in Tanzania

Crop residue management strategies must be adapted for improving carbon (C) balance and soil C stock in agroecosystems in sub‐Saharan Africa with consideration of the crop residue availability and site‐specific soil characteristics. We conducted field experiments to determine the effects of crop residue application method (incorporation/mulching) and quality (maize/cowpea) and N fertilizer application on the soil respiration rate and soil C stock in the surface soil layer (0–15 cm) in maize croplands with contrasting soil textures (clay/sandy) over 2 years from 2012 to 2014 in Tanzania. At the clay site, the incorporation of maize residues showed a 38% increase in CO₂ flux compared to mulching, whereas, at the sandy site, mulching showed a 16% increase compared to the incorporation. At the sandy site, mulching practice retained soil moisture content and apparently enhanced the decomposition of the original soil organic C in the surface layer. It is, therefore, suggested that mulching practice may accelerate a long‐term depletion of soil C stock at the sandy site. The cowpea residue incorporation led to rapid decomposition because of its high biodegradability at both sites. The N fertilizer application stimulated the decomposition of labile soil organic matter. The soil C stock in the surface layer did not significantly change after the 2‐year experiment, irrespective of crop residue treatment and soil type. In conclusion, adequate crop residue management in terms of suppressing CO₂ flux during a cropping season depends on soil type, but the long‐term effect on soil C stock is unclear.     

垄沟耕作条件下液膜覆盖对土壤水热状况及玉米生长的影响

[目的]研究垄沟耕作和液膜覆盖集成技术在旱地作物中的应用效果,为旱田高产高效种植方式的选用提供理论支撑。[方法]应用田间小区试验的方式,进行不同耕作方式下的液态地膜、塑料地膜覆盖及不覆膜种植玉米对比试验。[结果]和不覆膜种植相比,垄沟耕作条件下,覆盖种植显著增加了0—40cm土层含水量,提高了5cm,10cm深土壤温度;覆盖种植较好地促进了玉米前期生长,显著增加了玉米产量,提高了水分利用效率(WUE)(p0.05)。随着覆膜时间的延长,液膜、塑膜覆盖的集水保温效果逐渐减弱。液膜覆盖种植的蓄水保温及增产效果低于塑膜覆盖,但显著优于不覆膜种植。试验前期,降水较少,垄沟耕作的集雨效果不明显,但有明显的增温效应。[结论]与塑膜覆盖种植可能会造成"白色污染"问题相比较,垄沟耕作条件下液膜覆盖是一种较为理想的旱作覆盖栽培技术。     

覆膜对长江中游春玉米氮肥利用效率及土壤速效氮素的影响

【目的】研究并明确长江中游覆膜对不同施氮梯度春玉米产量、 氮素积累与利用效率及土壤速效氮素时空动态的影响规律,为长江中游发展覆膜春玉米及氮素养分管理提供理论依据。【方法】采用大田试验,进行两因素裂区试验,主因素为覆膜(F)和不覆膜(NF),副因素为施氮量(5个施氮水平: 0、 135、 202.5、 270、 337.5 kg/hm2,分别用N0、 N135、 N202.5、 N270、 N337.5表示)。于拔节期、 吐丝期及成熟期测定春玉米氮素积累量(TNAA)及利用效率[氮肥农学利用效率(ANUE)和氮素回收率(NRE)],同时取0—20、 20—40和40—60 cm土层土样测定硝态氮和铵态氮含量,成熟期测定产量及其构成因素。【结果】覆膜使春玉米增产23.0%~45.9%,达极显著水平,增产的主要原因是增加穗粒数(7.6%~37.0%, P0.05)和提高百粒重(0.5~2.1 g, P0.05); 增施氮肥主要通过增加穗粒数(60.2%~125.0%, P0.01)来实现产量的提高(102.2%~168.6%, P0.01),而对穗数和百粒重无显著影响; 二因素互作对春玉米产量、 穗数、 穗粒数及百粒重的影响均达极显著水平。分析春玉米对氮素的积累利用可以看出,长江中游春玉米TNAA随生育时期而显著增加,覆膜和增施氮肥显著提高各生育时期TNAA,但二因素互作仅对吐丝期TNAA影响显著。覆膜显著提高春玉米ANUE(45.32%~164.23%),但对NRE无显著影响; 增施氮肥显著降低ANUE(26.21%~43.71%)和NRE(26.75%~47.20%); 二因素互作对春玉米ANUE和NRE影响程度亦未达到显著水平。覆膜增加土壤温度,加快了肥料的养分释放进程,同时覆膜改变春玉米生育进程,减少同期降雨量,提高中低施氮水平(N 135~270 kg/hm2)耕层(0—20 cm)土壤速效氮素的含量; 覆膜显著提高N202.5和N270处理下20—40 cm土层土壤速效氮含量; 覆膜仅对深层土壤(40—60 cm)拔节期速效氮含量的影响达显著水平。【结论】覆膜和施氮二者相互作用有利于提高穗粒数和吐丝期植株氮素积累量,进而促进籽粒灌浆过程,提高百粒重。在本研究条件下,长江中游春玉米适宜的施氮量应控制在202.5~270 kg/hm2,覆膜降低土壤氮素损失,促进玉米对氮素的吸收,实现稳产和肥料的高效协同提高。     

Soil Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Stocks under Tropical Organic and Conventional Cropping Systems in Northeastern Brazil

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an essential ecosystem component whose dynamics are affected by soil management practices. To evaluate the impact of two agricultural systems (organic and conventional) on soil organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) stocks in a sandy soil, samples were collected from the Amway Nutrilite Brazil farm and from the Central Pivot Horticultural Farmers Association farm, both situated in the Chapada da Ibiapaba region, Ceará State, Brazil. The first area has a large‐scale Caribbean Cherry fruit production system under organic management, whereas the second represented a conventional soil cultivation condition, characterized by the use of chisel plow and disc plow, mineral fertilization, and herbicides application. Plots with and without green manure fertilization were compared in the organically cultivated systems by using soil samples collected in the rows and between the rows. Areas under native forest were also sampled to determine the steady‐state condition. Total organic C and N contents in the soil (SOC, TN) and in the humic substances were determined at the 0‐ to 5‐, 5‐ to 15‐, 15‐ to 30‐, and 30‐ to 50‐cm soil layers. In addition, oxidizible organic C fractions were measured to calculate the carbon management index (CMI). In general, total SOC levels were low, ranging from 2.5 to 12.6 g kg^?1 in the whole soil profile among the organic systems. In the upper soil layer, SOC and TN stocks were greater in the rows in response to organic fertilization. The conventional system presented lower variation on the SOC contents throughout soil layers when compared to the native forest area, indicating the direct effect of plowing on the downward SOC distribution. The CMI data confirmed the reestablishment of SOM levels in the rows of the organic managed systems in relation to the reference area, whereas the reduction of the CMI in the conventional system suggests a decline in the soil quality and greater potential for increased C losses to the atmosphere.     

不同覆膜方式对杨树林下土壤物理性状及呼吸速率的影响

在大田条件下,研究了白膜覆盖和黑膜覆盖对欧美I-107杨林下土壤0—40cm土层的温度、含水量、容重、孔隙度和土壤呼吸速率的影响。结果表明,在两种覆膜方式中,白膜覆盖的增温效应优于黑膜覆盖,而对土壤含水量的影响无显著差异。0—20cm土层白膜覆盖和黑膜覆盖处理均显著提高了土壤总孔隙度、毛管孔隙度和非毛管孔隙度,而土壤容重却明显降低,分别比对照降低15.44%和9.56%;此外,白膜覆盖的土壤呼吸速率与对照差异不显著,而黑膜覆盖显著低于对照。20—40cm土层与0—20cm土层表现出基本一致的变化规律,但两种覆膜方式与对照之间的差异均变小,表明随着土层的加深,覆膜的影响作用减弱。说明白膜和黑膜覆盖均可明显改善表层土壤的物理性状,但黑膜覆盖明显抑制了土壤呼吸。在两种覆膜方式中,白膜覆盖的作用效果明显优于黑膜覆盖。     

宽膜覆盖下土壤环境研究 Ⅰ.土壤盐分运移分布特点

通过在新疆巴楚县设置不覆膜露地种植、窄膜覆盖和宽膜覆盖种植棉花的试验，对露地、窄膜下、宽膜中区和边区下不同时间的土壤剖面上全盐含量的比较分析，发现覆盖宽膜后第一水前盐分在土壤剖面上是增加的，但膜中区０～１５ｃｍ盐分　增加量小于膜边区；到收获后膜中区０～１５ｃｍ土壤含盐量下降到低于播种时水平，可是在膜　边区０～１５ｃｍ盐分聚积，含盐量继续增加；到收获后宽膜下１５～１００　ｃｍ深度内含盐量均降低　到春季播种时水平．     

旱地玉米秸秆地膜二元覆盖的土壤水热效应研究

为了研究不同覆盖方式对旱地农田土壤水温变化规律和降水高效利用的影响,以探求旱地玉米最佳覆盖种植方式,于2013—2015年在山西省寿阳县连续定点定位设置秸秆地膜二元覆盖(MS)、宽膜覆盖(FM)、窄膜覆盖(NM))3个不同覆盖种植方式,以传统露地平作为对照(CK),研究不同覆盖种植模式对旱地玉米土壤温度、水分和产量的影响。结果表明:(1)二元覆盖昼夜温差比宽膜覆盖、窄膜覆盖和露地变化幅度小,二元覆盖昼夜相差8.8℃;在播后25~35天,15cm土层的土壤温度由19.1℃上升到26.5℃,呈现微弱的增温效应。(2)玉米整个生育期秸秆地膜二元覆盖处理(MS)0—160cm土壤贮水量较CK增加68mm;3年平均含水量显示,MS、FM和NM比CK分别提高4.5%,0.4%和1.2%。(3)秸秆地膜二元覆盖(MS)处理,比露地增产17.4%,水分利用效率提高24.8%。因此,秸秆地膜二元覆盖能综合改善田间温度、水分因子,提高了玉米产量和水分利用效率,是山西省旱地玉米最佳的覆盖方式。     

地膜覆盖对杨树林下土壤生物学特征的影响

在大田条件下,研究了地膜覆盖对杨树林下0-20cm和20-40cm土层的土壤理化性质、土壤微生物数量、酶活性、微生物量碳及活跃微生物量的影响。结果表明,在0-20cm土层,覆膜处理可显著增加土壤含水量和碱解氮含量,而有机质、全氮、速效磷和pH值却明显降低土壤细菌数和真菌数分别增加了44.89%和42.58%,放线菌数变化不明显土壤过氧化氢酶、蔗糖酶和多酚氧化酶活性分别提高了29.25%,83.66%和28.95%,而脲酶活性却降低了13.02%土壤微生物量碳和活跃微生物量分别增加了27.44%和31.87%,有利于土壤养分的分解和有效化。20-40cm土层与0-20cm土层土壤表现出基本一致的变化规律,但覆膜与对照之间的差异变小,表明随着土层深度的增加,覆膜的影响作用减小。综合分析认为,地膜覆盖对杨树林下土壤,尤其是表层土壤的生态环境具有明显的改善作用。     

Soil organic matter stabilization in acidic forest soils is preferential and soil type-specific

Minerals with large specific surface areas promote the stabilization of soil organic matter (SOM). We analysed three acidic soils (dystric, skeletic Leptic Cambisol; dystric, laxic Leptic Cambisol; skeletic Leptic Entic Podzol) under Norway spruce (Picea abies) forest with different mineral compositions to determine the effects of soil type on carbon (C) stabilization in soil. The relationship between the amount and chemical composition of soil organic matter (SOM), clay content, oxalate‐extractable Fe and Al (Fe_o; Al_o), and dithionite‐extractable Fe (Fe_d) before and after treatment with 10% hydrofluoric acid (HF) in topsoil and subsoil horizons was analysed. Radiocarbon age, ¹³C CPMAS NMR spectra, lignin phenol content and neutral sugar content in the soils before and after HF‐treatment were determined and compared for bulk soil samples and particle size separates. Changes in the chemical composition of SOM after HF‐treatment were small for the A‐horizons. In contrast, for B‐horizons, HF‐soluble (mineral‐associated) and HF‐resistant (non‐mineral‐associated) SOM showed systematic differences in functional C groups. The non‐mineral associated SOM in the B‐horizons was significantly depleted in microbially‐derived sugars, and the contribution of O/N‐alkyl C to total organic C was less after HF‐treatment. The radiocarbon age of the mineral‐associated SOM was younger than that of the HF‐resistant SOM in subsoil horizons with small amounts of oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe. However, in horizons with large amounts of oxalate‐extractable Al and Fe the HF‐soluble SOM was considerably older than the HF‐resistant SOM. In acid subsoils a specific fraction of the organic C pool (O/N‐alkyl C; microbially‐derived sugars) is preferentially stabilized by association with Fe and Al minerals. Stabilization of SOM with the mineral matrix in soils with large amounts of oxalate‐extractable Al_o and Fe_o results in a particularly stable and relatively old C pool, which is potentially stable for thousands of years.     

中国可降解膜覆盖对玉米产量效应的Meta分析

可降解膜是解决农业生产中地膜残留污染的有效措施,但覆盖可降解膜的作物产量效应仍存在较大分歧.该研究以玉米为研究对象,分别以不覆盖和覆盖普通地膜作为覆盖可降解膜的对照,通过检索已发表的相关田间试验数据,利用Meta分析方法定量研究覆盖可降解膜对玉米的产量效应和影响因素.结果表明,在可降解膜和不覆盖组合中,覆盖可降解膜的玉米产量较不覆盖平均提高17.8%(95%置信区间14.8%~20.9%);该组合不存在发表偏倚和极端值.可降解膜和普通地膜组合存在发表偏倚,校正前覆盖可降解膜的玉米产量显著低于覆盖普通地膜(平均相差1.8%),校正后二者差异不显著(置信区间-0.9%~2.7%);该组合也不存在极端值.与不覆盖和覆盖普通地膜相比,覆盖可降解膜的累计平均产量效应均随时间趋于稳定.近5 a来,覆盖可降解膜与覆盖普通地膜的玉米产量差异和变幅均较2000—2010年有所减小.在高海拔、低气温区域,平作和使用0.008 mm厚度降解膜时,更有利于提高可降解膜的增产效应.该研究可为降解膜的大规模推广应用和开发研制提供依据.