蛋氨酸铜和硫酸铜在凡纳对虾饲料中的应用效果比较

通过在饲料中分别加入不同浓度(铜元素的添加浓度分别为0、7.5、15、30、45mg·kg-1饲料)的硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜,比较了硫酸铜和蛋氨酸铜对凡纳对虾生长、血液免疫因子及虾体铜的影响。添加蛋氨酸铜的各实验组生长速度同对照组之间没有显著差异;而添加硫酸铜的各组,只有铜添加量为30mg·kg-1饲料的试验组生长速度显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其它组同对照组之间差异不显著;成活率各组间无显著差异。除了铜添加量为15mg·kg-1饲料的试验组,各试验组对虾血清的酚氧化酶(PO)活力都高于对照组,其中当铜添加量为30mg·kg-1时最强,在此时蛋氨酸铜添加组的PO活力高于硫酸铜;随着铜添加浓度的提高,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力增强,在添加量达到30mg·kg-1饲料时达到最大,此时硫酸铜组和蛋氨酸铜组间无差异,都为507。对虾肌肉中铜的含量各组间无显著差异,为(4.07±1.80)mg·kg-1,个体间差异非常大;肝胰脏中铜的最高含量为210.36mg·kg-1,最低为33.78mg·kg-1(空白对照组),明显高于肌肉中的含量。结果表明,在试验条件下,同硫酸铜相比,蛋氨酸铜没有显著的促生长效果,对肌肉、肝铜含量以及SOD活性没有显著影响。     

营养盐对海萝生长和藻体生化成分的影响

研究了不同营养盐添加量对海萝(Gloiopeltis furcata)盘状体萌发、生长、成活以及藻体生长和生化成分的影响。海萝盘状体和海萝藻体分别培养于添加不同质量浓度的营养盐[硝酸钠(Na NO3)0 mg·L-1、10 mg·L-1、40 mg·L-1、80 mg·L-1、10 mg·L-1、40 mg·L-1、80 mg·L-1和相对应磷酸氢二钾(K2HPO4)0 mg·L-1、0 mg·L-1、0 mg·L-1、0 mg·L-1、1 mg·L-1、4 mg·L-1、8 mg·L-1]的天然海水中。结果表明,添加营养盐的各组盘状体萌发出直立体的百分率和成活率没有比空白对照组的高;添加营养盐的各组藻体质量与空白对照组没有显著性差异,但添加Na NO3质量浓度为40~80 mg·L-1组的叶绿素a和藻红蛋白含量则明显高于空白对照组(P0.05)。研究结果显示,海萝盘状体阶段可不添加营养盐进行培养;藻体阶段可添加Na NO310~40 mg·L-1和K2HPO44mg·L-1进行培养。     

牛至油对慢性氨氮胁迫下幼鲤组织结构的影响

本试验旨在研究饲料中添加牛至油对慢性氨氮胁迫下幼鲤（Cyprinus carpio）鳃、肝、肾、肠道组织结构的影响。挑选450尾初始体重为（17.02 ± 0.40）g的幼鲤,随机分为6组：L（对照组,养于正常水体中并饲喂基础饲料）;L0、L300、L600、L900、L1200（试验组,养于4.87 ± 0.21 mg/L氨氮水体中并分别饲喂添加0、300、600、900、1200 mg/kg牛至油的试验饲料）,每组设3个重复,每个重复25尾鱼,养殖试验为期56 d。结果表明：添加量为900 mg/kg时,牛至油对鳃、肝、肾组织发挥的缓解作用最大;当牛至油添加量达到1200 mg/kg 时,其缓解氨氮胁迫的作用降低。日粮中牛至油添加量为300、600、900 mg/kg可以显著增加肠绒毛高度,促进幼鲤肠道的生长发育;当牛至油添加量达到1200 mg/kg时,牛至油对于肠绒毛的促生长作用有所减弱。结论：日粮中添加900mg/kg的牛至油有助于缓解由氨氮胁迫造成的幼鲤鳃、肝、肾、肠道组织的损伤,并且对于幼鲤肠绒毛的生长,肠道消化吸收能力具有促进作用。     

西沙永兴岛附近海域秋末氮磷营养盐加富对浮游植物生长限制的影响

为探讨西沙海域氮(N)和磷(P)对浮游植物生长限制的影响,2014年秋末在永兴岛附近海域S0站(111°59.843'E,17°30.364'N)进行了N、P营养盐的现场添加实验。添加氮的浓度依次为4μmol·L-1、8μmol·L-1、16μmol·L-1、32μmol·L-1,添加磷的浓度依次为0.25μmol·L-1、0.5μmol·L-1、1μmol·L-1、2μmol·L-1,添加氮和磷的浓度组合依次为4μmol·L-1+0.5μmol·L-1(N∶P=8∶1)、8μmol·L-1+2μmol·L-1(N∶P=4∶1)、16μmol·L-1+0.25μmol·L-1(N∶P=64∶1)、32μmol·L-1+1μmol·L-1(N∶P=32∶1)。结果显示:加富N+P后,叶绿素a浓度显著增长(P0.05),其中,32μmol·L-1NO-3-N+1μmol·L-1PO3-4-P添加组和4μmol·L-1NO-3-N+0.5μmol·L-1PO3-4-P添加组叶绿素质量浓度从初始的0.06 mg·m-3分别达到1.71 mg·m-3和1.10 mg·m-3,说明添加N/P范围在8~32之间可以促进浮游植物生长。在单独加富N和P后,叶绿素a浓度均无显著的增加(P0.05),说明单独添加N和P不能促进浮游物生长。限制因子分析表明,S0站点的浮游植物生长为N+P共同限制。     

光合细菌和复合微生物制剂在西施舌幼虫培育的应用

研究了不换水、添加以光合细菌和芽胞杆菌属为主的复合微生物制剂于水中对西施舌(Coelomactraan tiquata)育苗的影响。以幼虫培育密度为0.5,1ind·mL-1,分2大试验组进行不换水而添加不同浓度光合细菌和复合微生物制剂的试验,结果表明:这2大组中都是添加光合细菌40μL·L-1、微生物制剂2μg·L-1的小组,其幼虫生长最快;幼虫密度为0.5ind·mL-1的试验组,8d内换水与不换水,添加与不添加复合微生物,对于幼虫成活率影响不大,而幼虫密度为1ind·mL-1的试验组必需添加一定量的微生物(光合细菌40μL·L-1、微生物制剂2μg·L-1)才可达到与换水对照组同样高的成活率。     

室外池塘自然养殖条件下呋喃西林代谢物在中华绒螯蟹体内残留和消除规律

采用高效液相色谱串联质谱(HPLC-ESI/MS/MS)法分析呋喃西林主要代谢物氨基脲(Semicarbazide,SEM)在中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis,以下简称河蟹)体内的残留及消除规律。设2个试验组和1个对照组,2个试验组以20 mg·L-1和80 mg·L-1的呋喃西林溶液浸泡河蟹(扣蟹)60 min后,转移至饲养池塘中,并在给药后1 h、2 h、4 h、8 h、12 h、24 h、2 d、4 d、8 d、12 d、16 d、20 d、30 d、40 d、50 d、60 d、80 d、100 d、120 d、150 d进行各组织取样分析。结果显示:在停药2 h时,2个浓度试验组河蟹的肌肉、肝胰腺和鳃中SEM均达到高峰,其中,20 mg·L-1试验组测定值分别为(152±21.7)、(234.0±12.0)、(3 160±169)μg·kg-1,80 mg·L-1试验组测定值分别为(327±31.2)、(372±27.2)、(4 623±247)μg·kg-1。停药2 h后,2个浓度试验组河蟹各组织中SEM均呈现不同的消除速率,其中20 mg·L-1试验组的消除速率分别为0.315μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肌肉)、0.487μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肝胰腺)和4.39μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(鳃);80 mg·L-1试验组的消除速率分别为0.454μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肌肉)、0.516μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(肝胰腺)和6.43μg·(kg·h)~(-1)(鳃)。停药960 h后,2个浓度试验组各组织中SEM残留均低于判定限(1.0μg·kg-1)。     

急性低氧胁迫对青海湖裸鲤血液指标和肝脏氧化应激及糖代谢的影响

为探究青海湖裸鲤(Gymnocypris przewalskii)血液和肝脏组织对急性低氧胁迫的生理响应,将体质量(25.3±3.4)g的1龄青海湖裸鲤放在透明密封的(长33 cm×宽22 cm×高18 cm)水槽中,每槽22尾。急性低氧处理前,水槽持续充氧,水体溶解氧浓度为(8.1±0.2)mg·L^-1(对照组)。急性低氧胁迫时,终止充氧,用透明塑料薄膜覆盖水槽上方,水槽内水体溶解氧浓度快速下降(试验组)。当半数青海湖裸鲤出现如行动迟缓、反应迟钝、身体失衡等缺氧症状时[约(43±2)min,溶解氧约为(0.46±0.03)mg·L^-1],测定水体溶解氧浓度,同时取样测定青海湖裸鲤血液生理生化指标和肝脏抗氧化及糖代谢相关指标的变化。结果表明,在急性低氧胁迫后,青海湖裸鲤血液生理生化指标均呈现出不同程度的变化趋势。其中Na⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Cl^-和尿素氮(BUN)浓度与胁迫前相比无显著差异(P>0.05),Ca²⁺浓度显著高于胁...     

螺旋藻对建鲤生长发育的影响

向建鲤(Cyprinus carpiovar.jian)的基础日粮中添加螺旋藻粉,研究其对建鲤的促生长效能。结果表明:2%、4%的添加量均能显著提高建鲤的生长性能(P<0.01),2个试验组和对照组的相对增重率分别为134.12%、152.12%和105.34%,饲料利用率比对照组分别提高了13.64%和20.45%,成活率也有不同程度的提高。     

铁对小兴凯湖自然群落浮游植物生长的影响

在水温(22±1)℃下,采用实验室内三角烧瓶中添加铁螯合剂(Fe-EDTA)的方法,研究不同浓度(3、5、7、9μmol·L-1)铁对小兴凯湖浮游植物自然群落生长的影响。结果显示:在含铁量较高的湖泊中(总Fe含量本底值为4μmol·L-1),当加入EDTA铁浓度为3μmol·L-1、5μmol·L-1、7μmol·L-1和9μmol·L-1时,第4d和6d浮游植物的丰度达高峰,随着铁浓度的增加浮游植物能继续生长,但生长受到抑制。铁浓度的升高,促进蓝藻大量生长,但其生长有效限制了绿藻。当施EDTA铁浓度达到9μmol·L-1时,硅藻和绿藻生长最旺盛,达到高峰。     

湛江市东海岛对虾养殖池水质污染状况分析

本文通过对湛江市东海岛对虾养殖场虾池水质的pH值、溶解氧(DO)、氨氮、化学需氧量(COD)和无机磷进行连续监测.实验结果表明:对虾养殖池水质pH值为7.8～9.0,溶解氧浓度为6.23～10.34mg·L-1,氨氮浓度为0.038～0.112 mg·L-1,无机磷浓度为0.017～0.042 mg·L-1,化学需氧量浓度为8.23～14.57mg·L-1.应用单项指标评价法和综合指数法进行评价,其化学需氧量超出富营养化阈值,需要对水体进行增氧等措施,降低水体有机物负荷等,其它指标基本适合对虾养殖的要求.     

饵料密度对卜氏晶囊轮虫种群数量变动和生产力的影响

饵料密度实验表明 ,在 2 8℃下 ,当草履虫密度分别为 10 0cell·mL-1(77mg·L-1)、2 0 0cell·mL-1(15 4mg·L-1)、30 0cell·mL-1(2 31mg·L-1)和 4 0 0cell·mL-1(30 8mg·L-1)时 ,卜氏晶囊轮虫在群体培养条件下的最大持续产量 (MSY)、水体容纳量、种群增长期的平均生产量和增长率均以饵料密度 30 0cell·mL-1组为最高 ,分别为 :6 .4ind·mL-1·d-1(35 5mg·L-1·d·-1)、13.7ind·mL-1(76 0 .6mg·L-1)、5 5 (mg·L-1·d·-1)和 1.4 4 96 (d-1)。实验结果还表明 ,在饵料密度 10 0～ 30 0cell·mL-1范围内 ,种群的最大持续产量 (MSY)、达到最大持续产量时的生物量 (CSC)和达到MSY及容纳量的时间均随饵料密度增加而提高或延长。但是 ,当饵料密度达到 4 0 0cell·mL-1时 ,上述指标反而降低或缩短。以草履虫为饵时晶囊轮虫的日粮为 14 6 %～ 70 7% ,饵料系数 19.8～91.7。     

河口区室内幼虾养殖循环水处理技术与模式

利用臭氧与生物滤器循环水处理系统进行室内南美白对虾幼虾养殖。试验期间,按48～72h间隔以臭氧处理养虾循环水2h、曝气2～4h。水处理期间,暂停处理池、养虾池间水循环,过滤系统持续运转。53d中,水处理系统有效控制养殖水质化学指标与微生物指标均在合适范围内,各指标平均值为:NH3-Nt0.41mg·L-1,NO-2-N0.057mg·L-1,COD10.12mg·L-1,氧化还原电位379mV,浑浊度0.6NTU,细菌总数10200cell·mL-1,弧菌数6cell·mL-1;同时获得较高的幼虾成活率(78.3%～80.2%)。根据试验结果与河口水特点,提出了河口区室内养虾循环水处理模式。     

葡萄糖对对虾养殖水体水质的影响

研究葡萄糖的不同添加量(1.25~5×10-3 g/L)对对虾养殖水体水质指标(氨氮、活性磷)和微生物数量(总异养菌、弧菌)的影响。结果显示,与对照组相比,水体中添加葡萄糖能明显提高异养菌、弧菌密度(P<0.05),显著降低养殖水体中氨氮、活性磷浓度(P<0.05)。且在一定浓度范围内,葡萄糖浓度越高,氨氮、活性磷浓度越低,异养菌、弧菌密度越高。     

Effect of dietary sodium chloride acclimation on growth and plasma thyroid hormones in tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) in relation to sex

This trial was conducted in order to test the effect of supplemental dietary sodium chloride on growth and plasma thyroid hormone levels of male and female monosex groups of tilapia Oreochromis niloticus (L.) reared in fresh water and 10‰ brackish water. At the end of the experiment. the gonadal development of females was observed. A high‐salt diet (8% NaCl) was fed to female and male tilapia for a period of 3 weeks. After this time. both groups were transferred directly to fresh water and 10‰ brackish water, and a growth trial was conducted over 90 days. The results indicate that dietary supplementation with NaCl improved the growth of females and males at 30 days, except for females maintained in fresh water. Females reared in 10‰ brackish water showed an increase in growth rates that was accompanied by the highest plasma T3 levels. In contrast, males did not exhibit the same relationship in 10‰ brackish water, showing lower plasma T3 levels than in fresh water. Histological sections of O. niloticus ovaries revealed that female groups contained oocytes at different stages of development. At 90 days, females reared in 10‰ brackish water showed oocytes in maturation, while in fresh water, they showed the highest proportion of vitellogenic oocytes and no mature oocytes. The highest proportion of mature oocytes observed in brackish water was associated with the better growth rate in relation to fresh water. These results confirm that tilapia breed freely in low‐salinity brackish water as well as in fresh water.     

生物絮团技术对异育银鲫生长性能和抗性的影响

为研究生物絮团技术(Biofloc Technology,BFT)在沿海滩涂鱼类养殖中的应用效果,本实验以滩涂主要养殖种类——异育银鲫(Carassius auratus gibelio)为研究对象,按照BFT养殖模式(BFT组,不换水,只补存蒸发掉或取样部分的水分)和一般养殖模式(对照组,每日换水1次,每次换水1/4~1/3)分别饲养,测定各处理组异育银鲫的生长指标、消化酶活性和免疫相关酶活性,应用实时荧光定量PCR法定量分析热休克蛋白HSP70的相对表达,人工感染试验对比分析BFT养殖模式组和一般养殖模式组异育银鲫生长性能和抗性的变化。结果显示:(1)BFT组异育银鲫增重率、特定生长率和存活率均高于对照组(P0.01),肥满度、脏体比和肝体比与对照组间无显著差异(P0.05);(2)BFT组异育银鲫肠道中淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胃蛋白酶活性显著高于对照组(P0.05),分别提高了53.10%、28.10%和17.99%;(3)BFT组异育银鲫体表黏液中超氧化物歧化酶活性、血清中总抗氧化能力和溶菌酶活性高于对照组(P0.01);(4)BFT组脾、肾、肝和鳃中热休克蛋白HSP70的表达量分别上调了1.29倍、1.34倍、1.87倍和1.68倍;(5)嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophilia)人工感染试验证实,BFT组异育银鲫抗细菌感染能力显著增强。研究表明,BFT养殖模式适于异育银鲫养殖,可促进鱼体生长,增强其应激能力和抗病力。     

Nitrogen removal characteristics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas stutzeri</Emphasis> F11 and its application in grass carp culture

This study was designed to investigate the denitrification characteristics of Pseudomonas stutzeri F11 under different environmental conditions and to evaluate the effect of these characteristics on nitrogen removal and the water microbiome in an experimental grass carp aquaculture system. The results showed that the optimal growth conditions of strain F11 were (1) ammonia-nitrogen (N), nitrite-N, or nitrate-N as sole N source; (2) initial ammonia-N concentration of 10–30 mg N/l; (3), initial nitrite-N concentration of 200 mg N/l; (4) sodium citrate as carbon source; (5) rotation (r) speed of 200 r/min; a C:N ratio of between 2 and 10; (6) culture at 32–37 °C. The addition of P. stutzeri F11 to the experimental grass carp aquaculture system reduced the levels of ammonia-N, nitrite-N, and total N in the water over an extended range, but had no effect on nitrate-N level. Results of the 454 pyrosequencing analysis indicated that the structure of the microbial community in the aquaculture water changed significantly after the addition of P. stutzeri F11 preparations. The addition of P. stutzeri F11 to the aquaculture system also altered the microbiome metabolism in the water, especially the bacteria involved in nitrogen metabolism. These results suggest that the addition of P. stutzeri F11 to an experimental grass carp aquaculture system decrease nitrogen levels and alter the microbial community structure of the water; as such, this bacterial strain could be a potential candidate for the regulation of water quality in aquaculture systems.     

LMG在养殖水体中的残留及其在鱼肌肉中的积累

检测曾投放过孔雀石绿(MG)养殖池塘中水样MG和隐性孔雀石绿(LMG)含量,并以此数据为基础通过室内模拟实验研究了不同浓度LMG养殖水体中生长的罗非鱼(Tilapia)和淡水白鲳(Colussoma brachypomum)肌肉中的积累情况。结果显示:所选取的5个池塘中LMG平均含量为30.32 ng/mL,6个月前使用过孔雀石绿的5个鱼塘的养殖水体中仍有一定量LMG残留。室内模拟实验显示:在LMG初始浓度为1.00 ng/mL的养殖水体中,LMG在罗非鱼和淡水白鲳肌肉中积累浓度分别高达60.0 ng/g和70.8 ng/g;罗非鱼肌肉中脂肪含量为0.53%,淡水白鲳为0.75%,说明脂肪含量高的淡水白鲳更容易积累LMG。同时发现,罗非鱼和淡水白鲳积累LMG浓度与水体中LMG浓度成正相关。     

鲐鱼鱼精中5_脱氧核苷酸的分离工艺

论述了用桔青霉PenicilliumcitrinumM71菌株,经液体培养制得的5＇-磷酸二酯酶降解鲐鱼鱼精DNA成5＇-脱氧核苷酸的分离工艺.分离采用201×8阴离子交换树脂,具体条件为柱床高l05mm,柱床直径45mm,样品浓度213mg@mL-1,洗脱流速0.5mL@cm-2@min-1.分离结果表明,采用0.005MHCl+0.04MNaCl作洗脱刺,流速为0.7mL@cm-2@min-1时,四种5'-脱氧核苷酸组分能完全被洗脱下来,且呈一个大峰,同其它成分分开,再先后采用0.0018MHCl、0.0028MHCl、0.036MNaCl(pH6.0)、0.005MHCl+0.02MNaCl作洗脱剂时,则能分别将dCMP、dAMP、TMP、dGMP完全分离.     

The effects of partially substituting Indian carps or adding silver carp on polycultures including small indigenous fish species (SIS)

A sustainable semi-intensive pond aquaculture technology including major carp species (Indian, Chinese and common carp) as cash-crop and small indigenous fish species (SIS) as food for the farmers' families is being optimized in Bangladesh. Silver carp inclusion in the polyculture is now being considered, because this very efficient filter feeder has a strong impact on pond ecology and also on the farmers' family nutrition because it is a cheap fish that the family can afford to eat instead of selling. The present paper is centered on the reduction of silver carp negative effects on other species while keeping the advantages of increased total yield and income due to silver carp stocking. It presents the results of two experiments, one on-station and one on-farm, in which 3–5 silver carp/100 m² were added or partially substituted major carp filter feeders. The basic stocking density was 100 carps (rohu, catla and a bottom feeder, either mrigal or common carp, at a 1:1:1 ratio) and 250 SIS (punti and mola) per 100 m². In the on-station experiment silver carp density was 3 and 5 fish/100 m² and the large carp bottom feeder was common carp. In the on-farm experiment silver carp density was 5 fish/100 m² and the bottom feeder was either common carp or mrigal.Most of the water quality and fish performance parameters tested were not affected by the polyculture composition. Adding 3–5% silver carp or substituting 3–5% of the herbivorous fish species by this highly efficient filter feeder increased grazing pressure on the phytoplankton, which led to a 25–40% reduction of the chlorophyll concentration in the water column. The increased grazing pressure was not enough to affect other water quality parameters and fewer effects on the availability of food for the other fish species occurred than when the silver carp addition was 10% of the polyculture, as reported in a previous work. The strong negative effects of silver carp on the other species of the polyculture and the higher total yields and income recorded in previous experiments with the addition of 10 silver carp/100 m² were much weaker and their expression depended on other pond conditions when 3 or 5 silver carp/100 m² were added or substituted the same number of rohu or catla, either when the bottom feeder was mrigal or common carp. It was concluded that stocking 3 silver carp/100 m² over the usual 100 large carp and 250 SIS /100 m² can be considered a ‘no effect’ stocking density in relation to the control without silver carp, while stocking 10 silver carp/100 m² should be preferred by farmers to keep the option of selling or consuming the silver carp.     

A tolerance and safety assessment of daidzein in a female fish (Carassius auratus gibelio)

Daidzein is widely used in farmed animals as a dietary additive. However, limited information is available about its use in aquaculture. The effects of daidzein inclusion in the diet of gibel carp was assessed in terms of growth performance, immune response, disease resistance, antioxidant activity, hormone levels, daidzein tissue residues, as well as intestinal and liver morphology. The dietary daidzein inclusion levels were 0, 40, 200 and 400 mg kg^?1 and six replicates of 30 fish were used for each group. No mortality was observed during the 80‐day feeding trial. The growth performance of experimental fish was not significantly affected by dietary daidzein supplementation. However, the non‐specific immune responses, resistance to Aeromonas hydrophila, antioxidant activities, 17β‐oestradiol level, vitellogenin concentration, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and intestinal morphology were significantly affected by dietary daidzein. A dietary dose of 400 mg kg^?1 daidzein significantly decreased the GSI, increased 17β‐oestradiol and vitellogenin concentrations, and impaired the intestinal structure. The daidzein residue in muscle of gibel carp was increased by the high level (400 mg kg^?1) of dietary daidzein. Equol was not detected in fish muscle among all treatments. The present study proved that 40 mg kg^?1 daidzein was safe to be included in diets of gibel carp, and a safety margin of 5 folds of the use‐level (40 mg kg^?1) was determined.