室内凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖循环水调控技术与模式

利用臭氧仪、泡沫分离器和粗滤器等组成的循环水处理系统开展室内凡纳滨对虾工厂化养殖.养殖初始用水及在每次循环处理前的来自虾池的循环水,均置于消毒池以臭氧处理4 h、曝气2 h,初始水经处理细菌总数约杀灭99%,弧菌量小于1 cell·mL-1.试验期间,按4～6 d间隔,以水处理系统循环处理养殖水12 h,以去除氨氮、亚硝基氮、有机物、悬浮物与细菌等.养殖约60 d后,视水质监测结果增加粗滤和泡沫分离次数,并辅以生石灰水调节循环水pH.在128d全程养殖中,未用药和换水,水处理系统有效控制养殖水质指标在虾生长合适范围内,试验池各指标平均值为:浑浊度13.9 NTU,pH 8.08,氧化还原电位399 mV,NH3-Nt(NH3-Nm)0.267(0.015)mg·L-1.,NO2--N 0.203 mg·L-1,CODMn10.34 mg·L-1.同时获得良好的养殖效果:收获虾平均体重13.56 g,成活率59.6%,单位水体产量4.27 k·m-3,饵料系数1.01.据试验结果与凡纳滨对虾养殖特点,提出了虾类室内工厂化养殖循环水调控模式.     

饵料密度对卜氏晶囊轮虫种群数量变动和生产力的影响

饵料密度实验表明 ,在 2 8℃下 ,当草履虫密度分别为 10 0cell·mL-1(77mg·L-1)、2 0 0cell·mL-1(15 4mg·L-1)、30 0cell·mL-1(2 31mg·L-1)和 4 0 0cell·mL-1(30 8mg·L-1)时 ,卜氏晶囊轮虫在群体培养条件下的最大持续产量 (MSY)、水体容纳量、种群增长期的平均生产量和增长率均以饵料密度 30 0cell·mL-1组为最高 ,分别为 :6 .4ind·mL-1·d-1(35 5mg·L-1·d·-1)、13.7ind·mL-1(76 0 .6mg·L-1)、5 5 (mg·L-1·d·-1)和 1.4 4 96 (d-1)。实验结果还表明 ,在饵料密度 10 0～ 30 0cell·mL-1范围内 ,种群的最大持续产量 (MSY)、达到最大持续产量时的生物量 (CSC)和达到MSY及容纳量的时间均随饵料密度增加而提高或延长。但是 ,当饵料密度达到 4 0 0cell·mL-1时 ,上述指标反而降低或缩短。以草履虫为饵时晶囊轮虫的日粮为 14 6 %～ 70 7% ,饵料系数 19.8～91.7。     

罗氏沼虾育苗循环水处理技术与模式

将育苗用水经消毒及沉淀处理后作为试验基础用水,应用泡沫分离器、经预处理的生物滤器和紫外线消毒器等处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水,使水质得到了有效控制。试验期间,对照池以大量换水及用药等传统方式维持水质,而试验池未曾用药和换水,较对照池节约水67.5%;试验池主要水质指标变化范围如下:NH3 Nm:0～0.010mg·L-1,NO2- N:0.01～0.63mg·L-1,pH:7.48～8.37,CODMn:5.42～12.25mg·L-1,细菌总数:(4.2～130)×103cell·mL-1,弧菌数:(0.2～20)×102cell·mL-1;试验组出苗率为40%,高出对照组33.3%。生产性育苗试验中,试验池与对照池均获得了30%的出苗率。据试验结果及罗氏沼虾育苗特点,提出了处理罗氏沼虾育苗循环水的技术与模式。     

南美白对虾工厂化循环水养殖技术

利用室内工厂化循环水处理系统进行了南美白对虾亲虾培育和大规格虾苗饲养试验,并比较了虾苗不同投放密度的中间培育效果。试验结果,亲虾的平均培育成活率达92.25%;幼虾投放密度分别为2 000尾/m~2和2500尾/m~2时,中间培育成活率分别为93.5%和92.5%;大规格虾苗在室内循环水处理系统中经过152 d饲养,平均单位水体产量为3.21 kg/m~3。     

海水对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统模式分析

对虾养殖由于受到水资源和虾病的困扰,工厂化循环水养殖已经成为今后对虾养殖的一个重要方向。对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统的结构包括了养虾池、水处理技术、消毒杀菌、增氧技术、水温调节装置等。目前,典型的养殖模式有美国德州跑道式对虾养殖系统、台南室内自动化循环水养虾系统、美国佛罗里达三阶段养殖系统和美国夏威夷基于微藻的循环水对虾养殖系统。文中对这4种典型的对虾工厂化循环水养殖系统的养殖试验情况进行分析比较。     

凡纳滨对虾循环水养殖可行性研究

为探寻高产高效的养虾模式,应对环境恶化及疾病蔓延对凡纳滨对虾养殖的制约,以凡纳滨对虾新品种"科海1号"SPF优质虾苗为对象,采用循环水养殖系统及其高效水处理技术,进行了为期90d的循环水养虾试验,以探析循环水养虾的可行性及适宜的养虾条件与管控措施。结果显示:在循环水系统,凡纳滨对虾活动正常,生长快速;在放虾苗750~1200尾/m2的高密度情况下,养成产量平均高达8.6016kg/m2(5.734 4kg/m3),平均存活率64.88%,饵料系数1.22。由此表明,循环水系统适合凡纳滨对虾集约化养殖,并能高产高效。     

循环水养殖系统中膜法SBR水处理工艺运行模式的研究

研究循环水养殖系统中采用膜法SBR水处理工艺在不同运行模式下的处理效果。以TAN及TN的去除速率作为考察指标，确定了膜法SBR水处理工艺在循环水养殖系统中最佳的运行模式为瞬时进水，1．5h搅拌，2．5h曝气，0．5h沉淀、滗排水，然后循环进行处理。     

花鳗鲡工厂化循环水高密度养殖模式初探

根据花鳗鲡(Anguilla marmorata)生理生态特点构建循环水养殖系统.系统集成了臭氧消毒杀菌、机械过滤、生物过滤、液氧增氧等关键技术.试验研究循环水养殖系统中花鳗鲡的生长情况,对试验期间各项水质指标动态变化进行了监测.结果表明:各项水质指标均保持在花鳗鲡生长适宜范围内;平均规格29.97 g的花鳗鲡经过260 d养殖,平均体重达到716.20 g,成活率达到86.5%,收获时鱼产量为82.6 kg/m3,饵料系数维持在1.25左右,养殖周期较传统养殖模式缩短4～5个月,日换水率约为3%.利用封闭式循环水养殖模式进行花鳗鲡养殖切实可行.     

封闭循环水养殖南美白对虾的水质动态研究

在2002年进行r南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei Boone)工厂化循环水养殖试验，研究投饵和不同的养殖密度对水质(NH3-N，NO2^-—N和CODMn)的影响，以及工厂化养殖水处理系统对水质的作用效果。结果表明：在循环水(前期每天换水1次，后期2～4h换水1次)条件下，投饵对养殖池水质没有影响，不同养殖密度时养殖池的水质无显著不同，养殖密度对水质没有影响。定期测量不同养殖密度下对虾的体长和体重，结果是不同处理间也没有显著差异(LSD0.05)。建立的养殖水处理系统是一个包括斜板沉淀池、筛网过滤、泡沫浮选装置、生物滤池、臭氧发生器、石英砂过滤和水温调节池的系统。在3个月的南美白对虾养殖期间，氨态氮的最大去除率是85％，但是亚硝态氮的去除率只有44％；系统对COD的作用不明显，但能很好的控制水温、溶氧和pH。     

臭氧对草鱼鱼种超氧化物歧化酶和Na^＋-K^＋-ATPase活性的影响

采用控制分配气量的方法,定量地研究了臭氧暴露对草鱼鱼种鳃、肝组织超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和鳃、肝、肾组织Na+-K+-ATPase活性的影响,并且研究臭氧分解生成的氧气对草鱼相应组织酶活性的影响.结果表明,低剂量(0.14mg·L-1)臭氧处理,短时间内(6h)鳃和肝组织的SOD活性提高显著(P＜0.01),但随着处理时间的延长明显下降(P＜0.05);高剂量(0.27mg·L-1和0.45mg·L-1)臭氧处理SOD活性明显受抑制,并随时间的延长而增强.低剂量(0.14mg·L-1)臭氧处理,短时间(6h)内对鳃组织Na+-K+-ATPase的活性有显著性降低作用(P＜0.05),但对肝和肾组织Na+-K+-ATPase活性没有影响;高剂量(0.27mg·L-1和0.45 mg·L-1)和较长时间(72h)臭氧暴露对鳃、肝和肾组织Na+-K+-ATPase活性均有显著性抑制作用,且随着浓度的升高和时间的延长而抑制增强的趋势.鳃组织中Na+-K+-ATPase和SOD对臭氧显得更为敏感.     

Effect of culture system on the nutrition and growth performance of Pacific white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) fed different diets

Two 8-week feeding trials were conducted with juvenile Pacific white shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei (Boone) to compare the growth and performance of animals fed a series of experimental and commercial pelleted shrimp and fish feeds and dietary feeding regimes within an indoor running-water culture system and an outdoor zero-water-exchange culture system. The best overall shrimp growth performance was observed for animals fed the experimental shrimp diet and all-day feeding regime under outdoor zero-water-exchange culture conditions. Final body weight and average weekly growth rate under these conditions were 2.8 and 3.4 times greater, respectively, than animals of similar size fed with the same diet under indoor running-water culture conditions. Although direct comparison between indoor and outdoor culture systems is difficult because of the lower indoor water temperatures, and consequently lower mean daily feed intake of animals, it is believed that the higher growth and feed performance of animals reared under outdoor `green-water' culture conditions was primarily due to their ability to obtain additional nutrients from food organisms endogenously produced within the zero-water-exchange culture system. The most promising features of zero-water-exchange culture systems are that they offer increased biosecurity, reduced feed costs and water use for the farmer, and by doing so provide a potential avenue of moving the shrimp culture industry along a path of greater sustainability and environmental compatibility.     

室内集约化养虾池以低频率运转水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支

采用低频率运转循环水处理系统(含粗滤器、臭氧仪、气液混合器,蛋白分离器、暗沉淀池等)联用池内设施(微泡曝气增氧机与净水网)开展凡纳滨对虾室内集约化养殖实验。研究了养虾池以水处理系统调控水质效果及氮磷收支。结果表明,养虾水经系统处理后,NO₂-N(53.4%～64.5%)、COD_Mn(53.4%～94.4%)与TAN(31.6%～40.4%)被显著去除,有效改进虾池水质;养殖周期内未换水与用药,虾池主要水化指标均控制在对虾生长安全范围,7号实验池(100 d)与8号对照池(80 d)主要水化指标变化范围:DO分别为 5.07～6.70 mg/L和4.38～6.94 mg/L,TAN 0.248～0.561 mg/L和0.301～0.794 mg/L,NO₂-N 0.019～0.311 mg/L和0.012～0.210 mg/L,COD_Mn 10.88～21.22 mg/L和11.65～23.34 mg/L。7号池对虾生长指数优于8号池(80 d虾病暴发终止),单位水体产量分别为1.398 kg/m²与0.803 kg/m²。氮磷收支估算结果:7号与8号池饲料氮磷分别占总收入:氮93.70%与92.37%,磷98.77%与99.09%;初始水层与虾苗含氮共占总收入6.30%与7.63%,磷共占1.23%与0.91%。总水层(含排污水)氮磷分别占总输出:氮56.45%与59.86%,磷53.26%与55.79%;收获虾体氮磷分别占总输出:氮37.07%与31.94%,磷21.37%与13.11%。7号池饲料转化率较高;池水渗漏与吸附等共损失氮磷分别占总输出:氮7.00%与9.34%,磷25.37%与31.10%。实验结果表明,虾池以低频率运转循环水处理系统联用池内设施可有效控制水质与虾病,具较高饲料转化率。     

虾夷马粪海胆的海区渡夏、室内中间培育及工厂化养成↑（*）

１９９３年７月～１９９７年５月,在夏季采用网袋、网箱开展虾夷马粪海胆Ｆ２代稚海胆的海区渡夏,壳径日平均生长量比室内提高３３．６％～６１．６％;采用网箱平面培育方法进行Ｆ２代稚海胆室内中间育成和Ｆ３代稚海胆室内中间育成中试,壳径的日平均生长量随时间呈下降趋势,为０．５３×１０－２～１．４６×１０－２ｃｍ／ｄ,体重日平均生长量呈上升趋势,介于２．３２×１０－２～１０．７２×１０－２ｇ／ｄ之间,培养中密度过大会降低海胆的成活率并导致疾病发生;采用立体水槽开展陆地工厂化养成,经１３个月,海胆壳径由１．１６ｃｍ增至５．９８ｃｍ,体重由０．４７ｇ增至６１．０ｇ,性腺指数达１８．０％。     

The potential use of Gracilaria sp. meal in diets for juvenile Penaeus monodon Fabricius

Five diets were formulated to investigate the effects of substituting wheat flour and soybean meal with various inclusion levels of seaweed (Gracilaria sp.) meal on the diet stability, performance and carcass composition of juvenile shrimp Penaeus monodon Fabricius. Gracilaria meal inclusion levels from 5% to 30% were tested against a control (0% seaweed) in isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets fed for 60 days to quadruplicate groups of shrimp held in laboratory brackishwater recirculation system. Diets containing Gracilaria meal at up to 10% inclusion had no significant effects on diet water stability (after 12 h), shrimp performance or carcass composition compared with the control diet lacking seaweed. Diets containing 0-15%Gracilaria meal remained >88% water stable after 12 h, shrimp specific growth rates (SGRs) were 7.9-8.0% wet body weight day^-1. survival was 48-56%, food conversion ratios were 3.1-3.5, and final carcass lipid levels were 6.8-7.5%. The 30% inclusion levels of Gracilaria meal resulted in a significant deterioration in diet water stability (86% after 12 h), shrimp growth (SGR 7.3% wet body weight day^-1) and carcass lipid level (4.1%). It is suggested that with the low cost and increasing availability of Gracilaria, it may be a suitable ingredient for low-level inclusion into formulated diets for shrimp culture. The possibility of using seaweed meals for this purpose is discussed with regard to diversifying the market for cultured seaweeds and enhancing the integration of seaweed culture into coastal aquaculture systems.     

溴化钠对鲤生长、甲状腺激素的影响及其在体内的蓄积

水体中添加不同浓度的溴化钠(NaBr)对鲤进行试验,分别在15、30和45d进行生长速度测定和组织蓄积研究,并在45d对甲状腺激素进行测定。研究发现,NaBr对鲤生长有促进作用,其中浓度为15mg·L-1的NaBr试验组促进作用最显著(P<0.05);NaBr影响甲状腺激素水平,浓度为15mg·L-1的NaBr试验组含量最高(P<0.01);鲤各组织中肝和皮的溴蓄积量较高,而肾在各浓度试验组均保持较高水平,浓度为25mg·L-1NaBr时肌肉中溴蓄积量为72.40mg·L-1;添加NaCl对鲤组织的溴蓄积量影响显著(P<0.01)。水体中NaBr含量低于25mg·L-1时,对淡水水生生物是安全的,所养殖生物中溴蓄积量符合食品卫生标准。     

碳酸盐类盐碱水驯化南美白对虾的试验

以淡化虾塘水添加天然盐碱水为试验用水驯化南美白对虾幼虾,探讨东北地区碳酸盐类盐碱水养殖对虾的技术。结果表明,每隔36、24、12 h各提高1次碱度2 mmol/L,经过12 d,幼虾从碱度3.17 mmol/L分别驯化至17.25、25.33、38.78 mmol/L的存活率为37%、44%及24%。通过驯化提高了幼虾对盐碱水环境一系列生态因子的综合适应能力,其生存环境由海水类型逐渐适应于内陆碳酸盐类盐碱水,是东北地区碳酸盐类盐碱水养殖对虾的有效措施。     

The effects of ozone and probiotics on the survival of black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon)

Total ozone production (TOP) from an ozonator, residual ozone concentration (ROC) in water, and the effects of ozone with or without probiotic supplemented feeds on bacterial growth, and shrimp (Penaeus monodon) survival were investigated. Minimal effective ROC to inhibit 3 log units of Vibrio harveyi D331 for 6 h and 2 log units of Bacillus S11 for 9 h was 0.38 g O₃/l of ROC from 5-min ozonation. Shrimp postlarvae exposed to 0.34–0.50 mg O₃/l ROC (8-h ozonation) caused loss of balance, immobility and destruction of gill lamellar epithelium. In vivo treatment of juvenile P. monodon reared on probiotic feed for 1 month revealed that 0.35 mg O₃/l ROC (30-min ozonation) effectively inhibited 3 log units of V. harveyi D331 for 24 h. At this ROC dosage, there was no effect either on shrimp or on intestinal probiotics (Bacillus S11). Shrimp survival from probiotic treatment, coupling with ozonation, increased significantly (P≤0.05) compared with controls.     

Acute and Chronic Effects of Nitrite on White Shrimp, Litopenaeus vannamei, Cultured in Low-Salinity Brackish Water

The marine white shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei is widely cultured. Recently, farmers have begun to culture this shrimp in low-salinity brackish water (< 6 g/L). The intensification of shrimp culture often results in occurrences of elevated nitrite concentration during the growing season. Nitrite is toxic to shrimp and exposure to high concentrations may cause retarded growth and mortalities. The current study was aimed at investigating the acute and chronic toxicity of nitrite to L. vannamei grown in low-salinity (2 g/L) brackish water. Studies of the 96-h EC50 and LC50 values of nitrite were performed to determine the acute toxicity, and an aquarium growth study (2 d post exposure to elevated nitrite concentrations) was conducted to evaluate the chronic effects of nitrite on shrimp production. The 96-h EC50 and LC50 values for juvenile L. vannamei grown in water of 2 g/L salinity was about 9 mg/L NO₂-N, suggesting a safe concentration for shrimp production in ponds to be less than 0.45 mgIL NO₂-N. Exposing shrimp to nitrite concentration of 4 mg/L for 2 d reduced their growth but did not affect their survival.     

凡纳滨对虾对东北碳酸盐类盐碱水的驯化适应

采用虾塘水添加天然盐碱水的方法,进行凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannam eiBoone)对东北地区碳酸盐类盐碱水环境的驯化适应试验。结果表明,驯化速度采用每隔12 h、24 h、48 h分别提高1次碱度1、2、4 mmol/L,经过14 d,从碱度为3.17 mmol/L的盐碱水环境,分别驯化至30.44、29.13及27.32 mmol/L的水环境,幼虾的存活率分别为41%、39%及34%。通过驯化适应,可提高幼虾对碳酸盐类盐碱水环境的适应能力及其存活率。