酵母及藻类对褶皱臂尾轮虫培养效果的比较研究

采用种群累积培养法研究了两种酵母、两种藻类对褶皱臂尾轮虫的最适投喂密度。结果表明 ,这四种饵料对褶皱臂尾轮虫的最适投喂密度 (× 10 6cell·ml-1)分别是 :干酵母 ,15 ;鲜酵母 ,5 ;微绿球藻 ,4 5 ;三角褐指藻 ,2 0。同时 ,在最适密度下比较了这四种饵料对轮虫的培养效果。结果表明 ,四种饵料对轮虫的培养效果以微绿球藻为最优 ,其它依次为三角褐指藻 ,鲜酵母 ,干酵母。实验结果显示 ,褶皱臂尾轮虫批量培养及至工厂化培养的首选饵料是微绿球藻和三角褐指藻     

河口区室内幼虾养殖循环水处理技术与模式

利用臭氧与生物滤器循环水处理系统进行室内南美白对虾幼虾养殖。试验期间,按48～72h间隔以臭氧处理养虾循环水2h、曝气2～4h。水处理期间,暂停处理池、养虾池间水循环,过滤系统持续运转。53d中,水处理系统有效控制养殖水质化学指标与微生物指标均在合适范围内,各指标平均值为:NH3-Nt0.41mg·L-1,NO-2-N0.057mg·L-1,COD10.12mg·L-1,氧化还原电位379mV,浑浊度0.6NTU,细菌总数10200cell·mL-1,弧菌数6cell·mL-1;同时获得较高的幼虾成活率(78.3%～80.2%)。根据试验结果与河口水特点,提出了河口区室内养虾循环水处理模式。     

南黄海鳀产卵场中华哲水蚤的数量分布及其摄食研究

于2001年6月对南黄海鳀产卵场鳀的主要饵料生物--中华哲水蚤的数量分布及摄食进行了研究.调查期间,中华哲水蚤是调查海区浮游动物的绝对优势种,在所有站位上均有分布,平均密度为244 ind·m-3,数量密度最大值高达1555 ind·m-3.中华哲水蚤的肠道色素含量平均为1.19ng·ind-1(0.21～4.14 ng·ind-1),与水体中叶绿素a的最大浓度呈现一定的相关性.中华哲水蚤种群具有一定的昼夜摄食节律,夜间的肠道色素含量明显高于白天.在A和B站中华哲水蚤的个体摄食率分别为76.9 ng·ind-1·d-1和39.6 ng·ind-1·d-1,分别相当于体碳含量的7.5%和3.9%.除了饵料来源和摄食强度等因素之外,捕食压力以及环境温度对中华哲水蚤种群的分布和发展可能具有十分重要的影响.     

厚壳贻贝的同化率及其生物沉积作用

2001年3～9月在青岛海区自然养殖状态下,利用沉积物收集器测定厚壳贻贝(Mytiluscrassitesta)的生物沉积及其对物质的输运,并采用灰分比例法计算厚壳贻贝的同化率。结果显示,厚壳贻贝的同化率分别为:小个体(壳长42～49mm)43 2%～59 9%、中等个体(壳长54～60mm)41 3%～56 1%、大个体(壳长65～74mm)47 6%～53 5%,平均值分别为51 6%、49 5%和52 5%。厚壳贻贝通过生物沉积作用加速海洋中颗粒物质的沉积,生物沉积率随个体的增大而增加,呈正相关关系,分别为:小个体[(42 3±4 4)～(77 9±10 8)]mg·ind-1·d-1,中等个体[(68 5±5 8)～(134 1±12 7)]mg·ind-1·d-1和大个体[(83 4±10 4)～(167 1±10 8)]mg·ind-1·d-1。海水温度和环境中饵料数量是影响厚壳贻贝的生物沉积的重要因子。     

池养大海马的摄食_生长和生态转换效率

对大海马 (平均体长 92 .82± 2 .0 5 2 6mm ,平均体重 6 .6 9± 0 .4 5 70g)在养殖条件下 (放养密度为 2 0 0ind·m-3 ,溶解氧保持在 5 .5mg·L-1以上 ,生物耗氧量低于 3mg·L-1,pH值 7.5～ 8.2 ,透明度 5 0～ 85cm ,盐度 15 .2～ 2 6 .5 )的摄食、生长和食物生态转换效率进行了定量研究。通过系统取样 ,测量海马的全长、体重和消化道内食物重量 ,计算其增长速度、摄食率、消化道排空率、生态转换效率等数值 ,发现大海马的摄食每天有两个摄食高峰 ,即 12 :0 0和 18:0 0 ,晚上不摄食或很少摄食。大海马的日摄食量为 16 .6 342± 0 .782 0g·(10 0g) -1,日摄食率为 1177.2 5cal·ind-1,排空率 0 .14 4 4g·(10 0g) -1·h-1,食物转换效率 2 0 .0 4 % ,能量转换效率 31.4 2 %。体长日平均增长速度和日均增长率分别为 1.176 6mm和 1.2 7% ;体重日平均增重速度和日均增重率分别为0 .182 0g和 2 .2 7%。通过多元回归分析建立摄食率与体重及温度的相关关系 ,得出下列关系式 :C =6 .75 4 4+0 .30 14T +0 .2 190W (F =83.5 96 3,F0 .0 1=18.0 0 ,F >F0 .0 1)。     

超低温冷冻保存对大黄鱼精子酶活性的影响

研究超低温(-196℃)冷冻保存对大黄鱼(Pseudosiaena crocea)精子内总ATP酶、肌酸激酶(CK)、琥珀酸脱氢酶(SDH)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)等酶活性的影响。运用试剂盒分别测定了冷冻前后大黄鱼精子内酶活性的变化。结果表明,经过超低温冷冻保存后,大黄鱼精子的活力下降,精子内GR活性从(4.42±0.29)U·L-1增加到(58.93±2.26)U·L-1(P<0.05);其它几种酶的活性均显著下降(P<0.05),总ATP酶、CK、SDH的活性分别从冻前的(60.16±5.88)U·mL-1、(11.91±0.76)U·mL-1和(51±2.16)U·mL-1下降到(3.54±0.37)U·mL-1、(10.22±0.32)U·mL-1和(31.5±2.08)U·mL-1;LDH、SOD和CAT活性从冻前的(7 806.44±110.11)U·L-1、(42.65±1.56)U·mL-1和(119.91±8.10)U·mL-1下降到(2 654.13±70.06)U·L-1、(31.99±1.57)U·mL-1和(55.87±2.32)U·mL-1。超低温冷冻保存对大黄鱼精子活力和精子酶活性均有显著影响。     

接种密度和面包酵母投喂量对蒙古裸腹溞种群变动和生产量的影响

在室内水槽中进行蒙古裸腹(Moinamongolica)的大量培养,研究不同接种密度和面包酵母投喂水平对该种群变动和生产量的影响。所用蒙古裸腹为20世纪90年代采自山西省晋南半咸水湖、在海水中长期培养保存下的种。实验1中,接种密度分别设为338ind/L、145ind/L和88ind/L3个水平,面包酵母投喂量为5mg/L,每天4次,各设3个重复。实验2中,面包酵母投喂量分别为30mg/(L·d)、20mg/(L·d)和10mg/(L·d)3个水平,蒙古裸腹接种密度为900ind/L,各设3个重复。实验结果表明:(1)在一定范围内蒙古裸腹培养产量随接种密度增加而增加,当接种密度低于88ind/L时,接种的蒙古裸腹较难形成稳定的种群。(2)当使用面包酵母(Bakeryeast)作为培养蒙古裸腹的惟一食物时,食物需要量随种群密度的变化而变化。当密度低于1500ind/L时,适宜的面包酵母投喂水平为20mg/(L·d);当密度超过5000ind/L时为30mg/(L·d)。上述结果显示,接种密度和面包酵母投喂量对蒙古裸腹种群变动和生产量具有重要影响。建议在蒙古裸腹培养生产中接种密度高于150ind/L,面包酵母投喂量为0 8×10-5～1 3×10-5g/(ind·d)。     

黄海南部及东海中小型浮游桡足类生态学研究Ⅰ.数量分布

根据1981年2-11月在黄海南部及东海(28°～34°N、121°～127°E)海域进行的4个季节的海洋调查资料,对该海域中型浮游生物网采集的中小型浮游桡足类丰度作了探讨.结果表明调查区桡足类总丰度4季均值为376.40ind·m-3,夏季(846.34 ind·m-3)＞春季(338.91 ind·m-3)＞秋季(204.96 ind·m-3)＞冬季(115.41 ind·m-3).黄海南部(32°N以北)和东海(28°～32°N)调查海域4季均值分别为271.05 ind·m-3和403.59 ind·m-3,季节变化趋势与全调查区一致,但在夏季,黄海南部平均丰度(492.04 ind·m-3)明显低于东海(938.2 ind·m-3).根据优势度和回归贡献分析表明冬、春、夏3季总丰度分布主要取决于拟长腹剑水蚤(Oithona similis)、小拟哲水蚤(Paracalanus parvus)和近缘大眼剑水蚤(Corycaeus affinis)等的分布,而秋季主要取决于尖额保猛水蚤(Aegisthus mucronatus)、孔雀丽哲水蚤(Calocalanus pavo)和锦丽哲水蚤(Calocalanus pavoninus)等.文中还对影响中小型浮游桡足类总丰度分布的主要因子盐度、水温和水系等与总丰度的关系进行了探讨.     

维生素C、E对中华绒螯蟹生殖性能的影响

通过对河蟹雌性亲体投喂不添加或添加VC、VE的4组实验饲料,并以新鲜河蚌为对照,进行198d饲养试验,以雌蟹性腺系数、产卵力、孵化率以及各组织中SOD活性、MDA含量等指标作为判据,研究了VC、VE对雌蟹生殖性能的影响。结果表明,1(投喂添加0.5mg·(100g)-1VC饲料组)、2(投喂添加0.022mg·(100g)-1VE饲料组)和3(投喂添加0.5mg·(100g)-1VC饲料和0.022mg·(100g)-1VE饲料组)3个组雌蟹的产卵力分别为3620个卵细胞·g-1体重、3540个卵细胞·g-1体重、3710个卵细胞·g-1体重,孵化率分别是83.03%、84.06%、86.27%,均极显著高于4组(投喂未添加维生素饲料组)雌蟹的产卵力(2490个卵细胞·g-1体重)和孵化率(29.28%)(P<0.01),也显著高于5组(饲喂河蚌)雌蟹的产卵力(3010个卵细胞·g-1体重)和孵化率(71.12%)(P<0.05)。雌蟹卵巢中SOD活性,1、2和3组则比4组和5组显著低(P<0.05),分别为56.35Nu·mL-1、53.61Nu·mL-1和39.87Nu·mL-1,相应地,MDA含量分别为6.03nmol·mL-1、5.65nmol·mL-1和5.57nmol·mL-1;4组雌蟹,虽然其卵巢中SOD活性较高,达79.25Nu·mL-1,但因饲料中缺乏抗氧化性的VC、VE,引发卵子脂质过氧化,MDA含量显著增加(P<0.05),为23.18nmol·mL-1,导致卵质低下,从而影响了卵子孵化。综上所述,雌蟹饲料中添加适量的VC     

蒙古裸腹溞的培养及在红鳍东方鲀育苗中的应用

采用小球藻、酵母、有机肥、微生态制品等作为饵料在培养缸 (0 5m3)、水泥池 (1～ 5m3)、室外泥底敞池 (15 0m3)中进行蒙古裸腹氵蚤生产规模培养 ,平均日产量一、二、三、四级分别为 5 4 1g/ (m3·d)、48 3g/ (m3·d)、34 3g/(m3·d)、19 13g/ (m3·d)～ 30 89g/ (m3·d) ,室外泥底敞池培养氵蚤为 70 5 8g/ (m3·d)。氵蚤、轮虫混合培养分别为5 3 74g/ (m3·d)和 112 0 5g/ (m3·d)。用蒙古裸腹氵蚤投喂红鳍东方 16～ 2 0日龄仔鱼可提高其日增长和存活率 ,特别是用生态制品和小球藻、酵母混合饵料培养的裸腹氵蚤有明显的促长和提高存活率效果     

双小核草履虫培养技术的进一步研究

进行了稻草液和麦粒液培养草履虫的对比试验并进行了室外生产性培养试验。结果：稻草液效果好于麦粒液，稻草液浓度为１％草履虫分裂速度最快；培养液增氧，草履虫的分裂速度比不增氧快１．３倍；室外培养的产量与温度、光照、食物密切攸关。在室外遮光条件下，用１％稻草豆汁液（豆汁液为稻草液的１‰）培养草履虫的种群密度，平均每日增长２０２倍。     

Effects of adult stocking density on egg production and viability in cultures of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana)

The effect of stocking density of the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa was evaluated in a 96 h rearing experiment. Possible density‐dependent egg production and egg viability were analysed at stocking densities of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 600 adults L⁻¹. Temperature, oxygen saturation and algal concentration were kept optimal. A non‐density‐dependent mortality rate of 15–19% day⁻¹ was documented. A non‐significant density‐dependent egg production was observed between 100 and 600 adults L⁻¹. The average egg production was 22.5±8.8 egg female⁻¹ day⁻¹ in all densities. The average egg hatching success was 84.7±4.8% and was never observed below 76.1%, with no significant differences across the stocking densities. Conclusively, as a practical recommendation for the aquaculture industry, copepod cultures with densities ranging from 100 to 600 adults L⁻¹ and presumably even more dense cultures are possible with the studied species obtaining a steady egg production and still high egg viability.     

The effect of varying dietary protein level on the growth, food conversion, protein utilization and body composition of tropical catfish Mystus nemurus (C. & V.) cultured in static pond water system

Tropical catfish, Mystus nemurus (C. & V.) (25.89 ± 0.7 g) were stocked semi-intensively in 0.03-ha earthen ponds at the rate of 10 000 ha”^-1 and fed six iso-energetic practical diets ranging from 27% to 50% protein for 8 weeks. Each diet was fed in three replicate ponds twice daily to satiation. Experimental fish were also reared extensively, in control ponds, without supplementary feed. Fish fed the 42% protein diet had the highest standing crop, weight gain and protein utilization values and the differences from other diets were statistically significant (P > 0.05). Protein efficiency ratio (PER) decreased as dietary protein increased. The experiment indicated that natural food organisms contributed to some degree if not significantly to the catfish production. Weight gain, food conversion ratio (FCR). PER and SGR (specific growth rate) indicated that a 42% protein diet with digestible protein-to-energy ratio (D/E) of 27.57 mg kj^_1 produced maximum growth in the static pond system.     

How to increase productivity of the copepod Acartia tonsa (Dana): effects of population density and food concentration

In this study, we analysed the effect of population density and food concentration on the fecundity of a Mediterranean strain of Acartia tonsa to maximize egg production. During 4‐day feeding experiments, egg hatching success and faecal pellet production were also followed. The algae Rhinomonas reticulata was supplied at different concentrations corresponding to 250, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000 and 3000 μg C L^?1 day^?1 at the following adult copepod density: 40, 80 and 160 ind. L^?1. Our results show a positive relationship between algal concentration and egg production under all experimental conditions confirming that the quantity of food strongly limits A. tonsa fecundity. Maximum egg production (57 eggs per female) was reached at the lowest density and at the maximum food concentration. Percentage of egg hatching success was not dependent on the quantity of food used. At the same food concentration, an increase in population density from 40 to 80 ind. L^?1 induced an increase in faecal pellet production per couple which did not correspond to an increase in egg production, suggesting that higher energetic costs were shifted to swimming activity. Productivity of the A. tonsa Mediterranean strain is mainly limited by the quantity of food rather than by crowding conditions.     

Effects of Dietary Protein and Energy Levels on Growth and Body Composition of Juvenile Flounder Paralichthys olivaceus

A feeding trial of three protein levels (30, 40 and 50%) and two energy levels (300 and 400 kcal/100-g diet) factorial design with three replications was carried out to investigate the proper dietary protein and energy levels for the growth of juvenile flounder Paralichthys olivaceus . Weight gain of fish tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level. Weight gain of fish fed either the 40% or 50% protein diet with 300 kcal/100-g diet was significantly higher ( P < 0.05) than with 400 kcal/100-g diet. The best weight gain was obtained from fish fed the 50% protein diet with 300 kcal/100-g diet. Feed efficiency tended to improve with increasing dietary protein level. However, dietary energy level had no significant effect on feed efficiency of fish fed the 30% or 50% protein diet, but that of fish fed the 40% protein diet with 300 kcal/100-g diet was significantly higher than with 400 kcal/100-g diet. Protein retention tended to increase as dietary protein level increased and energy level decreased. Lipid content of fish fed the diet containing 400 kcal/100-g diet was significantly higher than that of fish fed the diet containing 300 kcal/100-g diet at all protein levels. Fatty acid compositions such as linoleic acid, EPA (20:5n-3) and DHA (22:6n-3) offish were directly affected by dietary lipid (squid liver oil and/or soybean oil) used for energy source. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the proper dietary protein and energy levels for the growth of juvenile flounder are 50% and 300 kcal/100-g diet, respectively.     

溴化钠对鲤生长、甲状腺激素的影响及其在体内的蓄积

水体中添加不同浓度的溴化钠(NaBr)对鲤进行试验,分别在15、30和45d进行生长速度测定和组织蓄积研究,并在45d对甲状腺激素进行测定。研究发现,NaBr对鲤生长有促进作用,其中浓度为15mg·L-1的NaBr试验组促进作用最显著(P<0.05);NaBr影响甲状腺激素水平,浓度为15mg·L-1的NaBr试验组含量最高(P<0.01);鲤各组织中肝和皮的溴蓄积量较高,而肾在各浓度试验组均保持较高水平,浓度为25mg·L-1NaBr时肌肉中溴蓄积量为72.40mg·L-1;添加NaCl对鲤组织的溴蓄积量影响显著(P<0.01)。水体中NaBr含量低于25mg·L-1时,对淡水水生生物是安全的,所养殖生物中溴蓄积量符合食品卫生标准。     

南海北部眼镜鱼资源利用状况研究

根据2008-2019年南海北部渔港渔业生产抽样调查数据,统计得出南海北部的眼镜鱼(Mene maculata)产量主要来自于灯光围网,占其总产量的93.38%。利用剩余产量模型对围网作业功率在300 kW以上、功率在200~300 kW和功率在100~200 kW的CPUE数据进行了分析。模型计算出南海北部眼镜鱼的最大可持续产量在151128.99~163139.34 t,平均为155298.09 t。依据处于优势地位的围网作业功率在200~300 kW的CPUE数据的模型评估认为,2019年发生了过度捕捞。该鱼种的总可捕量宜下调为3.6×10⁴t。     

Biofilm versus biofloc: Are artificial substrates for biofilm production necessary in the BFT system?

The aim of this study was to evaluate the addition of artificial substrates in biofloc technology systems that are used for the intensive production of Litopenaeus vannamei. The experiment lasted 35 days. Tanks each with a useful volume of 800 L were filled with water containing bioflocs (25 % of the total volume) and filtered seawater. Three treatments with three replicates each were compared: (1) Ctrl (control), i.e., without the addition of artificial substrate, (2) 200 and (3) 400, with added artificial substrate equivalent to 200 and 400 % of the lateral area of the tanks, respectively. The shrimp with initial weight of 0.40 ± 0.15 g were stocked at a density of 300 shrimp/m². Feed (Guabi/38 Active, Brazil) was supplied two times per day. The water quality parameters were suitable for the production of L. vannamei. The settleable solids (SS) were higher in the Ctrl treatment (82.1 ± 19 mL L^?1) and differed statistically from the 200 and 400 treatments that presented average SS values below 10 mL L^?1. The reuse of water with bioflocs accelerated nitrification in the tanks, and no significant differences were shown between tanks. The presence of biofilm did not interfere with ammonium or nitrite levels, but it did serve as a food source that optimized shrimp performance, as shown by higher final weights. More studies are needed to evaluate the circulation and mixing intensity effects of the substrates on water throughout the production cycle.     

食物浓度对来自不同营养水平水体盔型溞（Daphnia galeata）克隆生活史参数的影响

富营养化可导致浮游植物数量和质量的变化，从而对浮游动物产生影响。浮游动物在面对水体富营养化所导致的食物质量变化时存在适应性进化。为探讨浮游动物对食物数量变化的生态适应性，本文比较分析了高食物浓度（2 mg C L-1）和低食物浓度（0.5 mg C L-1）的斜生栅藻（碳磷比为105）对3个来自不同营养水平水库（贫-中营养、中营养和富营养）的盔型溞克隆生活史参数的影响。在高食物浓度处理组，三个克隆幼溞生长速率、首窝和第二窝产仔量和内禀增长率均显著高于低食物组；首次生殖时间和新生幼溞体长显著小于低食物组；首次怀卵体长在两个处理间无显著差异。食物的增加缩短了性成熟时间，增加产仔量，从而提高内禀增长率。首次生殖时间在三个克隆间没有显著差异，但来自中营养水体克隆的产仔量在两个食物处理组中均显著低于其它两个克隆，导致中营养水体克隆内禀增长率小于其它两个克隆。贫-中营养水体克隆在两个食物处理组中内禀增长率均与富营养水体克隆没有显著差异。结果表明，三个盔型溞克隆对食物浓度变化均表现出较高的表型可塑性，但在生活史策略上并未表现出适应性进化。