不同亲本组合罗非鱼的繁殖性能及其子代雄性率的研究

为研究不同亲本组合的罗非鱼的繁殖性能及对其子代雄性率的影响,以尼罗罗非鱼为母本,奥利亚罗非鱼为父本进行2次杂交试验。第一次实验选择尼罗900尾,奥利亚310尾进行杂交制种,结果每尾尼罗罗非鱼平均产苗量为139.5尾,杂交苗雄性率为93.3%。第二次实验在原亲本中选出尼罗270尾,奥利亚195尾,按不同雌雄比例(A组2:1,B组1.5:1和C组1:1)进行杂交制种,结果：C组平均每尾尼罗罗非鱼的产苗量(166.2尾)多于B组(137.0尾)和A组(109.7尾)(P<0.01)。C组杂交组合后代雄性率(97.1%)与B组(95.2%)和A组(94.1%)差异极显著(P<0.01)。雌雄比例1:1是生产高雄性尼奥苗的最佳组合,本实验结果对尼奥杂交罗非鱼苗制种有重要指导意义。     

中棉所12及其选系配制的4个杂交棉幼苗期基因差异表达

以与中棉所12及其2个选系为亲本组配的4个杂交棉中棉所28、中棉所29、湘杂棉2号和冀棉18苗期的根和顶端叶为研究材料,采用cDNA-AFLP技术分析苗期杂交棉与亲本的根和叶基因差异表达,并用QuantitativeReal-Time技术加以验证.结果表明:(1)在4个杂交组合中,中棉所12选系是营养生长杂种优势高值亲本;(2)杂交种和亲本间存在显著的基因表达差异,可分为杂交种上调、单亲显性、单亲沉默、杂交种下调4种表达型.4个杂交组合在三叶期根和叶中差异表达基因的4种类型比例趋势基本一致,单亲差异表达型(包括显性和沉默表达)在根和叶中所占比例较高,杂种下调表达型所占比例较低,反映出苗期单亲差异表达型在杂种优势形成中起主要作用;叶部差异表达基因数目和比例(29.20%～46.09%)比根(15.65%～22.49%)高的多,说明叶中基因差异表达可能比根中基因差异表达对杂种优势形成作用更大;(3)高值亲本中棉所12选系与杂交棉共同表达的基因多于低值亲本与杂交棉共同表达的基因,从分子水平上证明中棉所12选系在杂交棉冀棉18、中棉所29和中棉所28的苗期营养生长杂种优势产生中起优势亲本的作用;(4)4种杂交组合差异表达基因(包含叶和根)占总表达基因的27.00%～34.56%,分析差异表达基因类型和4个杂交组合的关系发现,超显性效应占3.30%～7.17%,超低亲效应占2.62%～4.14%,低亲效应占5.65%～13.03%,显性效应和加性效应是主要的杂种优势效应,占79.52%～83.79%.多种杂种优势效应的并存说明杂种优势可能是多基因共同作用产生多种效应的结果;(5)超亲优势组合中棉所28的超显性效应占7.17%,明显高于其他3个表现中亲优势组合,说明杂交种上调表达型可能对苗期杂种优势产生起重要作用.     

生殖季节野生大刺鳅雌雄鱼脂肪酸组成研究

为更好地开展大刺鳅的人工繁殖。采用气相色谱法分别测定生殖季节野生大刺鳅雌雄鱼性腺、肝胰脏和肌肉的脂肪酸组成与含量。研究结果表明,雌雄鱼各组织的SFA、MUFA含量最高的分别是C16:0、C18:1n-9;PUFA在雌鱼各组织和雄鱼的肝胰脏、肌肉中含量最高的是DHA,在精巢中是C22:4n-6;雌鱼卵巢、肝胰脏和肌肉中,含量最高的脂肪酸分别是C18:1n-9（32.65%）、DHA（18.54%）、C18:1n-9（34.99%）;雄鱼精巢、肝胰脏和肌肉中含量最高的脂肪酸分别是C22:4n-6（33.52%）、DHA（45.68%）、C18:1n-9（23.24%）。大刺鳅亲鱼培育可雌雄鱼分池养殖;在雌鱼饲料中添加C18:1n-9、DHA、ARA,可促进卵巢发育,提高卵子质量;给雄鱼投喂添加DHA、C18:1n-9、ARA和C22:4n-6的饲料,能提高精子质量。     

Differential gene expression between wheat hybrids and their parental inbreds in seedling leaves

Differential display of mRNA was used to analyze the differences of gene expression in seedling leaves between heterotic hybrid/nonheterotic hybrid and their parental inbreds in order to study the molecular basis of heterosis in wheat. The results indicated that patterns of gene expression in hybrids differ significantly from their parents. Both quantitative and qualitative differences were observed. The quantitative differences include gene over-expression, gene under-expression in hybrid and dominant expression of highly-expressed parental genes in hybrids. The qualitative differences include silencing in hybrids of genes expressed either in male or female parent, and silencing in hybrids of genes expressed in both parents. Expression in hybrid of genes only expressed either in male or female parent was also observed. It was also found that some genes expressed at high level in heterotic hybrid were underexpressed or expressed at low level in nonheterotic hybrid. One differentially expressed cDNA fragment 4B was cloned and sequenced after being confirmed through Northern blot analysis. Homology search in GenBank proved that the cDNA fragment is a new sequence. The selection of primers for differential RNA display in wheat and the relationship between wheat heterosis and alteration of gene expression in hybrids as compared to their parental inbreds were also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

‘隆科638S’与红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’的混播制种效果初探

隐性红色颖壳资源是杂交水稻混播制种理想的遗传工具。为选育优质高产适用于混播制种的杂交新组合,本次研究探讨了‘隆科638S’与红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’混播制种的产量影响因素。以‘隆科638S’为母本,红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’为父本,基于正交设计法设计了3个因素：父本处理方式（抛秧和干处理）、播种方式（机械混直播、人工混撒播）、父母本比例(6:1、9:1、12:1、15:1),母本结实后进行小区测产,并通过五点法随机取5株样本考种,事后采用SPSS等软件进行数据分析。研究结果表明,‘隆科638S’与红颖恢复系‘先恢XK01’混播制种中父母本比例是影响产量的主要因素。最佳参数为机械成条形播、父母本比例(6:1)、父本抛秧播种,此时制种产量最高,为4157.85 kg/hm²,异交结实率为66.8%。初步得出结论该组合父母本花期相遇理想,产量高,异交结实率高,基本符合机械化制种的要求。本试验为机械化混播制种提供了数据参考。     

百合品种粉美与多安娜杂交F1代主要性状遗传分析

研究了亚洲百合品种粉美和多安娜杂交F1代与亲本各性状的遗传差异性,并对F1代的主要性状进行了相关分析和主成分分析。结果显示,在14个性状中,花冠直径在F1与母本中达5%显著差异水平,与父本达1%极显著差异水平;F1内轮花被片宽与母本达1%极显著差异水平,与父本达5%显著差异水平;外轮花被片的长与宽在F1代与亲本之间差异不显著;其余10个性状与双亲均达1%极显著差异水平;相关性研究表明,各性状之间存在较复杂的关系,不宜对单个性状进行选择。     

花生‘福花4号’产量与籽仁营养成分积累过程研究

以福花4号为材料,采用国家有关检测标准,研究花生鲜果产量、花生群体与品质相关的主要营养成分积累过程。结果表明,花生鲜果产量增长,水分逐渐下降。成熟期（下针65天）鲜果籽仁粗脂肪含量为15.1%,其中,C18:1n9c占45.8%,C18:2n6c占31.4%,C16:0占13.0%,三者占粗脂肪含量的90.2%。粗脂肪含量增长曲线呈抛物线,脂肪酸组成积累过程有3种类型,成熟时O/L值最高值达1.46。籽仁蛋白质积累呈波浪型,氨基酸总量的变化趋势与蛋白质一致,峰值都出现在下针35天左右。成熟期蛋白质含量为8.85 g/100 g;氨基酸含量为7.46%;检测出17种氨基酸,谷氨酸含量最高,氨基酸变化曲线有3种类型。蔗糖、还原糖、总糖含量曲线均随花生干物质的积累过程呈由高到低后再回升的趋势。成熟期的蔗糖、还原糖、总糖含量分别为2.2 g/100 g、0.1 g/100 g和2.42 g/100 g。本试验结果得出,‘福花4号’鲜果产量与群体品质有关的主要营养成分含量在花生成熟期达最高或次高值,若要获得高产花生的鲜果产量和良好的品质应待花生成熟时采收。     

胚珠培养获得秘鲁番茄与栽培番茄种间杂种具有非温敏抗根结线虫基因Mi-3

以含有Mi-3抗根结线虫基因的秘鲁番茄(Lycopersicon peruvianum)LA2823为父本,栽培番茄（Lycopersicon esculentum)高代优良自交系为母本,授粉后20～30d摘取幼果。将从幼果中分离出的直径大于2mm的胚珠放置在营养分化培养基上培养。2～4周后胚芽、胚根分别由两端伸出。培养的胚珠还可以通过体细胞胚发生途径产生胚芽。获得的种间杂种对根结线虫的抗性表型与野生种父本完全相同,在植物学性状上亦与其父本秘鲁番茄更相近。以栽培番茄为母本进行回交,成熟果实与母本相似,但其种子即使放置在MS培养基上也不能萌发。对回交种子胚败育现象进行了探讨。     

Inheritance of high palmitic acid content in the sunflower mutant CAS-12 and its relationship with high oleic content

CAS‐12 is a sunflower mutant with increased levels of palmitic (C16: 0 = 30%) and oleic (C18: 1 = 55%) acids in its seed oil, hence it has a reduced linoleic acid content (C18: 2 < 5%). This study was conducted to determine the inheritance of high C16: 0 content and its relationship with high C18: 1 content in CAS‐12. Reciprocal crosses involving CAS‐12, CAS‐5 (high C16: 0 content), HAOL‐9 (high C18: 1 content) and HA‐89 (standard fatty acid profile) were made. The F₁, F₂ and BC₁F₁ generations were obtained. The genetic control of the high C16: 0 trait in CAS‐12 was partially recessive and gametophytic. In all cases, this character segregated in the ratio 19: 38: 7 (low: intermediate: high C16: 0 content) in the F₂ generation. These results, together with the lack of segregation for C16: 0 content in crosses between CAS‐12 and CAS‐5, indicated that the genetic control of the high C16: 0 trait in CAS‐12 was similar to that in CAS‐5 in being controlled by partially recessive alleles (p1, p2, and p3) at three loci. Crosses between HA‐89 and CAS‐12, and HAOL‐9 and CAS‐5 (segregating for C16: 0 and C18: 1) demonstrated that the high C16: 0 and the high C18: 1 traits were independently inherited. However, C18: 1 segregation in these crosses exhibited reversal of dominance. Apparently, the low C18: 1 parental lines carried modifier genes causing the deviation.     

黑籽南瓜种间杂交研究

通过调整播期克服了南瓜属种间花期不遇的问题,以美洲南瓜、中国南瓜、印度南瓜3个种共12个材料与黑籽南瓜进行了种间杂交试验。黑籽南瓜为母本不结实,以其他3个种为母本则均可结实。美洲南瓜×黑籽南瓜及印度南瓜×黑籽南瓜杂交获得的果实内均无种子。获得了18株中国南瓜×黑籽南瓜F1植株。种间杂种F1植株雄蕊退化,以其作为母本以中国南瓜或黑籽南瓜为父本进行回交,可结实但无种子。中国南瓜×黑籽南瓜F1形态为双亲中间型偏父本,其抗病性、抗虫性不及父本黑籽南瓜而倾向于母本中国南瓜。     

甘蓝型油菜皖油20号种子不同部位油脂合成的转录调控分析

甘蓝型油菜是主要的油料作物之一,种子含油量一般在35%～50%。油脂主要储存于油菜种子胚中,胚主要由子叶[包括外子叶(OC)和内子叶(IC)和胚轴(EA)]组成。低芥酸油菜品种皖油20号(WY20)种子不同部位的含油量存在显著差异。WY20的胚中, OC含油量最高, EA含油量最低。同时,脂肪酸组成在种子不同部位也存在差异, EA中棕榈酸(C16:0)、亚油酸(C18:2)及二十碳酸(C20:0)的比例均显著高于子叶,特别是C16:0在EA中的比例约为子叶的2倍。而油酸(C18:1)及二十碳烯酸(C20:1)在子叶中的比例均显著高于EA。硬脂酸(C18:0)在OC中含量最低,在IC和EA中无差别。亚麻酸(C18:3)则在OC中含量最高,在IC和EA中无差异。对发育34d种子的IC、OC和EA进行转录组分析,将三个部位中基因表达定量分析的结果两两比较后共发掘出7192个差异表达基因,其中OC和IC之间差异表达基因数目较少,子叶和EA间有较多的差异表达基因。子叶和胚轴中的差异表达基因富集在光合作用、脂肪酸代谢和叶绿素合成等生物学过程。基因功能注释显示,差异表达基因中有355个和脂质代谢相关,且多集中在质体中脂肪酸从头合成途径。本研究表明油脂合成途径关键基因的差异调控是造成油菜种子不同部位含油量和脂肪酸组成差异的主要因素。     

Manova and discriminant analyses of phenotypic data as a guide for parent selection in kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) breeding

Evaluation of seedling populations assists in identifying those plants most desirable as parents for a breeding programme. A multivariate analysis of variance (Manova) showed that the seedling populations from 6 kiwifruit (Actinidia deliciosa) crosses differed in their overall merit. Discriminant functions were then used to identify the characters most powerful in distinguishing between populations. The populations were placed in order of their function scores which represent overall merit, and the superior populations were determined. The results showed that `Bruno' was a superior female parent for the production of seedlings with high discriminant function scores for floriferousness (male offspring)and productivity and high vitamin C content (female offspring). One male parent D-1-20 was consistently superior to D-1-6 the other male parent. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Occurrence and frequency of putatively Y chromosome linked DNA markers in Cannabis sativa L.

DNA from female and male hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) plants belonging to nine different varieties were screened with180 RAPD primers in a search for sex-associated DNA markers. About 1500bands were produced in total, nine primers were found yielding one or two DNA bands amplified in all nine male DNA bulks and absent in all female DNA bulks. These putatively male-associated markers were then scored in three different F1progenies, deriving from a cross between a common male parent and three different female plants. The sex of the progeny was accurately scored on the basis of the floral phenotype, and the presence of the nine male-associated markers was verified by RAPD analysis. In all three progenies examined, all the male plants showed the DNA markers previously identified by bulk segregant analysis (BSA) on the hemp varieties, while all the female plants lacked them. The fact that the association between these markers and the staminate phenotype is found when examining male plants of distantly related varieties, and that such linkage is never broken when different progenies are examined, strongly supports the hypothesis that the markers found are physically located on the Y chromosome, in a region excluded from recombination during meiosis. Another marker was shown to be present in the male parent, in all the male plants of each progeny, and in 50% of the female progenies, while it was absent in the female parent; the possible occurrence of markers deriving from multiple amplification sites of the genome is discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

4种尼罗罗非鱼♀×奥利亚罗非鱼♂杂交子代肌肉营养成分对比分析

为了解不同遗传背景亲本对杂交子代奥尼鱼肉质的影响,开展4组不同品种尼罗罗非鱼、奥利亚罗非鱼杂交子代肌肉营养成分对比分析,用常规方法分析4组奥尼罗非鱼肌肉中营养组分、氨基酸含量和脂肪酸含量。结果显示,4组奥尼鱼肌肉水分含量在79.19%~79.82%之间,粗蛋白在17.44%~18.03%之间,粗脂肪含量在2.13%~2.25%之间,灰分在0.90%~0.99%之间,4种组分在组间均无显著性差异(P > 0.05);必需氨基酸、非必需氨基酸总量在组间接近,但精氨酸、苯丙氨酸、苏氨酸和丙氨酸单项氨基酸含量受亲本来源不同影响存在差异显著(P < 0.05);脂肪酸含量方面组间饱和脂肪酸总量无显著差异,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸受母本的影响在不同杂交组间差异显著(P < 0.05)。研究结果阐明了亲本选择对奥尼鱼肌肉营养差异的影响,为获得肉质性状更为优良的奥尼罗非鱼苗种提供技术指导。     

冀豆12遗传背景导入系蛋白、脂肪含量分布特征

以高蛋白品种冀豆12为受体亲本,不同来源、不同蛋白脂肪含量的大豆种质资源为供体亲本,构建了28个组合BC2F1后代群体,分析冀豆12遗传背景导入系后代蛋白、脂肪含量分布特征。结果表明,28个后代群体均有蛋白含量超高亲个体,超高亲个体比例介于4.0%～68.2%之间,超高亲比例≥40%的组合有18个,占64.3%,BC2F1后代群体蛋白含量以超高亲和偏高亲类型组合为主。而脂肪含量分布特征恰相反,BC2F1后代群体脂肪含量以超低亲和偏低亲类型组合为主,超高亲个体比例介于0～67.4%,超高亲个体比例≥40%的组合有7个,占25.0%,9个组合无超高亲后代。表明以冀豆12为遗传背景通过有限回交易选育高蛋白含量品种,而不易选育高脂肪含量品种。本研究结果为利用冀豆12培育高蛋白品种提供了依据。     

利用回交法快速选育高油酸花生新品系

以普通花生品种花育22为母本、高油酸花生品种开农176为父本杂交得到F1杂种,筛选油酸含量高于60%且同时含有FAD2a和FAD2b位点的F1为杂交父本,以花育22为轮回亲本(母本)连续回交得到BC1F1~BC4F1代回交种。利用近红外光谱仪测定F1及BC1F1~BC4F1籽粒的油酸、亚油酸含量,选择油酸含量大于60%的种子,用刀片切取种子小部分子叶提取DNA,以F0.7/R3为引物进行PCR扩增及测序,根据测序峰图差异表现筛选出同时含有FAD2a和FAD2b位点的种子作为下一代回交的父本。切去部分子叶的种子切口用石蜡封闭,播种前浸泡于40℃温水中催芽,对12 h后未露白的种子用100 mg L–1乙烯利浸泡4 h后再转入40℃温水浸泡至24 h,发芽率可达到98%。2013年春季开始杂交,2016年春在青岛播种BC4F2代种子,取幼苗期幼叶鉴定基因型,筛选出基因型为aabb的单株,收获时选留农艺性状类似于花育22的优良单株,再利用近红外光谱仪测定所选单株油酸含量,获得油酸含量在70%以上、油酸亚油酸比值大于7.0的单株24个。这些单株与花育22相比,农艺性状基本相同,称为改良花育22高油酸花生新品系。     

Genetic analysis of rapeseed self-incompatibility lines reveals significant heterosis of different patterns for yield and oil content traits

Self‐incompatibility is one of the most effective approaches to utilizing heterosis in oilseed rape around the world. To evaluate the heterosis of double low self‐incompatibility, the possibility of combining seed yield and oil content, and the genetic effects of parents on their hybrid progenies, a 2‐year field trial using a 3 × 22 NC II mating design was conducted during the 1999‐2001 growing seasons in Wuhan, China. Significant differences in seed yield per plant and seed oil content were observed among the F1 hybrids and between F1 progenies and their parents. However, the heterosis for seed yield per plant was much greater than that for seed oil content. Mid‐parent heterosis and high‐parent heterosis of seed yield per plant ranged from 5.50 to 64.11% and from –2.81 to 46.02%, while those of seed oil content ranged from –1.55 to 7.44% and –3.61 to 6.55%, respectively. Non‐additive genetic effects were a major mechanism that accounted for the yield heterosis in addition to additive effects. In contrast, seed oil content heterosis was mainly dependent on an additive genetic effect. General combining ability (GCA) determined the stability of hybrid cultivars. In hybrid breeding, parental materials might be selected by the sum of GCAs and variances of special combining abilities (SCAs) of female and male parents for traits affected by both additive and non‐additive effects, and by the sum of GCAs of two parents for traits controlled mainly by additive effects. Primary branches and their siliques were the most important yield traits.     

稻瘟病菌杂交后代致病性遗传分析

为明确稻瘟病菌杂交后代对水稻致病性的遗传规律,以亲本菌株HLJ6122和KA3杂交产生的后代群体为试验材料,将其接种于14个单基因系抗性水稻品种,对杂交后代进行毒性差异分析。结果表明,64个杂交后代菌株呈现显著的毒性分离,共出现53种毒性类型,无毒性/毒性分别表现为1∶1、1∶3、3∶1、15∶1。菌株KA3分别对IRBLi-F5、IRBLta-K1、IRBL12-M、IRBLta2-Pi持有1个无毒基因;对品种IRBLa-A、IRBLzt-T、IRBL7-W、IRBLkm-Ts、IRBL20-IR24持有2个无毒基因。64个后代菌株对品种IRBLk-Ka、IRBLz-Fu、IRBL19-M、IRBLb-B、IRBLkp-K60无毒性/毒性也符合1∶3,但2个亲本菌株HLJ6122和KA3对供试水稻品种致病性相同,因此难以判断无毒基因的来源。     

小麦黄矮病新抗源中4,中5的选育及应用研究

中4、中5是用经过连续3年系统选育的天蓝偃麦草作父本,地理远缘的小麦品种克强与南大2419杂交的F_5后代材料作母本,通过两者杂交,并采取延长生育法等技术克服F_1不育性,经过连续9年选育而成.对小麦黄矮病高抗,对条、叶、秆三种锈病的多种生理小种均表现免疫至高抗,还具有高蛋白(含量17.08%、17.13%);高赖氨酸(含量为0.483%、0.50%)等特点,是人工合成的优异的小麦多抗、优质资源.用中4、中5与普通小麦杂交,已成功地将抗黄矮病基因转移到普通小麦,育成陕麦8007、陕麦8124、忻4070、忻4079、中1001等品种(系).     

花生蛋白质、脂肪含量及其它农艺性状的配合力和遗传参数分析

三个高蛋白与三个高脂肪品种进行完全双列杂交,研究以籽仁重、蛋白质和脂肪含量为主的15个性状的配合力、遗传相关及杂种优势.结果表明:两种配合力的方差分析F值均达显著标准,但加性效应占主要优势,总配合力与杂种实际表现高度相关.郑71—3是高产高脂肪的理想亲本,奇科可作为高蛋白材料加以利用.在性状间相关中,蛋白与脂肪为显著负相关,但二者与籽仁产量呈弱的正、负相关,有利高产高油分和高产高蛋白品系的选育.花生杂种一代有明显优势,但营养生长性状、结实性状和脂肪含量趋向高亲,而出仁率、百仁重和蛋白含量趋向低亲.