优良龙眼果园最优种植密度探讨

龙眼是我国南方珍贵热带水果.通过对各种优良的龙眼品种的观察和高密度种植的试验观察,找到优良龙眼园的最优种植密度定值3年前控制在100～110株/667 m2,第4年始控制在50～55株/667 m2.     

山地红麻引种试验初探

通过5个不同海拔不同土壤类型的山地红麻不同密度的引种试验，结果表明：海拔在2377m以上的山地黄棕壤地带不宜栽植红麻；海拔450m至1950m的山地燥红壤、山地砂壤、山地红壤地带种植的红麻能正常生长；红麻的种植密度是影响产量的主要因素之一，种植密度为20－50株／m^2时，产量最高达1.65-1.71kg/m^2（干重），种植密度宜选择20－50株／m^2。     

艾纳香种质分株移栽试验研究

以大叶艾、小叶艾、长叶艾的春根分生苗于4月初、4月中旬、4月底按667株/667 m2、1 334株/667 m2、2 668株/667 m2的密度进行分株移栽。分别施追三元素复合肥、尿素和饼肥,施肥量为50 kg/667 m2,经过3次重复试验的结果表明,以大叶艾分株进行667株/667 m2的移栽,不仅能显著提高单位面积艾叶、嫩枝和艾粉产量,而且能显著提高单位鲜重叶与嫩枝的艾粉提取率。     

中潜3号杨树在鄂西山区适应性试验

南方型杨树中潜3号，分别在湖北西部的中低山区、高寒山区进行育苗和造林试验。育苗密度为4000株/667m^2，造林密度为222株/667m^2，其效果与江汉平原相当，在中低山育苗1年的超级苗木高4.8m，地径3cm，平均苗高4.3m，地径3cm；造林2年的树高5.3m，胸径6cm，其生长量远远超过目前山区栽种的63、69、72杨及湿地松、日本落叶松。实验表明，中潜3号杨是山区工业用材的首选树种。     

银杏叶苗两用园密度试验报告

分别2、3、4年生银杏苗木进行密度试验,结果表明：1、3年生叶苗两用园的合理密度为10000株/667m^2,干叶产量可达209.83和533.68kg/667m^2,4年生的合理密度为8000株/677m^2,干叶产量可达583.65kg/667m^2,苗木高径生长量也较大。     

油茶芽苗砧嫁接苗田间移栽试验

以怀化市林业科学研究所油茶采穗圃的湘林1号、104号和长林3号、4号等20多个油茶优良无性系为试材,对油茶芽苗砧嫁接苗进行田间移栽试验。试验结果表明:短期移栽密度以222~333株/m2,株行距3 cm×15 cm、3 cm×12 cm和3 cm×10 cm,产苗量7~10万株/667 m2的密度最合适;移栽天气以毛毛细雨天和阴天最佳,其次是晴天;最适砧木粗度为0.31~0.45 cm;拱膜密封嫁接苗保温保湿天数以90~95 d,且第1次密封时间以40 d左右为好。     

采脂湿地松林分保留密度与产脂量关系探索

湿地松是当前营造松脂工业原料林的主推树种,由于保留密度不同而直接影响松脂产量。经过连续7a的试验和探索,最后得出保留60株/667m2和65株/667m2的标准地产脂量较为理想,2007年产脂量分别达到202.35kg/667m2、153.4kg/667m2,比对照类型标准地单产增加156.85kg和107.9kg,产脂分别是对照标准地14.5kg的4.4倍和3.4倍。     

观音柴高产栽培技术的实践与探索

2010～2014年在浙江浦江县光生家庭农场进行了金光1号、金光3号品种的3年生扦插苗造林与高产栽培技术试验，亩栽300～440株，年施肥3次，当年就进入投产期，年采3次，单株年产量可达0．25kg ，翌年株年产0．5kg ，3年稳产后株年产1．0～1．3kg。研究表明：应用高产栽培技术与对照相比，1．0 × 1．5m造林密度的亩鲜叶产量提高1．92倍；应用金光1号、金光3号品种比对照品种增加产量1．67倍。     

吉首市桤木人工林生长调查

通过对吉首市桤木人工林的管理及生长情况调查，提出了目前种植桤木的一些关键技术。在吉首市较好的立地条件下：造林密度为106株／667m^2的10年桤木人工林平均胸径达13．2cm，平均树高达11m，平均蓄积量达10．522m^3／667m^2；造林密度为167株／667m^2的10年桤木人工林平均胸径达12．7cm，平均树高达11．3m，平均蓄积量达15．554m^3／667m^2；造林密度为205株／667m^2的10年桤木人工林胸径达11．3cm，树高达12．0m，蓄积量达15．806m^2／667m^2。营造桤木速生林基地宜选择肥沃、湿润、土层深厚和排水良好的山冲或缓坡，以退耕地为最好。     

桉树工业原料林经济效益分析

我国南方发展桉树工业原料林已成蓬勃之势,除以国际著名的造纸企业为代表的大公司外,国内中小型公司,乃至私人投资营建桉树工业原料林也比比皆是。发展桉树工业原料林良好的经济效益,已为广大投资者接受。本文从实际出发,分析了桉树工业原料林的经济效益。1各项经济指标1.1投资的各项经济指标1)地租:各地价格不一致,山地租金在5～20元/667m2,取平均值15元/667m2·a;2)苗木:按种植密度111株/667m2计,实际用苗125株,苗木单价以0.4元/株计(含运费),苗木投资50元/667m2;3)林地清理(含炼山):视林地杂木状况,15～45元/667m2不等,取平均值30元/667m…     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。