大气CO_2浓度升高和氮加富对羊牺菜生理生化特征的影响

以褐藻门马尾藻科马尾藻属羊栖菜(Hizikia fusiformis)为试验材料,探讨了在2种氮(N)水平下,CO2浓度升高对羊栖菜生长、光合作用和生化组成的影响。试验设350和700μmol.mol-12种CO2浓度水平,以及自然海水加入浓度0、500μmol.L-1的NaNO32种N肥施用水平。结果表明,在自然海水培养的条件下,倍增CO2对羊栖菜生长、光合作用和生化组成的影响不明显。而在N加富海水中培养的藻体升高CO2较明显的抑制了藻体的生长,并且干重鲜重比、体内蛋白质和可溶性多糖的含量分别降低4.5%、15%、32%。这可能主要是由于N加富使藻体内NO2-过多积累,而CO2升高使水体pH值降低,在藻体内形成HNO2产生的毒害作用。     

3种氮源加富对半叶马尾藻幼苗生长和生化组成的影响

为了探讨硝氮(NO_3~--N)、氨氮(NH_4~+-N)和尿素氮(Urea)3种氮(N)源对半叶马尾藻(Sargassum hemiphyllum)幼苗生理特性的影响,在实验室条件下,把幼苗分别置于不同N源浓度中培养24 d,而后测定藻体的生长和生化组成含量。结果显示,不同N源和N浓度对幼苗的生长和部分生化组成有显著影响。3种N源加富均能促进幼苗的生长和组织N的增加,相对生长速率随着N浓度的升高而增加,在浓度为25~150μmol/L组中,幼苗的组织N增加量接近或超过每天以最大速率生长的N需求(0.032%/d);在浓度为50μmol/L时,相对生长速率达到最大值,Urea组的最大相对生长速率显著低于NO_3~--N和NH_4~+-N组;在浓度为10、25μmol/L时,NH_4~+-N组幼苗的相对生长率显著高于相同浓度下的NO_3~--N组,而在浓度为50~150μmol/L时则相反。除了最高浓度组(150μmol/L),随着N浓度的升高,幼苗光合色素、可溶性蛋白和组织N含量逐渐增加,而可溶性糖含量逐渐降低;在相同N浓度下,NO_3~--N加富幼苗的可溶性糖、叶绿素a和叶绿素c含量最高,NH_4~+-N加富时,可溶性蛋白和组织N含量最高,而Urea加富下墨角藻黄素含量最高。当NH_4~+-N浓度增加至150μmol/L时,幼苗的生长和可溶性蛋白含量下降幅度最大。研究表明,将培养水体中NO_3~--N加富至50~150μmol/L或NH_4~+-N加富至25~100μmol/L时,可有效促进半叶马尾藻幼苗的生长、光合作用和物质积累,为室内幼苗顺利度夏培育提供保障。     

温度、光强和营养史对羊栖菜无机磷吸收的影响

为了探讨温度、光照和营养史对羊栖菜（Hizikia fusiforme）无机磷吸收的影响,在不同条件下培养藻体,于第0小时、第0.5小时、第1小时、第2小时、第4小时、第6小时和第9小时分别测定培养海水中磷（P）浓度,以此来计算藻体对P的吸收速率。培养条件设置为10℃、20 ℃和30 ℃3个温度梯度;0、1 500 lx和6 500 lx 3个光强梯度;营养史通过藻体在不同营养盐浓度下培养96 h后获得,其中不同P营养史设0、5 μmol·L-1和50 μmol·L-1 3个梯度,不同氮（N）营养史设0、10 μmol·L-1和200 μmol·L-13个梯度。结果表明, 羊栖菜对P的吸收速率在20 ℃时达到最大值（0.197±0.005） μmol·（h·g）-1,在10 ℃时最小值为（0.105±0.001） μmol·（h·g）-1;随着培养光强的升高,P吸收速率逐渐递增;随着营养史中P饥饿程度的增加,P的吸收速率递增;而不同N营养史处理的藻体,无氮（0 μmol·L-1）和低氮（10 μmol·L-1）处理之间无显著差异,高氮营养史（200 μmol·L-1）的藻体具有最高的P吸收速率。     

羊栖菜马尾藻组织培养芽生苗

藻体肥嫩的羊栖菜马尾藻,富营养,风味好,是种著名的食用海藻。在中药上,是种有良好疗效的传统药藻。近年来,在日本更流行作为调顺肠胃免便秘,降低血液中的胆固醇,防治大肠癌等的纤维食品,更供不应求。在藻体内因含有丰富的褐藻胶、甘露醇、碘等物质,又是种良好的工业原料。所以羊栖菜马尾藻是种有很高应用和经济价值的褐藻。     

碳源和氮源加富对脆江蓠生长及生化组分的影响

在实验室条件下研究了碳源(添加CO2)和氮源(添加Na NO3)加富对大型海藻脆江蓠(Gracilaria chouae)生长及其生化组成的影响。设置碳源加富(800μL/L CO2)和对照(400μL/L CO2)2个碳源处理组,氮源加富(100μmol/L、300μmol/L和500μmol/L 3NO?-N)和对照(10μmol/L3NO?-N)4个氮源处理组,每个处理3个重复。实验共进行10 d,测定不同处理组藻体的生长及可溶性总糖(SS)、可溶性蛋白质(SP)、藻红蛋白(PE)、叶绿素a(Chla)、总碳(TC)和总氮(TN)含量的变化。结果表明,碳源和氮源加富都会促进脆江蓠的生长,在800μL/L CO2和100μmol/L 3NO?-N处理组,脆江蓠的瞬时生长率(SGR)最大(11.70%/d);高浓度CO2会降低藻体SP、PE和Chla的含量,但提高了SS的含量;随着硝态氮浓度的增大,PE和SP含量逐渐增加,而SS含量逐渐降低,Chla含量没有明显变化。藻体的TN含量随着硝态氮浓度的增加而逐渐提高,而TC和C/N比值则呈现逐渐降低的趋势,并且藻体的TN和TC含量呈现出显著的负相关关系(P0.05)。本实验证实添加碳、氮会引起脆江蓠生长和生化组成的变化,但其能耐受较高的CO2浓度和氮浓度。     

不同种类浮游植物对CO2浓度升高的响应

本研究采用实验生态学的方法,以金藻、硅藻、绿藻3个门中的4种常见饵料藻叉鞭金藻(Dicrateria sp.)、三角褐指藻(Phaeodactylum tricornutum)、小球藻(Chlorella vulgaris)和亚心形扁藻(Platymonas subcordiformis)为研究对象,分析比较不同浮游植物的细胞数量和质量对CO2浓度升高引起的海水酸化的响应情况。结果显示,与对照组相比,(1) CO2浓度升高显著提高了这4种藻的生长速率(P<0.05);其中,亚心形扁藻平均比生长速率最高,比对照组高出13.5%;小球藻次之,为5.9%;叉鞭金藻和三角褐指藻均为2.2%。(2) CO2浓度升高使浮游植物细胞内的碳(C)含量增加、氮(N)含量降低,C/N提高;种间差异较大,其中,亚心形扁藻的C/N、C/P值、小球藻的C/P值和三角褐指藻的C/N值显著提高,叉鞭金藻不显著。(3) CO2浓度升高使小球藻单位细胞叶绿素a含量显著提高,小球藻通过提高光合作用能力促进生长,而另外3种藻叶绿素a含量与对照组无显著差异;三角褐指藻最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)在实验初期显著升高;叉鞭金藻非光化学淬灭(NPQ)显著降低,快速光曲线初始斜率(α)显著增加;三角褐指藻和亚心形扁藻潜在的最大光合作用能力(rETRmax)显著升高(P<0.05),但CO2浓度升高对4种藻的光化学淬灭(qP)均没有显著影响(P>0.05)。可见,亚心形扁藻、小球藻和三角褐指藻在高CO2浓度下虽然生长速率加快,但营养质量降低。不同种类的浮游植物对CO2浓度升高的响应不同,这种差异可能会使未来海洋浮游植物群落结构发生变化;浮游植物C/N、C/P值的改变可能通过食物链对次级生产者,诸如浮游动物、滤食性贝类等产生影响。     

不同营养盐水平对芋根江蓠的生长及生化组分的影响

为探讨适宜大型海藻芋根江蓠（Gracilaria blodgettii）栽培的生态条件,分别测定了在不同总无机氮浓度（48μmol·L^-1、96μmol·L^-1、144μmol·L^-1、192μmol·L^-1、240μmol·L^-1、288μmol·L^-1和336μmol·L^-1）和不同氮磷比（N/P）（1/1、5/1、10/1、50/1和100/1）的培养条件下,芋根江蓠藻体的相对生长速率（RGR）和生化组分的变化。结果表明,最适总无机氮浓度为192μmol·L^-1,最适N/P为10/1。芋根江蓠适宜在氨氯（NH4^＋-N）比例较高的海水中生长,3种无机氮最适合质量比值是m[硝氮（NO3^--N）]∶m（NH4^＋-N）∶m[亚硝氮（NO-2-N）]=1∶10∶5和m（NO3^--N）∶m（NH4^＋-N）∶m（NO-2-N）=5∶10∶1。在最适宜的营养盐因子环境条件下,芋根江蓠在生化组分（光合色素及可溶性蛋白）和抗氧化能力等方面都表现较好;而在海水总无机氮浓度过低、N/P过高以及NH4^＋-N在总无机氮中所占比例较低等条件下,都不利于藻体正常生长,会导致藻体营养不良、生长缓慢。     

静止和充气培养条件下光强对龙须菜光合生理效应的影响

为研究充气和光强变化对大型海藻生长的影响,选择了常见的经济海藻龙须菜（Gracilaria lemaneiformis）为实验材料,将静止和充气培养的藻体暴露在 50 μmol/(m2 s)（低光）、100 μmol/(m2 s)（中光）和200 μmol/(m2 s)（高光）下,测定其生长、光合作用以及光合色素含量。结果表明,中光处理的龙须菜相对生长速率最大,光强过低或者过高均会抑制其生长。充气促进低光、中光和高光处理藻体的生长,相对生长速率分别提高26.85%、31.82%和40.56%。充气可使低光处理的藻体光合作用速率和光合效率分别提高8.14%和4.26%,可使高光处理的藻体呼吸作用速率降低20.70%、有效光化学效率（Yield）升高44.16%。这些结果说明,低光对生长的影响主要是由于藻体光合作用受到光限制,而高光对生长的影响是因为藻体呼吸作用增强。充气可以缓解因为光线不足或者高光损伤而对龙须菜生长造成的负面影响。     

西沙永兴岛附近海域秋末氮磷营养盐加富对浮游植物生长限制的影响

为探讨西沙海域氮(N)和磷(P)对浮游植物生长限制的影响,2014年秋末在永兴岛附近海域S0站(111°59.843'E,17°30.364'N)进行了N、P营养盐的现场添加实验。添加氮的浓度依次为4μmol·L-1、8μmol·L-1、16μmol·L-1、32μmol·L-1,添加磷的浓度依次为0.25μmol·L-1、0.5μmol·L-1、1μmol·L-1、2μmol·L-1,添加氮和磷的浓度组合依次为4μmol·L-1+0.5μmol·L-1(N∶P=8∶1)、8μmol·L-1+2μmol·L-1(N∶P=4∶1)、16μmol·L-1+0.25μmol·L-1(N∶P=64∶1)、32μmol·L-1+1μmol·L-1(N∶P=32∶1)。结果显示:加富N+P后,叶绿素a浓度显著增长(P0.05),其中,32μmol·L-1NO-3-N+1μmol·L-1PO3-4-P添加组和4μmol·L-1NO-3-N+0.5μmol·L-1PO3-4-P添加组叶绿素质量浓度从初始的0.06 mg·m-3分别达到1.71 mg·m-3和1.10 mg·m-3,说明添加N/P范围在8~32之间可以促进浮游植物生长。在单独加富N和P后,叶绿素a浓度均无显著的增加(P0.05),说明单独添加N和P不能促进浮游物生长。限制因子分析表明,S0站点的浮游植物生长为N+P共同限制。     

羊栖菜的生长和生化组成的影响因素

综述了羊栖菜生长和生化组成的多种影响因素,包括非生物因素(温度、光照强度、营养盐、重金属)和生物因素(种质、生长阶段、敌害生物),以期为羊栖菜资源的保护和可持续利用以及提高羊栖菜的产量和品质提供理论依据。     

驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼形态观察

对驼背鲈(Chromileptes altivelis)的胚胎发育及仔、稚、幼鱼的形态特征进行了详细的观察与研究,描述了从受精卵到仔、稚、幼鱼各发育期的时间和形态特征变化。结果表明,在水温25-26℃、盐度30的海水中,受精卵历时27 h 25 min完成整个胚胎发育过程,经历从卵裂、囊胚、原肠、神经胚到肌节形成、各器官的逐渐形成、变化、完善等一系列的胚胎发育和变化过程;根据其卵黄囊消长情况、鳞片的覆盖状态、体色发生的不同变化以及第二背鳍和腹鳍的消长,将胚后发育分为仔、稚、幼鱼3个阶段。在水温22-26℃、盐度29-31、DO≥5 mg/L的条件下,2-3 d仔鱼卵黄囊消失,开口摄食;生长发育至31 d,仔鱼已变态进入稚鱼期;培育至57 d,稚鱼完成变态,成为幼鱼。第二背鳍棘和腹鳍棘的生长与收缩等石斑鱼类早期发育的共性生长特征及其体表特性体色变化特征为驼背鲈胚后发育过程中最明显的特征。     

Marine and coastal protected and conserved areas strategy in Brazil: Context,lessons, challenges,finance, participation,new management models,and first results

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Anguilla huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009, is a junior synonym of Anguilla luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009

Anguilla luzonensis and A. huangi were each described in 2009 using eels obtained from northern Luzon Island. We examined the taxonomic status of these two groups of eels using morphological and molecular genetic characters. There were no significant differences in two vertebrae counts between eels of A. luzonensis and A. huangi. Mitochondrial 16S ribosomal RNA and cytochrome b genes sequences were obtained and compared among 28 specimens of A. luzonensis, the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi, and one specimen of the other 15 anguillid species. The specimens of A. luzonensis exhibited almost identical sequences, including the holotype, with only a few site differences, and the genetic difference between the holotypes of A. luzonensis and A. huangi was within the range of differences of specimens of A. luzonensis. The other anguillid species were genetically very different from A. luzonensis and A. huangi, although A. interioris is a closely related species. It is clear that A. luzonensis and A. huangi are the same species, and according to the principle of priority in zoological nomenclature, A. luzonensis Watanabe, Aoyama, and Tsukamoto, 2009 is the valid species name, and A. huangi Teng, Lin, and Tzeng, 2009 is a junior synonym of A. luzonensis.     

Brazilian wetlands: their definition,delineation, and classification for research,sustainable management,and protection

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Effects of levamisole,echinacea, and thyme oral administration on growth factors,blood parameters,and immunity in beluga,Huso huso

A total of 180 fish (95.50 g) were fed with 0.1% levamisole, 0.5% thyme, and 0.5% echinacea crude extract for 60 days. The control group received no stimulant. The results of growth parameters indicated a significant positive effect of levamisole in comparison with the control group, though it was not significantly different from echinacea and thyme treatments (P > 0.05). No mortalities were observed in the treatments. Feed conversion ratio and protein efficiency ratio did not differ significantly between the treatments. The highest numbers of white and red blood cells and the greatest amounts of hemoglobin and hematocrit were detected in the levamisole treatment, showing significant differences with the other groups in the percentage of hemoglobin only (P < 0.05). The highest levels of MCH and MCHC were also measured in the levamisole treatment. Differential count of white blood cells revealed no significant differences in neutrophil and lymphocyte levels with the control. There was a significant increase in the percentage of eosinophil in the levamisole treatment alone. No significant differences were recorded in total protein, albumin, and aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase enzymes. Levamisole treatment displayed the highest activities of glutathione peroxidase and lysozyme as well as the greatest amount of immunoglobulin. So 0.1 levamisole yielded better results in the growth, blood, and immunity parameters and can be used as a stimulant without injuring body organs.     

Compositional differences,antioxidant activity,angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition,and sensory characteristics of kamaboko fermented in wheat,rice, brown rice,and soybean koji

Fisheries Science - Fermentation of kamaboko in koji with wheat (KW), rice (KR), brown rice (KB), or soybean (KS) was performed by simulation of tofuyo processing. Moisture and protein content...     

Meristics and Morphometrics of Golden Shiner,Notemigonus crysoleucas,Rudd, Scardinus erythrophthalmus,and Their Reciprocal F1 Hybrids

Rudd, Scardinus erythrophthalmus, a European minnow, has been hybridized with golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas, in an attempt to produce sterile hybrids. If these hybrids are to be used as bait, easy means of differentiating the parental species and their hybrids is needed to ensure that no rudd are being sold. The scale pattern along the keel is the easiest and quickest way to distinguish the two species and their hybrids: the keel is raised and scaleless in the golden shiner, and it has 6-9 scales in the rudd; in hybrids, the keel is scaled, but the scales have different shapes and insertions than those in the rudd. No other phenotype can be used to positively identify these groups. No phenotype can be used to separate the reciprocal hybrids.     

Coral communities of Biscayne Bay,Florida and adjacent offshore areas: diversity,abundance, distribution,and environmental correlates

• 1. Hardbottom habitats of Biscayne Bay, a shallow lagoon adjacent to the city of Miami, Florida, USA, contain a limited number of coral species that represent a small subset of the species found at nearby offshore hardbottom and reef habitats of the Florida Reef Tract. Although the physical characteristics of this basin make it a marginal environment for coral growth, the presence of dense populations of Siderastrea radians and Porites furcata indicate that these, as well as other corals that are found at lower densities, are able to tolerate extreme and fluctuating conditions. Three factors, temperature, sedimentation, and salinity, appear to limit coral abundance, diversity, and distribution within Biscayne Bay.
• 2. Temperatures exhibit high frequencies of extreme high and low values known to cause coral stress and mortality elsewhere. Similarly, sedimentation rates are very high and sediment resuspension caused by currents, storms and boating activities commonly bury corals under sediment layers. Sediment burial was shown experimentally to influence growth and mortality of S. radians.
• 3. The salinity of Biscayne Bay is influenced by freshwater inputs from canal, sheetflow and groundwater sources that create a near‐shore environment with low mean salinity and high salinity fluctuation. Coral communities along this western margin have the lowest coral density and species richness. Chronic exposure to low salinity was shown experimentally to cause a decrease in the growth of S. radians.
• 4. The location of Biscayne Bay, downstream of a large restoration effort planned for the Everglades watershed, highlights the need to understand the relationship between the physical environment and the health of benthic communities. The data presented here provide the type of scientific information needed so that management decisions can take into account the potential impacts of human activities on the health of coral populations that are already near their tolerance limits for temperature, salinity, and sedimentation.

Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.