2种替代植物对黄顶菊入侵土壤养分及酶活性的影响

在田间条件下,采用替代试验对比研究了2种一年生草本植物——灰绿藜、反枝苋与入侵我国华北地区的1种外来植物黄顶菊根区之间土壤养分和酶活性变化。结果表明:(1)黄顶菊单独种植根区土壤铵态氮、硝态氮和有机质含量均显著高于替代组合黄顶菊和灰绿藜混种、黄顶菊和反枝苋混种群落,显著高于单种灰绿藜、反枝苋。土壤磷素养分呈现与氮素养分含量相反的趋势,即单种本地替代植物——灰绿藜、反枝苋和混合替代处理高于单种黄顶菊,且差异显著。(2)黄顶菊单独种植根区土壤脲酶活性与黄顶菊和灰绿藜混种、黄顶菊和反枝苋混种群落无显著差异,但显著高于灰绿藜、反枝苋单种。黄顶菊单种根区土壤碱性磷酸酶活性显著高于灰绿藜、反枝苋单种和混合替代处理。各处理根区多酚氧化酶活性无显著变化。说明替代植物灰绿藜、反枝苋对土壤氮素力和土壤酶活性利用能力低于黄顶菊,而且在种间竞争中不能够抑制黄顶菊对土壤有效磷的活化,不利于实现对其替代控制。     

干旱区微生物肥料替代部分化肥对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响

通过在甘肃河西绿洲灌区大田试验,利用微生物肥料替代部分化肥,研究其对玉米生长及土壤微生物的影响。结果表明:和对照相比(不施肥),85%化肥+菌肥显著提高玉米在收获期的农艺性状和产量构成,使株高、地上生物量、百粒重、穗重分别达到358.32cm、1019.63g、39.68g、369.50g;使玉米的经济产量提高21.6%;使土壤微生物生物量碳、氮含量分别提高了40%、18.5%;同时该处理显著提高了土壤中细菌和放线菌数量,分别达到2.6×10~6cfu/g和1.4×10~6cfu/g。微生物肥料替代15%化肥对玉米的生长及土壤影响与当地最佳施肥水平无显著差异,即利用微生物肥料替代15%部分化肥是可行的,同时可以改善土壤微生物环境。     

青海高原长期复种绿肥毛叶苕子对土壤氨氧化细菌和氨氧化古菌的影响

为了深入了解青海高原地区麦后复种绿肥,翻压、留茬条件下小麦田土壤氨氧化细菌(AOB)和氨氧化古菌(AOA)数量的响应以及微生物群落结构的变化,基于麦后复种绿肥毛叶苕子9 a定位试验,利用荧光定量PCR、高通量测序技术测定土壤氨氧化细菌和古菌数量及微生物群落结构。结果表明:在复种绿肥毛叶苕子的情况下,翻压绿肥可减施化肥30%,绿肥留根茬可减施化肥20%,且小麦、油菜表现为增产;化肥与绿肥毛叶苕子配施,土壤有机质、土壤微生物生物量碳、土壤微生物生物量氮均显著提高,其中处理70%化肥+绿肥翻压最高,提高幅度为1.26%～26.33%;绿肥不论翻压还是留根茬;与化肥配施产量增加且土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量显著增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB;其中施肥70%化肥+毛苕子翻压还田处理的土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量最高,增幅为54.84%～72.51%;小麦苗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量最低,至抽穗期土壤氨氧化古菌(AOA)、氨氧化细菌(AOB)数量含量达到最高,成熟期又有所降低;绿肥不论全量翻压还是留根茬,与化肥配施土壤AOA、AOB数量均有增加,尤其是AOA在数量上远高于AOB,表明不同土壤微生物丰度受种植模式、施肥量影响很大,长期复种绿肥、减施化肥提高了土壤微生物丰度和多样性,明显改变了微生物群落组成和结构。     

根区局部灌溉对有机无机肥配施土壤微生物和玉米水分利用的影响

在不同有机无机肥配施条件下,研究3种灌水方式,即常规灌溉(CI)、固定部分根区灌溉(FPRI)和分根区交替灌溉(APRI)对土壤微生物数量和玉米水分利用的影响。结果表明:有机无机肥配施能增加土壤微生物的数量,但并不随有机肥比例的增加一直递增。在相同灌溉方式下,以60%化肥 40%有机肥(F3)施肥处理效果较好,拔节期、孕穗期和灌浆期3个时期细菌、真菌和放线菌数量较其他施肥处理高。而在相同施肥条件下,APRI和FPRI土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌的数量高于CI处理。与CI相比,FPRI和APRI分别平均节水14.7%和16.9%,水分利用效率则分别平均提高了20.0%和10.4%。这表明根区局部灌溉能创造良好的土壤生物环境,促进微生物的代谢和繁殖,提高土壤中微生物的数量,节约灌水量和提高水分利用效率。     

不同生境芦苇根茎生长发育与根际微环境的比较研究

以临泽县4种生境(沙丘生境、盐渍生境、盐渍-沙丘过渡生境、沼泽生境)芦苇根茎和芦苇根际土壤为研究对象,测定不同生境下芦苇根茎生长发育指标、根际土壤微生物数量及水分、盐分含量,分析了不同生境下根茎生长发育与根际土壤微生物数量、土壤含水量及含盐量的关系。结果表明:(1)对比4种生境下芦苇根茎发育,从盐渍生境,到盐渍-沙丘过渡生境、沙丘生境,再到沼泽生境,根茎节间距呈缩短趋势,而节直径、根茎长度及不定芽数呈增长趋势,根茎含水量和根茎生物量、株高、基径也呈增加趋势。(2)根际土壤微生物数量在4种生境之间差异显著,盐渍生境下芦苇根际土壤真菌数量最多,细菌、放线菌数量最少;沼泽生境芦苇根际土壤真菌数量最少,细菌、放线菌数量最多。(3)相关性分析表明,芦苇根际土壤微生物数量对芦苇根茎数量特征的驱动作用不同。土壤细菌、放线菌数量、B/F值是芦苇根茎长度、根茎节直径、根茎生物量、根茎含水量、株高、基径的主要影响因子,土壤真菌是芦苇根茎节间距的主要影响因子。土壤细菌、真菌、放线菌、B/F是芦苇根茎不定芽数的主要影响因子。土壤细菌、放线菌、B/F值为正向驱动,真菌为负向驱动。     

棉田黄顶菊的经济阈值及竞争临界期

黄顶菊是近年在我国发现的外来入侵植物,在河北省已进入农田.为明确黄项菊在棉田中的经济危害允许水平、经济阈值以及竞争临界期,采用添加系列试验和模型拟合的方法,在田间条件下研究黄顶菊不同密度对棉花的生长性状及产量的影响.结果表明,在黄顶菊的竞争干扰下,棉花的叶面积指数、田间透光率、水分利用效率、氮素利用效率和棉花产量均随黄顶菊密度的增加而逐渐降低.当黄顶菊密度为5株/m~2时,叶面积指数、田间透光率、水分利用效率和氮素利用效率显著低于无黄顸菊对照;当密度为2株/m~2时,棉花产量显著低于无黄顶菊对照.对数函数模型可以较好地拟合黄顶菊密度与棉花产量损失间的关系(γ=22.79 lnx十9.0277,R=0.9759).棉田中黄顶菊的经济危害允许水平为0.66%～3.06%,经济阈值为0.69～0.77株/m~2,与棉花的竞争临界期为棉花播种后5.15～83.13天.     

小麦秸秆焚烧对土壤有机质及微生物和玉米产量的影响

选取不同秸秆量焚烧后的耕层土壤为对象,研究秸秆焚烧对土壤有机质和微生物的影响,并探讨秸秆焚烧量与土壤有机质和微生物之间的相关性.结果表明:(1)秸秆焚烧对土壤有机质和微生物的影响主要集中在0～～5 cm表层土壤中,5 cm以下影响较小.焚烧造成表层土壤有机质含量下降10.72％ ～ 17.08％,真菌数量下降43.68％ ～ 74.43％,放线菌数量下降49.32％ ～ 74.83％,细菌数量下降58.93％ ～ 81.44％.同时还造成下茬玉米产量下降7.04％～ 20.63％,地上生物量下降9.23％～18.76％.(2)秸秆焚烧量与土壤细菌、真菌和放线菌数量之间呈显著负相关关系,秸秆焚烧量与土壤有机质、玉米产量和地上生物量呈极显著负相关关系.     

浑善达克沙地榆树生长状况与根际土壤微生物的关系研究

从浑善达克沙地三个不同地点、三种不同立地类型区采集榆树根际土壤样品,在实验室对土壤中微生物进行培养、分离,力求探索榆树疏林的生长状况与土壤微生物之间的关系.结果是:总体上讲三大类微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌数量上差异显著,平均值分别为细菌46.84(106· g-1)、放线菌34.69(106·g-1)、真菌5.49(106 ·g-1).在榆树的生长状况较好的丘间地和阴坡上,三大类微生物细菌、放线菌、真菌数量比榆树生长较差的沙丘阳坡上明显多;细菌在丘间地上、阴坡、阳坡上的数量分别为59.46(106·g-1)、42.82(106·g-1)、38.25(106· g-1).榆树各项生长指标均较高的沙地中部正蓝旗,土壤三大类微生物数量明显多于西部的正镶白旗和东部的克什克腾旗,细菌数量在正蓝旗、正镶白旗、克什克腾旗分别为59.87(106·g-1)、49.10(106·g-1)、41.54(106·g-1).由此可见,榆树的生长状况与微生物的数量呈正比关系.     

套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平对土壤养分与微生物数量的影响

通过田间试验,研究了河套灌区套作小麦/玉米不同施氮水平下土壤微生物数量及土壤养分的动态变化规律。结果表明:小麦带土壤有机质含量随着生育期的推进逐渐下降,在灌浆期降到最低值,土壤碱解氮、速效磷含量从苗期到拔节期呈上升趋势,拔节期至灌浆期迅速下降,在灌浆期降到最低;玉米带土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷含量均呈降-升-降的趋势。小麦带细菌、真菌数量随着生育期的推进先增加后降低,抽穗期数量最多,放线菌数量呈现降-升-降的变化趋势;玉米带细菌、真菌、放线菌数量随着生育期的推进呈先减少后增加再减少的趋势,在灌浆期达到最高。与不施氮相比,施氮明显增加了土壤养分含量和土壤微生物数量,各施氮处理均达5%显著差异水平,且随着施氮水平的提高,土壤养分含量和土壤微生物数量也随之先增加后降低,N2水平时土壤养分含量达到最高,土壤微生物数量出现峰值,当施氮水平过高(N3)时,土壤养分和土壤微生物数量不再增加反而减少,说明适宜的施氮量(N2)更能促进土壤中养分和微生物数量的增加。     

盐碱地不同施氮量对土壤微生物区系与食葵产量的影响

在内蒙古河套灌区盐碱食葵田进行大田试验,以不施氮肥为对照(CK),设置了75 kg·hm~(-2)(N1)、150kg·hm~(-2)(N2)、225 kg·hm~(-2)(N3)、300 kg·hm~(-2)(N4)、375 kg·hm~(-2)(N5)五个氮肥施用水平,研究了不同氮肥施用量对土壤微生物区系和食葵产量的影响。结果表明:(1)盐碱地施用氮肥可提高土壤微生物数量和细菌优势菌菌群多样性,各处理0~20 cm土层根区土壤微生物数量大小顺序为N4N3N5N2N1CK,各施肥处理较CK差异极显著(P0.01);(2)盐碱地施用氮肥可促进食葵生长发育,提高产量,随氮肥施用量由低到高,食葵长势和干物质积累呈逐渐增加趋势,产量与施氮量呈抛物线型关系,各处理产量分别较CK提高0.06%、36.27%、61.95%、105.36%和85.03%;(3)适量施氮可抑制土壤积盐,食葵收获后,各处理积盐量大小顺序为N2CKN5N3N1N4;(4)土壤微生物的数量和优势菌菌群数与氮肥施用量、食葵根干重呈正相关关系,与土壤含盐量和积盐量呈负相关关系。综合试验结果,内蒙古河套灌区中度盐碱地食葵生产中氮肥适宜施用量为300 kg·hm~(-2)。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.