不同壳色杂色鲍F1家系的早期生长及遗传结构比较

在"东优1号"杂色鲍养殖群体中,实验发现了少量的黄壳色变异个体,为得到具有优良经济性状的新品种,实验通过自交和杂交的方法分别建立了正常壳色♀×正常壳色♂(BB)、黄壳色♀×黄壳色♂(YY)、黄壳色♀×正常壳色♂(YB)和正常壳色♀×黄壳色♂(BY)4组家系,对各家系的卵黄径、受精率、孵化率、变态率、存活率和生长性状等生物学参数进行了比较,分析了杂交家系的杂种优势,并利用16个微卫星标记比较了4个家系的遗传差异。结果发现,黄壳色家系的卵黄径显著大于正常壳色家系的卵黄径(P<0.05),各家系的受精率、变态率和存活率没有显著的差异(P>0.05),幼体壳长和壳宽在不同的发育时间里,表现的杂种优势不稳定,在90日龄时,4个家系生长差异不显著。家系BB的遗传多样性最低,遗传距离(0.198 6～0.457 3)和遗传相似性系数(0.632 9～0.897 2)分析表明,BB和YY家系间的遗传距离最大(0.457 3),遗传相似性系数最低(0.632 9),杂色鲍黄壳色的自交家系与正常壳色的自交家系产生了遗传分化。     

三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色及生长性状的遗传参数估计

采用群体选育辅助种内群体间杂交选育的方法,以内壳色、体质量作为选育性状,经过连续4代的选育获得了紫色选育系F4。本实验以F4为亲本进行繁殖,利用6对微卫星标记,对15个同批繁育的F4母蚌的1龄后代进行亲子鉴定,鉴别出了来自12个父本、15个母本的42个全同胞家系,使用ASREML软件的约束极大似然法对三角帆蚌内壳色及生长性状进行了遗传参数分析。结果显示,内壳色颜色参数L*、a*、b*、dE*的遗传力分别为0.31±0.22、0.11±0.08、0.36±0.18、0.29±0.19,L*、a*、b*之间的遗传相关和表型相关均较低,范围为0.08~0.47和0.04~0.32,L*与dE*相关性最大,遗传相关为-0.94±0.06,表型相关为-0.96±0.01;生长性状壳长、壳高、壳宽、体质量和壳重的遗传力分别为0.24±0.19、0.37±0.27、0.26±0.16、0.26±0.17、0.31±0.19,各性状间遗传相关和表型相关均为正相关,分别为0.71~0.92、0.66~0.94;颜色参数与生长性状的遗传相关和表型相关均很低,为0.02~0.18。三角帆蚌紫色选育系1龄阶段内壳色和生长性状的遗传力多为中高水平,对其继续进行遗传改良预期能够获得良好遗传进展。内壳色与生长性状的相关度很低,无法实现相互选择,体质量与其他生长性状相关均较紧密,表明将内壳色、体质量作为目标性状进行同步选育的方法合理,可实现同时改良壳色及生长性能的目的。     

不同壳色虾夷扇贝家系F1幼虫生长及遗传结构的比较分析

虾夷扇贝(Patinopecten yessoensis)群体存在2种壳色个体,简称白贝和褐贝。本研究通过近交和杂交方法建立了褐贝(♀)×褐贝(♂)、白贝(♀)×褐贝(♂)、褐贝(♀)×白贝(♂)和白贝(♀)×白贝(♂)4个家系,分别用1F、2F、3F和4F代表,每家系设3个平行,共12个家系。对各家系的卵径、幼虫的孵化率、成活率和生长性状等生物学参数进行了比较,建立了各个家系幼虫壳长、壳高的生长方程,并利用微卫星标记比较4个家系的遗传差异。结果表明,不同壳色家系间卵径大小、幼虫的孵化率、成活率差异不显著(P0.05),家系4F幼虫期壳长和壳高日生长速率均高于1F、2F和3F,且差异显著(P0.05),家系2F、3F和4F间幼虫期壳长和壳高日增长速率差异不显著(P0.05)。家系1F的遗传多样性最低;遗传相似性系数(0.6351～0.9772)和遗传距离(0.0231～0.4540)分析表明,1F和4F之间遗传相似性(0.6351)最低,遗传距离(0.4540)最远;不同家系间存在着遗传差异,1F和4F差异最大。本研究结果初步说明虾夷扇贝群体内白贝个体和褐贝个体之间产生了遗传分化,这种遗传结构的差异造成了不同壳色家系在幼虫阶段生长性状上的不同。     

三疣梭子蟹自交与杂交家系子一代生长和存活的比较

选择繁殖性能好的A家系(F6)和生长与存活好的B家系(F3),设计家系内自繁和家系间杂交,比较其自交组与杂交组子一代的生长与存活,评价杂交效应。由自交组F66(A♀×A♂)、F33(B♀×B♂)和杂交组F63(A♂×B♀)、F36(B♂×A♀)4个实验组组成,比较各实验组子一代在80、100、120、150日龄时的各生长指标杂种优势。研究表明,同一生长发育阶段的同一杂交群体的不同性状,表现的杂种优势大小有很大差异,而且同一杂交群体的同一性状在不同生长发育阶段表现的杂种优势大小同样有差异。自交组各阶段全甲宽、甲宽、甲长和体高的生长趋势比较一致,为F33F66;不同生长性状的生长速度方面,杂交组具有不同程度的总体杂种优势(-3.50%-19.47%)。结果显示,就存活而言,杂交组比自交组的存活率杂交优势明显,总体杂种优势率为24.8%,与存活相关的养殖产量的总体杂种优势率为15.99%,无论是生长性状还是存活,杂交使A家系获得的改良效果比B家系的好。A、B两个家系间存在的遗传差异获得杂种优势,是性状得到改良的基础。     

丝羽乌骨鸡快大型新品系早期生长发育规律及肉用性能的研究

本试验对丝羽乌骨鸡快大型新品系的早期生长发育规律及肉用性能进行了系统的研究。利用Logistic模型确定了快大型新品系丝羽乌骨鸡的生长模型,并以此制定了标准生长曲线。研究结果表明,其生长拐点为:10.5周龄;在14周龄时体重约1.0kg,公、母鸡屠宰率分别达到85.88%、84.12%;胸肌率分别达到17.78%、17.28%;腿肌率分别达到24.38%、22.54%。在14周龄时,为较适合的上市日龄。     

长牡蛎壳橙性状遗传参数评估及与生长性状的关联性

长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系是结合群体选育与种内群体间杂交方法,以壳色性状和生长性状为选育指标,经过连续3代选育获得的新品系。本研究以第1代长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系(G₁)为亲本,采用巢式设计建立了48个混养家系,共获得863个个体。利用微卫星标记对混养家系进行了系谱分析,并基于REML法评估了长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系壳色性状的遗传参数及与生长性状的相关性。结果显示,863个个体中,有851个个体被准确鉴定其所属家系;长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系壳色性状颜色参数指标a^*(红绿轴色品指数)、b^*(黄蓝轴色品指数)和ΔE (色差)等均具中高等遗传力,大小依次为0.47±0.23、0.42±0.21和0.56±0.29。4个颜色参数指标间的遗传相关和表型相关范围分别为-0.79~0.86和-0.45~0.48。壳色性状与各生长性状的遗传相关和表型相关较低,分别为-0.33~0.17和-0.04~0.11。研究表明,在长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系育种过程中,对壳色性状进行选育可以得到预期的改良效果。此外,壳橙性状与生长性状应分别作为目标性状进行协同选择,以实现同时改良两个性状的目的。本研究可为长牡蛎壳橙快速生长品系选育提供基础资料。     

不同品系杜洛克公猪与大长、土杂母猪杂交效果研究

以台系、美系和台美系杜洛克公猪与大长、土杂母猪杂交,对其繁殖、肥育等项目进行测定并经过统计分析,结果表明:台美系♂繁殖性能好于美系♂、台系♂,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。生长速度台美杂交系明显高于台系和美系,差异显著(P<0.05)胴体性状台系、美系比杂交系要好,表明生长发育性状存在着杂种优势。不同品系间杂交组合在配种受胎、产仔、肥育性能等方面表现出较大杂交优势,且台美系为最优,表现出良好的配合力,可作为生产杜长大(或杜大长)杂交繁育体系终端父本的最佳选择。     

不同慢羽表型公鸡与快羽母鸡交配后代羽型研究

鸡的快、慢羽属于伴性遗传性状,用快羽公鸡配慢羽母鸡,所得的公雏为慢羽,母雏为快羽,目前被用于初生雏鸡的自别雌雄,替代在生产上广泛使用的肛门雌雄鉴别技术。在实际生产中,通常采用三系配套的方式组建快慢羽自别雌雄配套系,即采用慢羽公鸡(第一父本)与快羽母鸡(第一母本)杂交后产生的慢羽母鸡后代作为父母代母本,而此慢羽母鸡的纯合度可直接影响商品代自别雌雄的准确率。试验针对慢羽表型中最常见的3种情况倒长型(S2)、等长型(S3)、未长型(S4)配种之后的后代羽速情况开展研究。根据研究结果发现,不同慢羽表型配种后的后代羽速确实存在一定的规律性,即未长型(S4)的慢羽个体比例最高,其次为倒长型(S2),等长型(S3)的慢羽个体比例最低。因此在快慢羽自别雌雄配套系的选育过程中,在对第一父本慢羽公鸡的选择时可以针对性地选择未长型(S4)或者倒长型(S2)的个体。     

河川沙塘鳢3个不同地理群体杂交F_1代生长性能及遗传多样性

选取来自浙江建德、安徽当涂、江苏太湖3个不同地理群体的河川沙塘鳢,采用3×3完全双列杂交方式进行配组,对9个组合F1子代的生长性状及遗传多样性进行比较分析。通过对2月龄和4月龄F1子代的生长性状进行对比分析发现,建德(♂)×当涂(♀)杂交组合的全长增加率、质量增加率分别为42.58%、190.79%,建德×当涂(正反交)组合的全长杂交优势率、体质量杂交优势率分别为17.88%、66.75%,均高于其他组合。不同地理群体间的杂交F1子代的全长增加率、质量增加率、杂交优势率均高于同一地理群体间的自繁F1子代。采用8个微卫星引物分析获得9个组合F1子代的遗传分化指数平均值为0.195,表明9个组合子代间存在遗传差异与分化,其期望杂合度为0.1493~0.7971,观测杂合度为0.1562~1.0000。双列杂交子代的杂合度和遗传多样性高于自繁子代,其中建德(♂)×当涂(♀)组合的等位基因数、多态信息含量值分别为3.9和0.486,均高于其他组合。综合生长性能和遗传多样性,初步选择建德(♂)×当涂(♀)为最佳杂交组合。     

凡纳滨对虾自交系与杂交系早期生长和存活的比较

以2个不同遗传背景A、B凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)群体为亲本，建立了凡纳滨对虾自交系和杂交系，比较其子一代的生长与存活。A是引自美国夏威夷海洋研究所的SPF凡纳滨对虾，B是在海南本地养殖多代选育不携带病毒的凡纳滨对虾。实验由自交组AA（A♀×A♂）、BB（B♀×B♂）和杂交组AB（A♀×B♂）、BA(B♀×A♂)4个实验组组成。结果表明自交组生长AA>BB,存活率BB>AA。由此看出2个群体生长和存活率存在较大差异,AA具有生长快优良性状,BB具有存活率高的优良性状。杂交组生长AB>BA，存活率BA>AB。杂交组与自交组生长和存活率比较:生长AA>AB>BA>BB,存活率BB>BA>AB>AA。两个杂交组在生长和存活率上均表现出母本和父本不同的优良性状，AB、BA组表现生长和存活率双重优良性状，杂交优势显著。杂交使生长和存活这两个表型性状都得到了改良。两个杂交组的生长和存活率比较发现杂交子一代遗传力偏向母本，即母系遗传占主导地位。     

Effects of tank colour and feed colour on growth and feed utilization of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) larvae

The effects of aquarium background colour and feed colour on survival, growth rates and feed utilization efficiency of thinlip mullet (Liza ramada) larvae (0.035 g) were investigated in two experiments. In the aquarium background colour trial, 50 larvae were stocked in duplicates in 120 L glass aquaria filled with dechlorinated tap water. The outside walls and bottoms of each pair of the aquaria were covered with coloured paper sheets to achieve one of six colours (white, black, red, green, yellow and blue), while noncoloured aquaria served as a control. The fish were fed an experimental diet (35% crude protein) at a daily rate of 5% of their body weight (BW), twice a day for 8 weeks. The best growth rates, feed efficiency and survival were achieved in larvae reared in light‐coloured aquaria (white, noncoloured and yellow). Fish performance was significantly retarded in larvae reared in dark‐coloured aquaria (red, green, black and blue). Body composition was not significantly affected by aquarium colour. In a feed colour trial, duplicate groups of larvae (0.035 g) were stocked at 50 fish per 120 L aquarium and fed a test diet (35% crude protein) with six different colours [dark blue, red, yellow, light brown (control), light green and dark brown] at a daily rate of 5% BW, twice a day for 8 weeks. The best performance and survival were achieved in fish fed on dark‐coloured diets (red, dark blue and dark brown). Light‐coloured diets (yellow, light green and light brown) resulted in inferior performance. Body composition was not significantly affected by feed colour. These results suggest that light‐coloured tanks should be used for rearing thinlip mullet, L. ramada larvae, while dark‐coloured diets are more preferable to light‐coloured diets.     

光照对雨生红球藻生长的影响

分别用不同光照强度、不同光暗周期及不同光剂量培养雨生红球藻(Haematococcus pluvialis)。结果表明:光照强度及光周期对藻体细胞的生长有极显著的影响,高剂量光强有利于虾育素积累而不利于生长,促进藻生长的适宜光强为4000～5000lx,适宜光暗周期为每天12～18h光照,而在高光强下,则每天只需3h的光照即可维持藻体较好生长。     

Does different tank bottom colour affect the growth, survival and foraging behaviour of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae?

We examined the foraging behaviour, growth and survival of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) larvae in two different colours of tank bottom; either beige (light hereafter) or black (dark hereafter) bottomed tanks with black walls. Results showed no significant differences in the growth, foraging behaviour, or survival of Atlantic cod larvae in response to tank bottom colour indicating that larvae could be reared in lighter bottom tanks without any detrimental effect to the larvae. Using a light bottom tank is also of greater benefit to the culturist as they provide better contrast to monitor the behavioural and morphological development of the larvae.     

Effects of light intensity, tank colour and photoperiod on swimbladder inflation success in larval striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum)

Striped bass, Morone saxatilis (Walbaum), larvae, although physoclistous as adults, initially need to inflate their swimbladders by passing ingested air through a pneumatic duct to the swimbladder. Failure to inflate the swimbladder results in swimbladder atrophy, dysfunctional buoyancy control, deformities, and poor larval survival and growth. The present investigation studied the effects of light intensity, tank colour and photoperiod on the initial swimbladder inflation success of striped bass. In the first experiment, newly hatched larvae were reared for 2 weeks in black or white 350-L circular tanks exposed to incandescent lighting at 163 or 10 lux. Larvae were fed Artemia from 6 days post-hatching (dph). The standard length, and oil globule and yolk areas were measured. Swimbladder condition and evidence of feeding were recorded. To study the effects of photoperiod on inflation, larvae were reared in black tanks exposed to either 8 h:16 h or 16 h:8 h light:dark photoperiods at 139 lux. Striped bass inflated their swimbladders between 6 and 9 dph at 17 ^oC. Inflation success was significantly higher in black tanks (65%) compared with white tanks (42%), but light intensity did not significantly affect swimbladder inflation. Larval growth and food consumption were better in black tanks, primarily because this treatment resulted in more larvae with inflated swimbladders, although larvae with uninflated swimbladders in black tanks were longer at 12 dph than larvae with inflated swimbladders in white tanks. Larvae that successfully inflated their swimbladders fed earlier and exhibited better growth than larvae with noninflated swimbladders. Larvae reared at higher light intensities used up yolk reserves faster. Exposing striped bass larvae to 8 h:16 h light:dark photoperiods resulted in higher inflation rates (55%) compared to larvae reared at 16 h:8 h light:dark photoperiods (30%). Therefore, black tanks and short photoperiods are preferable for early rearing of striped bass larvae to maximize swimbladder inflation success.     

环境光色对工业化养殖豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼生长、肤色及生理指标的影响

为探究环境光色对工业化养殖豹纹鳃棘鲈(Plectropomus leopardus)幼鱼生长、肤色和生理指标的影响,本试验设计了红色光、蓝色光、黑暗和昼夜4种养殖光照环境处理,进行豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼(64.2g±1.1g)94 d动物实验及其相关指标检测。结果表明:1)试验鱼增重率,昼夜组较黑暗组和红光组分别显著和极显著提高28.6%和39.2%(P0.05,P0.01),与蓝光组差异不显著;而蓝光组比红光组显著提高31.2%(P0.05)。2)试验鱼皮肤胡萝卜素含量,昼夜组分别显著高于蓝光组和黑暗组45.7%和68.5%(P0.05),与红光组的差异不显著。同时新发现,各处理组试验鱼皮肤胡萝卜素和黑色素含量出现增减同时进行,但增减量前者较大后者较小的"同步异幅"现象。3)昼夜组试验鱼胃蛋白酶活性较其他组显著提高48.0%~88.5%(P0.05),血清SOD和LZM活力极显著提高20.4%~39.7%和140.4%~161.2%(P0.01);蓝光组试验鱼胰蛋白酶活力显著高于红光组和昼夜组(P0.05);红光组试验鱼Na~+,K~+-ATP酶活力极显著高于蓝光组和黑暗组(P0.01)。总之,豹纹鳃棘鲈幼鱼在昼夜组光照下,生长、肤色及生理等指标都表现出显著优势;蓝色光提高蛋白质消化能力、促进生长;红色光提高皮肤胡萝卜素含量和吸收能力;"同步异幅"新发现,对调控和优化鱼类肤色具有重要价值。     

野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼亲体形态、生化组分及其胚胎发育的比较

为优化曼氏无针乌贼人工繁育技术,提高人工增殖苗种的产量与质量,采用实验生态学方法,对比分析了野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼（Sepiella japonica）的表观形态、生化组分及其受精卵的形态差异,探究了光照周期与受精卵胶质外膜对曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的影响。结果显示：野生和养殖曼氏无针乌贼的表观形态、生化组分均存在显著差异,野生群体性成熟规格远大于养殖群体,肌肉和肝脏组织中的脂肪含量显著低于养殖群体（P<0.05）,卵巢中的蛋白质含量则显著高于养殖群体（P<0.05）;养殖亲体所产黑卵在12D12L光照周期条件下孵化率最高,所产白卵在24D和24L条件下孵化率最高,野生亲体所产卵在24D和12D12L条件下孵化率最高;随光照时间的延长,受精卵的平均孵化时间具有先增加后减小的趋势,表明光照周期是影响曼氏无针乌贼胚胎发育的重要因素;实验发现,将受精卵胶质外膜剥离处理后,养殖亲体所产黑白卵的平均孵化时间具有减少的趋势,但孵化率显著下降（P<0.05）。综上所述,建议在曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种生产过程中,尽量选用大规格野生乌贼作为繁育亲体。此外,在受精卵孵化期间,应对孵化池进行适当遮光处理,避免受精卵长时间暴露于强光照环境中,以提高孵化率和仔乌成活率。本实验研究结果可为曼氏无针乌贼人工苗种繁育技术优化提供参考。     

福寿螺对不同颜色光的趋避效应初探

采用不同颜色(即不同波长)的光对福寿螺(Ampullaria gigas)进行室内照射试验,分析探讨了不同壳色福寿螺的趋避效应。结果发现,黄壳螺较黑壳螺对光更为敏感,橙色和红色光对黄螺有明显的驱避效应,黄螺对黄色光趋向性最高;红色光对黑螺有明显的驱避效应,黑螺对绿光和蓝光的趋向效应更为明显。研究结果可为利用灯光对稻田福寿螺进行物理防控提供一定的科学依据。     

锦鲤酪氨酸酶基因序列分析及在不同锦鲤品系的组织表达

为了解色素控制基因与体色分布的关系,实验用分子克隆技术得到了锦鲤酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase, Tyr) cDNA 基因序列, 并利用半定量PCR的方法分析了酪氨酸酶基因在锦鲤不同品系和组织中的表达差异。实验得到了长约1 779 bp锦鲤酪氨酸酶cDNA基因, 其包括长1 608 bp开放阅读框, 编码535个氨基酸。cDNA、蛋白水平序列分析和系统发育分析都表明酪氨酸酶在鱼类间的保守性要高于鱼类与其他脊椎动物间的保守性。半定量分析研究显示,酪氨酸酶基因在皮肤、肝、心、脑和眼中都有表达, 其中眼部和黑色皮肤表达最高, 其次是脑, 红色和黄色皮肤, 肝和心的表达最低。不同品系同组织间眼、肝、心、脑的酪氨酸酶基因表达差异不显著, 但是在皮肤中有差异表达, 黑色皮肤表达最高, 其次是红色和黄色皮肤, 在白色皮肤中也有少量表达。酪氨酸酶基因在非黑色组织中有较高表达可能与存在多种形式酪氨酸酶有关, 也有可能非黑色素细胞能转化为黑色素细胞。     

Shelter colour preference of the postlarvae of the giant freshwater prawn <Emphasis Type="Italic">Macrobrachium rosenbergii</Emphasis>

The addition of artificial shelters of various materials has been used in Macrobrachium rosenbergii tanks and ponds as a means of increasing productivity. The present study investigated the shelter colour preference of M. rosenbergii postlarvae (age 15–18 days after metamorphosis) in the laboratory. Shelter occupancy tests were performed on four groups of 200 postlarvae in four 57-l aquaria, into which were placed shelters made of rigid coloured netting sewn into four-layered cubes open on two sides. The shelters were presented in six colour pairs: black vs dark green, black vs light green, black vs blue, dark green vs light green, dark green vs blue, and light green vs blue. Colour preference was tested six times for each colour pair. The data obtained were analyzed using Thurstone’s law of comparative judgment. The mean z-score was significantly highest (i.e., highest preference) for the black shelter. Vision was involved in the detection of and approach to the shelter. When released in aquaria, intact-eyed individual postlarvae directly approached the shelter straight away, whereas blind postlarvae (paint over the eyes) swam around randomly and occupied the shelter only after accidental contact much later. Postlarvae in open water out of the shelter exhibited frequent aggressive contact, while those in the shelter were quiescent. The use of black shelters in rearing tanks is thus recommended for reducing stress and aggression among M. rosenbergii postlarvae in the hatchery.     

多巴色素异构酶基因对瓯江彩鲤黑斑体色的影响

多巴色素异构酶（dopachrome tautomerase，Dct）是酪氨酸酶家族的重要成员之一，在黑色素合成过程中具有重要作用。为了解多巴色素异构酶基因（）的“粉花”体色类型为研究对象，在对该基因进行克隆和表达分析的基础上，应用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术研究了该基因对瓯江彩鲤黑斑体色的影响。结果发现，瓯江彩鲤存在2个Dct1与在“粉花”体色瓯江彩鲤的黑斑皮肤中的表达量显著高于白色皮肤，而Dct1和基因突变对瓯江彩鲤黑斑体色存在重要影响，与在鲤的黑斑体色形成中发挥着更大的作用。