细乳液聚合制备歧化松香-丙烯酸酯复合高分子乳液工艺的研究

通过细乳液聚合方法成功制备了歧化松香-丙烯酸酯复合高分子乳液.考察了聚合过程中水溶性引发剂用量、乳化剂用量、引发剂种类、歧化松香含量等对单体转化率和聚合物粒子粒径变化的影响.实验结果表明引发剂或乳化剂的用量增加可以提高单体的转化速率;引发剂水溶性的降低可以更好地控制聚合过程中的粒径变化;歧化松香含量的增加降低了聚合速率,但对单体的最终转化率影响不大.力学性能分析显示歧化松香在杂合物中起到了增塑剂的作用,降低了聚合物的玻璃化转变温度,使得断裂应力下降而断裂伸长率有所增长.     

细乳液聚合制备松香/丙烯酸复合高分子新材料的研究

用细乳液聚合方法成功制备氢化松香甲基丙烯酸甲酯复合高分子乳液,考察聚合过程中氢化松香对单体转化率和聚合物粒子粒径的变化的影响,利用透射电子显微镜研究粒子的形态结构.结果表明:聚合前后单体液滴的粒径和聚合物粒子的粒径基本保持不变;氢化松香的引入降低了聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯的分子量和玻璃化转变温度,加宽了分子量分布,其影响与理论预测的结果相一致.     

十一烯酸/甲基丙烯酸甲酯共聚乳液的制备和表征

通过细乳液聚合的方法制备了十一烯酸/甲基丙烯酸甲酯(UA/MMA)共聚乳液,研究了具有烯丙基结构的UA和引发剂用量对聚合过程及聚合物性能的影响。结果表明:UA参与了和MMA的共聚反应;随着UA用量的增加,乳液聚合速率下降,聚合物相对分子质量减小,玻璃化转变温度下降,聚合物热稳定性提高;随着引发剂用量增加,聚合物相对分子质量减小,转化率增大;粒径测试表明体积平均粒径在120 nm左右,且随着UA用量增加,乳液粒径稍有增大,但影响不显著;黏度测试表明共聚乳液黏度均处于10~15 mPa·s范围之内。     

松香基单体的RAFT聚合和表征

以松香为原料,依次进行酰氯化和酯化反应合成松香基混合单体,并采用FT-IR、GC-MS、13C NMR对其结构进行表征;然后将该松香基混合单体、可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)试剂二硫代苯甲酸异丙苯酯(CDB)和引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)按物质的量比100∶1∶0.1进行RAFT聚合反应。为了进一步研究松香基单体的RAFT聚合过程,以高纯度的脱氢枞酸基单体进行了RAFT聚合反应。结果表明:脱氢枞酸基单体在松香基混合单体中GC含量为14.3%,在RAFT聚合中显示了很好的聚合结构可控性,聚合物的多分散系数(PDI)为1.28;而松香基混合单体基聚合物的PDI相对较高,PDI为1.85,但仍属于可控范围。所合成的松香基RAFT聚合物同时也是一种新型大分子RAFT试剂,可以作为下一步RAFT活性聚合的RAFT试剂。TGA分析表明:松香基RAFT聚合物显示了很好的热稳定性,质量损失为10%的温度和最大分解温度分别为250和350℃。     

含松香的聚苯乙烯/Fe_3O_4磁性微球的制备与表征（英文）

以松香与甲基丙烯酸-2-羟乙酯反应得到酯化物(RH)为聚合单体,代替部分苯乙烯(St),二乙烯基苯(DVB)为交联剂,明胶作分散剂,偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂,采用悬浮聚合法在油酸改性Fe3O4的存在下制备了磁性聚合物微球,并研究了油酸改性Fe3O4的用量对微球性能的影响。采用红外光谱、热重分析、X射线衍射分析、光学显微镜、扫描电镜、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱等方法对微球进行结构表征,通过磁性测量系统测试了微球的磁滞回线。结果表明:在单体配比m(RH)∶m(St)∶m(DVB)=1∶1.5∶0.4,引发剂和分散剂用量分别为单体总量的1%和6%,制备的含松香的磁性聚合物微球球形好、磁性强,微球具有顺磁性。当油酸改性Fe3O4的用量增大时,微球颗粒粒径逐渐增大,粒径分布变宽,饱和磁强度增大。     

歧化松香悬浮床生产工艺的研究

歧化松香是丁苯橡胶的重要辅助材料,丁苯橡胶的聚合过程采用歧化松香的钾盐作乳化剂。以钯作催化剂的歧化松香工艺有固定床与悬浮床两种,我国尚无悬浮床生产工艺。为了满足合成橡胶对歧化松香质量愈来愈高的要求,进行了悬浮床生产工艺的研究。1974年我所与兰州合成橡胶厂进行了小试,确定了歧化反应条件:温度、时间、载钯量、活性炭粒度与用量,回收钯催化剂所用的过滤介质的筛选;高浓度松香钾皂(80%)的制备工艺。     

强化杨木单板的傅立叶红外光谱分析

通过热压聚合方法,利用苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯对杨木进行强化试验,结果表明:聚合温度是主要影响因素,而聚合时间和引发剂、促聚剂的添加数量等因素是次要影响因素;聚合温度x与单体转化率y高度线性相关,线性回归方程为y=0.107x-0.036 7;最优制备工艺为:聚合温度80℃,聚合时间6h,环烷酸钴、氯化锌以及引发剂AIBN所占混合树脂掖比分别为2%、6%、3%;最大转化率为64.50%。傅立叶变换红外光谱分析结果表明,强化杨木单板中含有大量的苯环聚合物,羰基官能团大量增加。     

木质素磺酸盐与丙烯酸类单体的接枝共聚研究

研究了木质素磺酸盐粗产品与丙烯酸类单体的接枝共聚反应，对其反应机理进行了评述，并采用红外光谱分析证实了聚合反应的发生。与现有的对纯化木质素磺酸盐的研究结果不同，粗产品的接枝共聚反应可以单纯由过氧化氢引发，原因可能是粗产品中含有的还原性物质起到了亚铁离子的作用。研究表明，合适的引发剂用量应该是木质素磺酸盐干重的1．5％～2．0％，当反应体系中引发剂用量充分时，反应温度和时间对产物粘度的影响不明显。产物的粘度随丙烯酸类单体用量的增加而提高，在相同单体用量下，丙烯酰胺改性产物的粘度高于丙烯酸改性产物，原因是丙烯酰胺聚合物上酰胺基的亲水性比丙烯酸聚合物上羧酸基的亲水性低。     

松香/丙烯酸系复合高分子乳液的制备与性能研究

通过反相乳化法制备了小粒径的松香乳液 ,以它作为聚合种子 ,采用单体预乳液滴加的半连续乳液聚合方法 ,制备了以松香为核、聚合物为壳的松香 /丙烯酸系复合高分子乳液。并用动态光散射、扫描电子显微镜、差示扫描量热器和凝胶渗透色谱等对所制备的复合高分子乳液进行了表征 ,研究了松香及松香衍生物结构对聚合历程的影响 ,测定了不同松香含量乳液的 1 80°剥离和T型剥离强度 ,结果表明松香的引入可显著提高聚合物的粘结性能     

用草酸水洗处理提高松香歧化反应能力

松香的歧化反应意味着在乳液聚合(emul-sion poymertzaion)过程中,将具有阻碍聚合的共轭双键的枞酸、左旋海松酸、新枞酸等树脂酸,在催化剂作用下使之转变为脱氢枞酸、四氢枞酸等。因此,在歧化反应中,重要的是使枞酸减少(0.5%以下)使脱氢枞酸更多生成(48%以上)。某些产地的松香歧化反应很差,在可能条件下,增加催化剂用量仍然得不到预期的结果,甚至需将催化剂用量增加5-6倍方能完成歧化反应过程。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。