密闭空间药雾浓度测量的试验方法研究

运用改进后的大气采样器，建立了一种对密闭空间细雾流分批采样分批分析的研究方法。对于采样参数组合的选取以及双侧采样的空间差异性进行了研究和统计判断，得出了最佳采样参数组合为采样时间5min，采气量5L／min。基于最佳采样参数组合，发现沉降曲线中存在分段点现象，分段点在喷雾结束后13min，也即开始喷雾后27min附近。针对分段点现象，给出了分段拟合的细雾流浓度沉降曲线及解析描述。采用改进的大气采样器可以获取喷雾结束后79rnin内的浓度数据，文献[13]中所用的采样方法只能得到喷雾结束后45min左右的浓度数据，因此该方法对药雾浓度沉降曲线的尾部特征描述能提供更多的信息。     

基于LIDAR技术的喷雾量三维空间分布测试方法

为解决喷雾量分布测试中耗时长、工序繁琐、无法进行实时动态三维空间分布测量的问题,该研究开发了一种基于激光雷达探测技术的喷雾量三维空间分布的测试方法。针对植保作业过程中常用的空心圆锥雾、防飘空心圆锥雾、扇形雾和防飘扇形雾4类共7种喷头,采用喷雾量实测方法对距离喷头50 cm处雾流区截面的雾量分布进行测试;利用十六线激光雷达对雾流区进行三维探测,实时获取喷雾量点云数据信息,通过数据包解析、仿射矩阵空间转换、坐标系解算获取点云坐标及密度,并利用神经网络将喷雾量实测结果与激光雷达测试结果进行拟合。结果显示,7种喷头训练集拟合相关系数r≥0.995,验证集r≥0.935,测试集r≥0.877,扇形雾喷头总体拟合相关系数r≥0.990,证明激光雷达探测是一种可行且准确的喷雾量分布测试方法;进一步对各喷头喷雾量点云数据进行分层网格化计算得到雾流区三维空间雾滴分布特征,结果表明3种圆锥雾喷头空心段长度大小依次为ITR、TR和HCI喷头,IDK喷头等距离喷雾截面积均大于LU喷头。该方法可准确地完成三维空间喷雾量化分析,同时也可为喷雾设备雾化质量检测、室内和田间雾滴飘移测量、植保机械田间快速调校及作业质量在线监测提供一种新思路。     

果园在线混药型静电喷雾机的设计与试验

为提高果园轻型机动喷雾机的作业性能,设计了一种果园在线混药型静电喷雾机,进行了混药均匀性与稳定性试验和静电喷雾沉积试验。试验测得混药均匀性和混药稳定性的最大变异系数分别为4.46%和3.51%。采用风辅静电喷雾方式的无冠层采样架上采样点正面的雾滴附着率相对于无风辅无静电喷雾方式分别提高了9.3%、46.3%和53.2%,采样点反面的雾滴附着率分别提高了82.9%、164.3%和184.2%。风辅静电喷雾下在仿真柑橘树冠层内部叶片正面的雾滴附着率为48个/cm2左右,叶片反面为37个/cm2,相对于无风辅无静电方式分别提高了166.7%和428.6%。试验结果表明：所设计的在线混药系统具有良好的混药性能,风辅静电式喷雾系统可提高雾滴吸附能力和穿透能力,能够满足25个/cm2的病虫害防治附着率要求。该研究为果园喷雾机的机构设计和性能优化提供参考。     

更接近于气调包装条件下薄膜透气系数的测算方法

提出了更接近于气调包装条件下薄膜透气系数测算的新方法。新的测算方法是先假设一系列薄膜透气系数值，并逐一代入气调包装数学模型中，计算出相应时刻的气体浓度值，并将该计算值与包装中气体浓度实测值比较，当两者差的平方和最小值时，对应的薄膜透气系数假设值即为测算值。结果表明新方法测定的透气系数能客观地反映气调包装条件下薄膜的透气系数。     

梨树风送喷雾关键作业参数优化与试验

针对目前不同叶面积体密度果树风送喷雾关键作业参数设置缺少可操作性依据,该文通过叶面积体密度、出口风速、穿透距离对雾滴在树冠中的穿透率、沉积率及飘移率的影响试验,并以穿透率、沉积率和飘移率为评价指标,分析得出不同叶面积体密度果树喷雾的最佳出口风速。同时,根据叶单位面积所需药量标准,提出了估算喷雾机行驶速度的方法,从而优化了梨树风送喷雾的关键作业参数。该文还在试验基础上,建立了树冠内的雾量衰减模型。经检验,雾量衰减模型决定系数R2在0.90以上,平均预测误差在20%以内,有较高预测精度,能较好地预测树冠内各点雾量的分布,可对出口风速、行驶速度等参数的优化作进一步的定量分析。该文为实际喷雾作业参数的优化设置提供了参考。     

设施农业棚室空间烟雾的分布及沉降(简报)

运用气液二相流喷雾技术,以常温烟雾为载体喷施农药,是设施农业病虫害防治作业的新技术。其雾化特点是雾滴粒径很细、在空中悬浮的时间很长。为了掌握烟雾运动、分布、沉积的规律,该文用髙浓度的黑色素水溶液喷雾后对空气中药物的质量密度用大气采样器、分光光度计进行了测试分析。获得了描述药物烟雾作业性能、技术特征的主要参数及经济实用的测试方法。探知了空间药物质量密度随棚室长度及时间的变化规律、以及雾滴的沉降规律。研究表明该测试方法简易可行,并为解析喷雾流场,求得最佳喷雾方案和评价喷雾质量、效果提供了参考。     

大型自然通风奶牛舍空气颗粒物浓度监测方法中采样间隔优化

规模化奶牛养殖产生的颗粒物会对人员和奶牛的呼吸道以及周边环境健康产生不利影响。对于奶牛舍空气颗粒物的实时连续监测,除了监测点数量和位置外,监测设备的采样间隔同样会影响监测结果的准确性。为确定合理的采样间隔,该研究采用环境物联网技术在大型自然通风奶牛舍内共计布置了17个采样点,对秋季至冬季舍内的总悬浮颗粒物(total suspended particulate, TSP)和细颗粒物(PM_2.5)浓度进行连续6个月的实时监测,计算舍内17个采样点的平均浓度(视为“真值”)。基于误差分析法,分别计算了30 min和1、2、3、6、12 h采样间隔下秋季和冬季的颗粒物浓度日均值,以及10、15、20、30 min和1 h采样间隔下白天、夜间与生产管理操作期间的颗粒物浓度小时均值及其与真值的相对误差(E_r),统计了E_r在5%与10%范围内的占比情况,以66.7%作为可接受标准,确定了秋冬季节颗粒物浓度日均值和小时均值的最大可接受采样间隔。结果显示,在5%的相对误差允许范围内,秋冬季节TSP日均值的最大可接受采样间隔为2 h(秋季...     

不同营养液浓度与喷雾频率对雾培马铃薯生长及产量的影响

试验以营养液浓度为主区,喷雾频率为副区,马铃薯块茎形成前后为前期、后期,研究雾培条件下不同生育期不同营养液浓度与喷雾频率对马铃薯生长和产量的影响,为马铃薯原原种生产实践提供参考。营养液浓度梯度分别设为0.6 A∶0.8 A(前期∶后期)、0.8 A∶A、A∶1.2 A,用C0.6∶0.8、C0.8∶1、C1∶1.2表示,喷雾频率为40s/10 min∶40 s/20 min(喷雾/间隔,前期∶后期)、40 s/15 min∶40 s/25 min、40 s/20 min、40 s/30 min,用T10∶20、T15∶25、T20∶30表示,并采用主成分聚类分析对各处理进行综合排序与评价。结果表明:定植30 d,营养液浓度、喷雾频率及二者交互均可极显著增加马铃薯各部位干重且均为处理C0.8∶1T20∶30最大;定植60 d,各处理间生物量差异显著性较大且处理C1∶1.2T20∶30全株干重最大。各处理G≤3 g小薯在薯类分级中所占比例均最大,处理间3gG≤5 g小薯差异不大,但其他等级小薯差异较大,处理C1∶1.2T15∶25在单株薯数、单株薯重和折合产量上均最大。通过主成分聚类分析,处理C1∶1.2T15∶25得分最高,且各处理对雾培马铃薯生长的影响可聚为五类,处理C0.8∶1T20∶30与C1∶1.2T15∶25聚为一类,综合评价为一等;处理C0.6∶0.8T10∶20、C1∶1.2T20∶30和C0.6∶0.8T15∶25聚为一类,综合评价为二等;处理C0.8∶1T15∶25单独聚为一类,综合评价为三等;处理C0.6∶0.8T20∶30和C0.8∶1T10∶20聚为一类,综合评价为四等;处理C1∶1.2T10∶20单独聚为一类,综合评价为五等。因此,适当加大营养液浓度,延长喷雾间隔时间有利于雾培马铃薯生长及产量增加。     

设施农业棚室空间烟雾的分布及沉降

运用气液二相流喷雾技术,以常温烟雾为载体喷施农药,是设施农业病虫害防治作业的新技术.其雾化特点是雾滴粒径很细、在空中悬浮的时间很长.为了掌握烟雾运动、分布、沉积的规律,该文用高浓度的黑色素水溶液喷雾后对空气中药物的质量密度用大气采样器、分光光度计进行了测试分析.获得了描述药物烟雾作业性能、技术特征的主要参数及经济实用的测试方法.探知了空间药物质量密度随棚室长度及时间的变化规律、以及雾滴的沉降规律.研究表明该测试方法简易可行,并为解析喷雾流场,求得最佳喷雾方案和评价喷雾质量、效果提供了参考.     

桁架式超声雾化栽培器的雾滴沉降和根际温湿度变化规律

桁架式超声雾化栽培器的根域雾场及温度场对雾化栽培效果的影响极大,甚至决定了雾培的成败。应用NIPCI-6110数据采集卡在Labview平台上,构建了温湿度的实时采集系统;以PIC16F877A芯片为核心构建了喷雾控制系统;应用四因素五水平的二次回归正交旋转组合设计试验方法,研究了出风口面积、室内温度、雾化率和喷雾时间对桁架式雾化栽培器栽培管道内雾滴沉积量、温度和湿度变化的影响,建立了雾滴沉积量和温湿度的二次回归模型,为该型雾化栽培器实现根际雾场以及温湿度最优控制提供了试验依据。结果表明:喷雾时间、雾化率以及出风口面积和室内温度的交互作用对上下管道内雾滴沉积量的影响显著;出风口面积,室内温度、雾化率和喷雾时间对上下管道内温度影响显著;出风口面积和室内温度的交互作用对上管道内温度影响显著;出风口面积,室内温度和喷雾时间对上下管道内湿度的影响显著。     

Predicted Concentrations for Pesticides in Drainage Dominated Catchments

Regulators need a reliable, precise and easy to use tool for predicting the occurrence of pesticides in drain water and catchments in agricultural areas. Occurrence depends on a wide range of substance and site specific factors and this study presents a simple model built on the results from simulations of a detailed model system that does not neglect or omit any of these factors. A drainage dominated sub-catchment (0.03 km²) of the Lillebaek catchment (4.4 km²) on Funen, Denmark, represented by the catchment model MIKE SHE is considered. Detailed analyses have been made with respect to geological and hydrodynamic conditions as well as measurements of pesticide concentrations in ground and surface waters. Maximum concentrations in drain water, the time for reaching this concentration and the time interval for exceeding the limit value have been derived empirically from MIKE SHE simulations using degradation rates and sorption coefficients values for 37 pesticides included in the Danish PATE database. The relatively hydrophilic bentazon and hydrophobic pendimethalin are used as model pesticides for illustration. A simple tool applicable for a wide range of pesticides has thus been designed based on detailed analyses of a limited number of pesticides. The user requirements are degradation rates, sorption coefficients, application rates and regulatory limit values for the pesticides of interest.     

Multiresidue pesticide analysis of agricultural commodities using acetonitrile salt-out extraction, dispersive solid-phase sample clean-up, and high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

A multiresidue method analyzing 209 pesticides in 24 agricultural commodities has been developed and validated using the original Quick, Easy, Cheap, Effective, Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) procedure and high performance liquid chromatography-positive electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis. Using solvent-only calibration standards (SOCSs) and matrix-matched calibration standards (MMCSs), it was demonstrated that a minimal concentration of 5-10 μg/kg (part per billion, ppb) of analytes in matrix is required for the consistent identification of targeted pesticides with two MRM transitions. Method performance was validated by the precision and accuracy results obtained from fortification studies at 10, 25, 100, and 500 ppb and MMCSs. The method was demonstrated to achieve an average recovery of 100 ± 20% (n = 4) for >75% of evaluated pesticides at the low fortification level (10 ppb) and improved to >84% at the higher fortification concentrations in all 24 matrices. Matrix effects in LC-MS/MS analysis were studied by evaluating the slope ratios of calibration curves (1.0-100 ng/mL) obtained from the SOCSs and MMCSs. Principal component analysis (PCA) of LC-MS/MS and method validation data confirmed that each matrix exerts its specific effect during the sample preparation and LC-MS/MS analysis. The matrix effect is primarily dependent on the matrix type, pesticide type and concentration. Some caution is warranted when using matrix matched calibration curves for the quantitation of pesticides to alleviate concerns on matrix effects. The QuEChERS method with LC-MS/MS was used to identify and quantitate pesticides residues, with concentrations ranging from 2.5 to >1000 ppb in a variety of agricultural samples, demonstrating fitness for screening and surveillance applications.     

Sorption and aging of corn and soybean pesticides in tropical soils of Brazil

The efficacy and fate of pesticides in soil strongly depend on sorption reversibility that is known to decrease with increasing contact time (aging). We elucidated the aging dynamics of eight different pesticides in two contrasting agricultural soils of tropical Brazil (Ustox and Psamments), using batch equilibrium experiments and sequential extractions of field samples. Adsorption was best described by Langmuir isotherms for the entire and by Freundlich equations for the lower concentration range. In field samples, water extractable pesticide fractions mostly dissipated at least twice as fast as did the solvent extractable fractions. Hence, in comparison to 0 days K(OC) values, measured field K(OC) values were higher by a factor of 2.6-38 for the clayey Ustox and 2.1-72 for the sandy Psamments toward the end of the experimental period at 80 days after application. The extent of such aging basically increased with increasing polarity of the pesticide. An absolute enrichment of polar pesticides within the final exhaustive acetone--ethyl acetate--water extracts was observed during the experimental period, so that we may deduce that pesticides had redistributed into stronger sorption sites. The time course of the K(OC) development was well-described using a semiempirical equation, which had been employed for temperate soils before.     

Analysis of pesticides in nuts by online reversed-phase liquid chromatography-gas chromatography using the through-oven transfer adsorption/desorption interface

A new method to determine pesticide residues in nuts is presented, in which the pesticides are extracted from samples with a small amount of ethyl acetate and anhydrous sodium sulfate. No additional cleanup or concentration steps are necessary. The extract is directly injected into the high-pressure liquid chromatograph, where preseparation of the pesticide residues from other components coextracted from the nuts is carried out using methanol/water as the eluent. The selected liquid chromatography fraction containing the pesticides is automatically transferred to the gas chromatograph using the through-oven transfer adsorption/desorption interface. The calculated limits of detection for each pesticide varied from 0.1 to 61.3 microg/kg. The repeatabilities of the analysis and the overall procedure (extraction and analysis) were satisfactory. No variations in the retention time were observed. The method was applied to the analysis of pistachio nut, peanut, walnut, hazelnut, and sunflower seed.     

Multiresidue analysis of pesticides in soil by gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection and gas chromatography mass spectrometry

A rapid multiresidue method for the simultaneous determination of 25 fungicides and insecticides in soil was developed. Soil samples are extracted by sonication with a water-acetonitrile mixture, and the pesticides are partitioned into dichloromethane. Final determination was made by gas chromatography (GC) with nitrogen-phosphorus detection (NPD). Confirmation analysis of pesticides was carried out by GC-MS in the selected ion monitoring (SIM) mode. The identification of compounds was based on retention time and on comparison of the primary and secondary ions. The average recovery by the GC-NPD method obtained for these compounds varied from 68.5% to 112.1% with a relative standard deviation between 1.8% and 6.2%. The GC-NPD method presents good linearity over the range assayed 50-2000 microg/L, and the detection limit for the pesticides studied varied from 0.1 to 10.4 microg/kg. The proposed method was used to determine pesticide levels in soil samples from experimental greenhouse pepper cultivation.     

Effect of different soil textures on leaching potential and degradation of pesticides in biobeds

Biobeds can be used to intercept pesticide-contaminated runoff from the mixing/washdown area, creating optimum conditions for sorption and biodegradation such that the amount of pesticide reaching adjacent water bodies is significantly reduced. The biobed is built on the farm using locally available materials, which include, straw, compost, and topsoil. The topsoil acts as the inoculum for the system and is likely to vary in terms of its physical, chemical, and microbiological characteristics from one farm to another. This study therefore investigated the effects of using different soil types on the degradation and leaching potential from biobeds. Three contrasting topsoils were investigated. Leaching studies were performed using isoproturon, dimethoate, and mecoprop-P, which were applied at simulated disposal rates to 1.5 m deep biobeds. Annual average concentrations were similar for each soil type with leaching losses of even the most mobile (Koc = 12-25) pesticide <1.64% of the applied dose. Greater than 98% of the retained pesticides were degraded in all matrices. Degradation studies investigated the persistence of individual pesticides and pesticide mixtures in the different matrices. DT50 values for isoproturon, chlorothalonil, mecoprop-P, and metsulfuron-methyl applied at 4 times the maximum approved rate were similar across the biomix types and were all less than or equal to reported DT50 values for soil treated at approved rates. When applied as a mixture, DT50 values in each biomix increased, indicating that interactions between pesticides are possible. However, DT90 values of <167 days were obtained in all circumstances, indicating a negligible risk of accumulation. Studies therefore indicate that substrate will have little impact on biobed performance so it should be possible to use local soils in the construction process.     

化学农药施用技术与粮食安全

化学农药在保证粮食供应方面发挥了重要作用,这是粮食安全的传统意义。但是农药大量投入导致农产品中农药残留超标,影响了粮食安全的另一个方面。化学农药对农产品的负面影响与农药的施用方法有密切的关系。发达国家在改善环境质量、提高农产品品质的同时,建立了完善的农药使用和管理法规,并通过农药施用技术改造,大大提高了农药的利用率,从而基本解决了农药环境污染和农产品农药残留超标的问题。我国在农药施用过程中,由于长期忽视施用质量的提高,加之缺乏相应的管理措施,农药对病虫草害的防治效果一直是以农药的大量投入来保证的,对农产品质量造成了很大的影响。要解决农药的使用问题,首先须通过行政管理和立法限制单位土地面积上农药的施用量,其次建立农户农药购买登记制度,保证农户实际所用农药不会超过允许使用量,最后加强农药施用者的培训,培训合格后发给操作证,持证施用农药。确保这3个环节的落实,可激发农户农药施用技术的改进,使有限投入的农药发挥最大的效用,减少农药用量,缓解农药与环境及农产品质量之间的矛盾     

基于分布式非点源有毒污染物模型的农药输移研究

以山东省临沂流域为研究区,基于分布式非点源有毒污染物模型ESSI-2对当地的农药输移过程进行研究。选取甲基异柳磷为模拟农药种类,基于合理的农药假设数据,对分布式有毒污染物模型ESSI-2进行参数率定,并基于模拟结果,对临沂流域的甲基异柳磷负荷及其输移的空间分布特征进行了分析。结果表明,分布式非点源有毒污染物模型是研究农药输移过程的首选工具。临沂流域在农药施用初期,其空间分布主要与农药的施用相关,随着时间的推移,在水流的作用下,农药逐渐向河道汇聚,从而流向下游流域,在这一阶段中,地表径流是影响农药输移的主要因素。     

Adsorption von Pflanzenschutzmitteln und DOC an Saugkerzen aus Glas und Keramik

Sorption of pesticides and DOC on glass and ceramic suction cups Suction cups are widely used for the sampling of soil solution. Due to sorption and desorption processes the concentration of dissolved substances in the samples may vary considerably depending on the material of the suction cups. In order to minimize these losses, a new glass suction cup was developed. In laboratory studies, aqueous solutions of pesticides and DOC were percolated through both types of suction cups; the concentration of pesticides and DOC in the percolates was examined. The pesticides pendimethaline, terbuthylazine, metolachlor and chlortoluron were tested at concentrations of 2, 20, and 200 μg 1⁻¹. The average losses due to sorption by the suction cups were 10% (1.1—31%) for the ceramic cups and 3.1% (0—11%) for the glass cups. Sorption effects increased with increasing hydrophobicity of the pesticides and decreasing pesticide concentrations. Thus, at a concentration of 2 μg 1⁻¹ ceramic cups sorbed 31% of pendimethaline compared with 7.7% in the case of glass cups. Corresponding tests with soilborne DOC solutions yielded comparable results. Ceramic suction cups adsorbed up to 50% of the DOC input concentration, while glass cups retarded 2.4% on average. These results are especially noteworthy because soilborne dissolved organic substances are effective sorbents and carriers for pesticides. The new type of glass suction cups may help to improve the results of pesticide field studies and, in consequence, the assessment and prediction of the leaching behavior of pesticides.