春小麦品种青春39的抗条锈性遗传分析

青春39是青海省主栽春麦品种,对小麦条锈病具有良好的抗性。为了给抗病育种和小麦条锈病的区域治理提供参考信息,在温室常温环境下,对青春39、Taichuang29及其杂交群体接种我国当前小麦条锈菌流行小种,调查抗病性并进行抗条锈基因遗传分析。苗期接种鉴定表明青春39对CYR17、CYR32、CYR33、中四-1均表现抗病,且对CYR17和CYR33表现为近免疫;遗传分析表明青春39对CYR17的抗病性由1对显性基因控制,而对CYR33的抗病性由1显1隐两对基因独立控制。因此,建议将青春39作为抗源在抗病育种中加以利用。     

小麦抗源南农790成株期抗条锈性遗传分析与分子作图

为明确小麦抗锈种质南农790条锈病抗性特征和抗病遗传规律,以5个条锈菌生理小种CYR23、CYR29、CYR31、CYR32和CYR33对其进行苗期抗谱鉴定,并以CYR32和CYR33混合小种对南农790、Avocet S及南农790与Avocet S正交所获得的F1代、F2代和F2∶3群体进行混合小种成株期抗条锈性鉴定及遗传分析。抗病鉴定结果显示,南农790苗期对CYR32和CYR33表现为中度感病(IT:6~7),对其余小种表现为抗病(IT≤2),成株期对混合小种表现为近免疫(IT≤2,S≤5%),表明南农790具有成株期抗条锈性;各世代抗病遗传分析结果表明,其成株期抗病性由一个显性单基因控制,暂命名为YrNan;采用集群分离分析法(BSA),以SSR分子标记对F2代分离群体进行分子作图,发现了6个与YrNan连锁的SSR标记(Xgwm11,Xbarc187,Xbarc181,Xgwm273,Xwmc419和Xwmc216),并将其定位于小麦的1BL染色体,两侧最近的标记分别为Xbarc181(1.3cM)和Xgwm273(6.3cM)。研究结果为南农790抗条锈病基因的分子标记辅助选择及在育种上的应用提供了依据。     

小麦种质资源BJ399抗条锈病基因的分子标记定位

条锈病是影响小麦产量和品质的一种世界性病害。种质资源BJ399对小麦条锈病具有良好的苗期和成株期抗性,为明确其条锈病抗性基因,利用BJ399和高感条锈病品种铭贤169杂交,获得BJ399/铭贤169的F_1、BC_1和F_2代分离群体,并利用我国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种条中34号(CYR34)进行温室苗期抗条锈性鉴定和遗传分析。结果表明,BJ399对CYR34的抗性由1对显性基因控制,暂命名为 YrBJ399。筛选到3个与目的基因连锁的SSR标记Xwmc296、Xgwm425和Xgwm558,且3个标记位于抗病基因的同一侧,距离目的基因最近的标记为Xwmc296,其遗传距离为9.5 cM,标记Xgwm425和Xgwm558与目的基因 YrBJ399的遗传距离分别为14.3 cM和18.0 cM,并初步将抗病基因定位于小麦染色体2AS上。根据抗病基因来源和染色体定位结果推测, YrBJ399可能是一个抗条锈病新基因。     

小麦品种云麦53抗条锈基因的分子标记定位

云麦53是以CIMMYT优异品系为亲本,通过基因聚合选育的高产、抗病、广适性小麦新品种。为明确云麦53的抗条锈病遗传基础,利用我国当前流行的条锈菌生理小种条中29(CYR29)对云麦53与辉县红杂交后代F1、F2和F2∶3群体进行苗期抗病性鉴定和遗传分析,并利用分子标记对抗条锈病基因进行定位。遗传分析表明,云麦53对CYR29的抗性由1对显性基因控制,暂定名为YrYM53。利用分子标记对F2和F2∶3群体进行检测,发现3个与YrYM53紧密连锁的分子标记(barc61、barc240和AF1/AF4),与YrYM53的遗传距离分别为3.3cM、3.9cM和7.6cM,说明该基因位于1B染色体的长臂上。根据基因来源和抗谱分析,YrYM53与1B或1BL/1RS染色体上已知抗条锈病基因Yr9、Yr10、Yr15、Yr24/Yr26、YrZH84.2和YrCN17不同,可能是一个新的抗病基因。     

70份小麦品种(系)抗条锈病基因推导及检测

为了给小麦品种的合理布局和小麦条锈病防控提供参考信息,选用我国当前流行的条锈菌混合小种对70份小麦品种(系)进行成株期抗条锈性鉴定,利用基因推导的方法对供试品种(系)所含的基因进行分析,结合系谱信息,并采用分子标记进行已知抗病基因验证。结果表明,对条锈菌混合小种(CYR34、CYR33、CYR32、CYR31、CYR30、CYR29、CYR17和Su-1)表现免疫和近免疫的品种(系)有24份,占供试品种(系)的34.29%;表现高抗和中抗的品种(系)有17份,占24.29%。说明供试小麦品种(系)对当前流行条锈菌混合小种具有良好的成株期抗性,可用于品种布局。基因推导分析结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)中18份携带抗条锈病基因 Yr21,20份含 Yr3,11份含 Yr1,8份含 Yr5,3份含YrSD, 3份含 Yr32,6份含 Yr10,1份(烟836)含有YrSu,1份(金禾9123)含有 Yr26。分子标记检测结果表明,供试小麦品种(系)携带的抗性基因分别为 Yr5(11份)、 Yr9(2份)、 Yr10(9份)、 Yr15(1份)和 Yr26(4份)。由于遗传背景和遗传距离等因素,分子标记检测和基因推导结果不完全一致。     

小麦新抗源Centrum抗条锈性特征及遗传分析

为了明确小麦种质Centrum的抗条锈性特征及抗性遗传规律,分别在杨凌和天水两地对其进行成株期抗条锈性评价,并以CYR29、CYR31、CYR32、CYR33、Su11-4、Su11-5、Su11-7、CH42等8个条锈菌生理小种对其进行苗期抗谱分析,以CYR29和CYR32对Centrum与感病亲本Avocet S构建的BC1、F2和F3群体进行苗期抗条锈病遗传分析。结果表明,Centrum在杨凌混合小种圃和天水自然诱发圃成株期均为免疫反应,苗期对所有参试小种均表现为免疫或近免疫;抗病遗传分析表明Centrum对CYR29和CYR32的抗性分别由同一对显性基因控制。     

134份四川小麦品种(系)的条锈病抗性评价

小麦条锈病是四川小麦生产中的第一大病害。为了系统掌握四川小麦品种和后备品系的条锈病抗性水平,给四川乃至全国小麦抗条锈病育种及品种的合理布局提供参考信息,利用7个条锈菌流行小种对134份四川审定品种和后备品系的苗期和成株期条锈病抗性进行鉴定。结果表明,四川小麦品种(系)在苗期对7个条锈菌小种CYR31、Su11-7、CYR29、Su11-4、CYR32、CYR33和V26(新致病类型)的抗性频率分别为92.4%、92.5%、89.3%、89.4%、87.3%、85.0%和82.8%;其中,76份品种(系)抗所有小种,占56.0%;此外,条锈菌新致病类型V26对四川小麦品种(系)的毒性已经超过当前的优势小种CYR32和CYR33。根据抗谱分析结果,将所有品种(系)分为四大类。其中,66.4%的品种(系)为全生育期抗性,17.9%为成株期抗性,9.7%表现为苗期抗性,6.0%表现为感病。表明四川小麦品种(系)整体抗性水平较高,但抗病类型相对单一。因此,需要进一步拓宽抗源,提高抗病基因的多样性;同时应逐步开展全生育期抗病基因和成株期抗病基因聚合育种,以提高品种抗病的持久性。     

西藏地方小麦品种曲白春的抗条锈性遗传分析

为了明确曲白春的抗条锈性遗传规律,并为其在抗病育种中的合理利用提供理论指导,本研究以曲白春与川麦28构建遗传分析群体,以曲白春与中国春构建等位分析群体,用CYR33温室条件下苗期人工接种遗传分析群体,用混合流行优势小种大田条件下成株期人工诱发接种遗传分析群体和等位分析群体,同时对曲白春的抗条锈性进行遗传分析,并用小麦抗条锈基因Yr18的特异性分子标记对曲白春进行分子检测。结果表明,曲白春苗期对CYR33的抗性由一对显性基因控制,成株期对小麦条锈菌的抗性由2对独立显性核基因控制,即由小麦抗条锈基因Yr18和一对未知的小种专化性抗条锈基因控制。     

兼抗条锈、白粉病小麦新种质观4的分子标记鉴定

将多个不同的抗病亲本及优良农艺亲本进行复合杂交,选育出抗病且农艺性状较好的小麦新品系观4.为了明确观4的抗病性及品质状况,对该品系的抗病基因及品质性状进行分子标记鉴定和分析.结果表明,观4兼抗白粉病和条锈病,其白粉病抗性主要来自亲本92R179中的Pm21基因,而条锈病抗性则主要源于YW243中的抗条锈病基因YrX;辽春10号中的高分子量麦谷蛋白优质亚基7+8也遗传到新品系观4中.因此,观4可作为优良小麦亲本应用于小麦品质和白粉病、条锈病抗性的改良.     

一粒小麦与葡萄牙野燕麦远缘杂交后代抗条锈病鉴定及抗性株系的筛选

为了开拓小麦抗条锈病基因资源,利用中国流行的小麦条锈菌生理小种CYR23、CYR25、CYR27、CYR29、CYR31、CYR32和水源11致病型Su-11-4、Su-11-7和Su-11-14,对一粒小麦(T.monococ- cum)与葡萄牙野燕麦(Avena fatua L.)杂交后代(简称"一粒葡")进行成株期和苗期抗病性鉴定,分离筛选出8个抗性稳定的株系:YLP-7、 YLP-1-1、 YLP-1-6、YLP-9-3、 YLP-9-8、 YLP-15-1、 YLP-15-4 和 YLP-16-4,这些抗性株系对所有参试条锈菌小种都表现为免疫或近免疫,表明"一粒葡"材料具有较强的条锈病抗性,可作为抗源用于小麦抗病育种.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.