速冻莲藕片贮藏过程中品质变化动力学模型

为了探寻贮藏温度对速冻莲藕片品质的影响及预测其货架期,该文研究在贮藏温度?5、?15和?25℃条件下,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度随着贮藏时间的变化,建立了3个指标变化动力学模型。结果表明:随着贮藏温度的升高,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度的变化速率逐渐增加,?5℃条件下贮藏的速冻莲藕片品质快速下降,?15和?25℃条件下贮藏前期莲藕片品质下降不显著(P0.05),随着时间的延长,?25℃部分玻璃态贮藏的莲藕片品质最佳;不同贮藏温度下速冻莲藕片维生素C和硬度变化符合一级反应,总色差和亮度变化符合零级反应,速冻莲藕片维生素C、色泽和硬度反应速率常数符合Arrhenius方程,并建立莲藕片货架期动力学模型,通过对其验证发现模型拟合度良好(R20.9),能预测速冻莲藕片贮藏期各品质指标变化和不同温度下的货架期寿命。研究结果可为速冻莲藕片低温贮藏品质变化和货架寿命预测提供理论依据。     

高压二氧化碳处理对橙汁货架期的影响(简报)

为了探讨高压CO2加工技术对橙汁货架期的影响,将新鲜的橙汁在温度为37℃,压力60 MPa的高压CO2中处理9 min后,分别在4、15、25和37℃下贮藏,测定果胶甲基酯酶残存相对活性、浑浊度、维生素C残留量和颜色变化。结果表明：在4和15℃下贮藏,橙汁的货架期分别在84和56 d以上;浑浊稳定性比较好;维生素C含量保持在80%以上;在4、15和25℃下贮藏颜色基本上没变化。因此,高压CO2处理橙汁可有效延长产品的货架期,此技术值得在果汁企业中广泛推广。     

超高压对鲜榨果蔬汁的杀菌效果

为防止鲜榨果蔬汁受微生物污染而腐败变质,通过超高压加工处理降低其污染的风险,延长产品货架期,提高产品的安全性。该文通过研究超高压处理鲜榨苹果汁和胡萝卜汁及其在贮藏期的菌落总数变化,确定超高压杀菌后的鲜榨苹果汁和胡萝卜汁的生物安全性。试验结果表明：超高压对低pH值的鲜榨苹果汁的杀菌效果优于pH值偏中性的鲜榨胡萝卜汁。随着处理压力的增大和处理时间的延长,鲜榨苹果汁和胡萝卜汁中的菌落总数显著降低（P＜0.05）。经过400 MPa、15 min处理的鲜榨苹果汁可在4℃下贮藏7 d仍保持食用安全性,而鲜榨胡萝卜汁经400 MPa、45 min处理,仅能在4℃下贮藏3d。     

红烧卤牛肉货架期预测模型的建立

为了探究红烧卤牛肉在不同温度下的货架期,本试验将加工好的红烧卤牛肉真空包装,进行二次沸水煮制杀菌(中间相隔48 h)。以菌落总数为指标建立货架期预测模型,将二次杀菌后的红烧卤牛肉产品分别贮藏在4、10、15、20、25℃的恒温培养箱中,测定贮藏期间菌落总数的变化。结果表明,随着贮藏温度的升高,微生物的最大生长比率增大,迟滞期和货架期缩短;建立一级模型(修正Gompertz模型)与二级模型(Belehradek模型),修正Gompertz模型除4℃下微生物生长曲线无法拟合之外,其余4个温度拟合效果良好(相关系数R²>0.9),并通过了模型验证(准确因子Af与偏差因子Bf的范围分别在1.1～1.9与0.75～1.25之间);结合一、二级模型建立红烧卤牛肉货架期预测模型,模型通过了验证(预测值与实测值相对误差在10%以内),预测得到的10、15、20、25℃贮藏的红烧卤牛肉货架期分别为185.76、64.05、31.00、15.08 d。本研究获得了红烧卤牛肉在10～25℃的货架期预测模型,为红烧卤牛肉在不同温度下的贮藏时间选择提供了理论依据。     

高温杀菌对预浸泡豆杆货架期品质变化的影响

为研究高温杀菌对预浸泡豆杆产品在货架期内品质变化的影响,本试验对经过105℃、15 min和110℃、10 min 2个杀菌条件处理的预浸泡豆杆在货架期内的主要微生物、感官和理化指标的变化情况及相关性进行了分析。结果表明,随着储存时间的延长,2个杀菌条件处理的预浸泡豆杆的菌落总数、硬度和咀嚼性均显著增加(P<0.05),水分含量、pH值、感官评分和亮度L^*值均显著降低(P<0.05),蛋白质含量、脂肪含量和弹性变化不显著(P>0.05)。对2个杀菌条件下的各项指标进行相关性分析,其结果与各指标在货架期内的变化趋势基本一致,预浸泡豆杆的表观指标和内部理化指标存在显著的相关性,并确定感官品质和色泽是储存过程中影响预浸泡豆杆品质的关键指标。本研究证实经110℃、10 min杀菌处理的预浸泡豆杆在货架期内能更好地保留预浸泡豆杆的品质。该研究结果为预浸泡豆杆货架期内产品品质的稳定和货架期的延长等问题提供了理论依据。     

不同气调包装对冷藏鱼糜制品品质的影响

为分析不同气调包装对鱼糜制品冷藏过程中品质的影响,研究以鱼糜制品中的鱼丸为对象,通过测定其在 （0±0.5）℃冷藏过程中的菌落总数、理化和感官等指标的变化,评价气调包装的保鲜效果。气调包装条件分别为空气包装（对照）、低氧气调包装（60%CO2+10%O2+30%N2,均为体积分数,下同）、无氧气调包装（60%CO2+40%N2）、含保鲜剂的无氧气调包装（60%CO2+40%N2+保鲜剂）。结果表明,0℃下鱼丸在空气包装下贮藏32 d和低氧气调包装下贮藏42 d后菌落总数分达到8.7×104 cfu/g和8.5×104 cfu/g,超过规定的卫生标准;而无氧气调包装可使鱼丸的货架期达到47 d（菌落总数4.3×104 cfu/g）以上,含保鲜剂的无氧气调包装可使鱼丸货架期延长至52 d（菌落总数0.98×104 cfu/g）以上,并且能降低脂肪氧化程度;两组无氧气调包装样品在冷藏期间其pH值、TBA（硫代巴比妥酸）值和感官等指标都优于低氧气调包装和空气包装。无氧气调包装或结合生物保鲜剂包装能更好地延长冷藏鱼丸的货架期。     

微波杀菌对枇杷果汁品质的影响

为了探讨微波杀菌工艺对枇杷果汁贮藏期间品质的影响,以宁海白枇杷为原料加工成汁,经巴氏灭菌和微波杀菌处理后,研究4℃冷藏过程中菌落总数、总酚含量、Vc含量、DPPH·清除能力、pH、可溶性固形物(SSC)、多酚氧化酶(PPO)和过氧化物酶(POD)活性等指标的变化情况。结果表明,微波杀菌与传统巴氏杀菌相比,有相同的杀菌效果,能很好地延长果汁贮藏期;同时,微波杀菌处理的枇杷果汁总酚、Vc含量和DPPH·清除能力均显著升高,PPO和POD完全失活,而对果汁pH和SSC无显著影响。说明微波杀菌技术不仅具有较好的杀菌效果,而且能最大限度地保持枇杷果汁品质。本研究结果为微波杀菌在果汁工业的应用中提供了理论依据。     

适宜电子束辐照延长醉泥螺货架期及蛋白质保持

为探明电子束辐照对醉泥螺的杀菌效果及辐照后醉泥螺感官品质与蛋白质营养价值的变化,为生食醉泥螺的辐照保鲜应用提供理论依据。以生食醉泥螺为研究材料,研究不同剂量电子束辐照对醉泥螺菌落总数、感官评分、蛋白质含量及其氨基酸组成的影响,并分析辐照后醉泥螺在冷藏和常温贮藏条件下的货架期变化。结果表明：1）经1～9 kGy剂量电子束辐照,醉泥螺的色泽和形态几乎没有变化,但7、9 kGy剂量组醉泥螺产生异味;2）辐照剂量越高,杀菌效果越好,当醉泥螺的初始菌落总数为1200 cfu/g时,菌落总数降至初始值10%所需的辐照剂量D10为3.46 kGy;3和5 kGy剂量的辐照对醉泥螺的抑菌效果明显,无论是冷藏还是常温贮藏,360 d内菌落总数均未超过5000 cfu/g;3）辐照对醉泥螺蛋白质含量无明显影响(P?0.05),不改变醉泥螺的限制性氨基酸种类,但经1、3、5 kGy辐照后,氨基酸总量、必需氨基酸总量及各必需氨基酸的氨基酸评分增加;4）结合电子束辐照对醉泥螺菌落总数及感官评分的影响,辐照剂量以3 kGy为宜,醉泥螺保质期冷藏条件下由对照组的5个月延长至12个月,常温条件下由对照组的不到1个月延长到3个月。该结果能为电子束辐照保鲜醉泥螺提供依据。     

辐照对酱鸭保质期和营养品质的影响

以不同剂量60Co γ射线辐照真空包装酱鸭制品,并测定贮藏过程中菌落总数及营养物质含量变化,结果表示,采用6kGy辐照并于25℃±05℃下贮藏的产品保质期为90d;对酱鸭先采用90℃~95℃、30min的巴氏低温二次杀菌,再以6kGy辐照处理,于25℃±05℃下贮藏,则保质期可延长至120d。辐照能够很好地满足酱鸭产品商业卫生要求,在贮存期内既可以保证其微生物安全性,又对感官与营养价值无显著影响,具有较大的推广应用前景。     

复合涂膜结合紫外处理对鲜切木瓜冷藏品质的影响

为了延长鲜切木瓜的保鲜时间,利用尼辛、那他霉素、薄荷油、氯化钙、香兰素、壳聚糖制成复合保鲜涂膜液,考察涂膜及紫外线处理对木瓜鲜切块贮藏品质(包括色泽、可溶性固形物含量、失水率、维生素C含量、可滴定酸、霉菌酵母数、菌落总数)的影响。由均匀设计试验优化涂膜液配方以及紫外线处理参数。研究结果表明:涂膜及紫外线处理可较好地保持鲜切木瓜的色泽,抑制褐变,保持较高的可溶性固形物含量,减少贮藏过程中的水分损失,抑制霉菌、酵母菌和细菌的增长。采用SAS软件建立各参数与菌落总数关系的回归方程。利用非线性规划法得到较佳的复合涂膜配方与紫外线处理参数为:壳聚糖质量分数1.0%,氯化钙质量分数0.6%,Nisin0.10g/kg,那他霉素14.0mg/kg,香兰素质量分数0.3%,薄荷油1.5mL/L,紫外照射时间22min,紫外照射距离范围44～66cm。此复合涂膜配方与紫外线处理可使货架期至少达到6天,为鲜切木瓜保鲜提供技术参考。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Assessing the effectiveness of conservation measures: Resolving the “wicked” problem of the Steller sea lion

“Wicked” problems are those that are complex and that change when solutions are applied. Many conflicts in conservation fall into this category. The study approached the problem of how to constrain the apparent wickedness of a problem in the conservation management of a species by using simple empirical indicators to carry out iterative assessment of the risk to a population and to document how this risk evolves in relation to the addition of new data and the implementation of management actions. Effects of high levels of uncertainty within data and also concerning population structure were examined through stochastic simulation and by exploration of scenarios. Historical trends in the example used, the Steller sea lion, showed rapid declines in abundance in some regions during the 1980s. The current total population is 130,000-150,000 Steller sea lions through Alaska and British Columbia and this number has been stable since about 1990 in spite of regional differences in population dynamics. Regional differences in the sequence of changes in the number of pups and non-pups, suggested that an internal re-distribution of juveniles could have happened between 1980 and 1990. Current productivity also appears close to the long-term mean. Stochastic population projection using various scenarios showed that, based upon this history, the risk of extinction for the population has declined and is below reasonable thresholds for considering the population to be endangered. The trends in risk suggest that management actions taken since 1990 have probably been effective. Consequently, the conservation management objectives for the Steller sea lion are probably being met. The approach provides a mechanism, based upon experience and scenario analysis, for exploring future policy options and may help to constrain the debate amongst stakeholders about the cost-benefit trade-offs associated with different options.     

Soil-profile distribution of primary and secondary plant-available nutrients under conventional and no tillage

Nutrient distributions under no tillage (NT) compared with conventional disk-and-bed tillage (CT) management in the warm, humid region of the southeastern USA need to be assessed so that future placement, quantity, and type of fertilizers can be altered, if necessary, to efficiently match crop demands. We determined soil-profile distributions of pH, N, P, S, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu to a depth of 0.9 m at the end of 8.5 years of continuous CT and NT management on a Weswood silty clay loam (fine, mixed, thermic Fluventic Ustochrept) in southcentral Texas. Most dramatic changes occurred within the 0–0.05 m depth, where soil under NT had lower pH, Fe, and Cu than under CT, but greater P, K, Zn, and Mn. Greater P and K under NT than under CT also occurred below the till-zone (0.15–0.3 m). At a depth of 0–0.3 m, soil under NT contained greater amounts of extractable P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu than under CT. Nitrogen fertilization had little effect on nutrient distributions, except resulting in greater extractable K at 0–0.05 m and greater nitrate at 0–0.15 m. Few changes in soil-profile distributions were observed for extractable S, Ca, Mg, and Na. Long-term continuous use of NT on this fine-textured, high-fertility (except for N) soil had no apparent adverse effects on nutrient distributions relative to CT, but enhanced conservation and availability of P, K, Zn, Fe, Mn, and Cu near the soil surface where crop roots proliferate.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.