的吸附特性研究

以富含单宁的杨梅树皮为原料,通过甲醛交联剂原位固化杨梅单宁(SIBT)制备吸附材料,研究了该吸附材料对Nd3 +的吸附特性.实验表明:当Nd3 +溶液的初始质量浓度为 432 mg/L、反应温度为 303 K 时,该吸附材料对Nd3 +的平衡吸附量可达到 342.14 mg/g, 其吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程.平衡吸附量受pH值和温度的影响: pH值在3.0 ～ 5.5范围内,吸附量随pH值升高而增加,pH值>5.5时,吸附量开始逐渐下降;温度为283 ～ 313 K 时,Nd3 +的吸附量变化不大,温度超过 313 K 时,吸附量开始下降;与温度因素的影响相比较,pH值对平衡吸附量影响较大.研究还表明,这种吸附剂对Nd3 +的吸附动力学可用拟二级速率方程来描述,由拟二级速率方程计算所得到的平衡吸附量与实测值的偏差在 4 % 以内,具有很好的一致性.     

原位固化杨梅单宁对Nd~(3+)的吸附特性研究

以富含单宁的杨梅树皮为原料,通过甲醛交联剂原位固化杨梅单宁(SIBT)制备吸附材料,研究了该吸附材料对Nd3+的吸附特性。实验表明:当Nd3+溶液的初始质量浓度为432 mg/L、反应温度为303 K时,该吸附材料对Nd3+的平衡吸附量可达到342.14 mg/g,其吸附等温线符合Freundlich方程。平衡吸附量受pH值和温度的影响:pH值在3.0~5.5范围内,吸附量随pH值升高而增加,pH值5.5时,吸附量开始逐渐下降;温度为283~313 K时,Nd3+的吸附量变化不大,温度超过313 K时,吸附量开始下降;与温度因素的影响相比较,pH值对平衡吸附量影响较大。研究还表明,这种吸附剂对Nd3+的吸附动力学可用拟二级速率方程来描述,由拟二级速率方程计算所得到的平衡吸附量与实测值的偏差在4%以内,具有很好的一致性。     

胶原纤维固化杨梅单宁对Mo(Ⅵ)的吸附

研究了胶原纤维固化杨梅单宁(IBT)这一新型吸附材料对Mo6 的吸附特性.实验表明,温度对吸附容量影响不大,而pH值对吸附容量有显著影响,Mo6 的吸附容量随pH值降低而增加,表明其吸附机理是吸附剂与聚钼阴离子之间的静电结合.当Mo6 的初始质量浓度为100.0mg/L、吸附剂用量0.100 g、温度为303 K、pH值2.0时,IBT对Mo6 的吸附量为82.4 mg/g.Freundlich方程可以很好地描述IBT对Mo6 的吸附等温线.动力学研究表明,初始吸附速率很快,吸附达到平衡的时间约为600 min,其吸附动力学可很好地用拟二级速率方程描述,计算所得的平衡吸附量与实测值误差很小.解吸实验表明,0.02 mol/L EDTA溶液能使吸附剂再生,并能循环使用.选择性吸附研究表明,在酸性(pH值2.0)条件下,IBT对Mo6 的吸附率大于95%,而对Ni2 和Cu2 的吸附率低于5%,可用于Mo6 -Ni2 和Mo6 -Cu2 二元混合溶液中Mo6 的分离和提取.     

红色基GP染料废水的脱色研究

指出了凹凸棒土作为载体,因其独特的三维空间型、较强的选择吸附性,被广泛用于吸附领域中。利用十八烷基三甲基氯化铵改性的凹凸棒土作为吸附剂,对废水进行了脱色研究。主要考察了吸附剂的加料量、吸附时间、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵的负载量等因素对染料废水脱色率的影响。实验结果表明:在吸附时间为1h、吸附剂的加入量为0.9g、十八烷基三甲基氯化铵的负载量为0.3 mmol/g时,脱色率达到91%。     

杨梅单宁膜吸附材料的制备及其对铜、锌离子的吸附特性研究

以杨梅单宁、魔芋葡苷聚糖和大米淀粉为原料,通过交联反应制备杨梅单宁膜吸附材料,分析其红外光谱(FT-IR),并系统地研究了其对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附特性。结果表明:杨梅单宁膜吸附材料在pH值5.0时对Cu2+和Zn2+的吸附容量最高;当初始质量浓度为200mg/L,pH值5.0,反应温度为25℃,吸附剂用量为0.1 g时Cu2+和Zn2+的平衡吸附容量分别为12.79和6.13 mg/g;吸附容量随着温度的升高而增大,但影响不大;Freundlich方程可以很好地拟合吸附等温线;吸附动力学均可用拟二级速率方程进行拟合。在铜、锌混合溶液中,杨梅单宁膜材料可以优先去除铜离子。     

Lindetype F（K）沸石对Cd2＋的吸附性能研究

利用粉煤灰合成了Linde type F（K）沸石吸附重金属Cd2＋,考察了吸附剂量、初始pH值、反应温度以及反应时间对C d2＋吸附效果的影响,同时进行了吸附动力学数据模拟。结果表明：吸附剂量、初始p H值、反应温度以及反应时间均对C d2＋的去除率影响显著。随着吸附剂投加量的不断增大,C d2＋去除效果不断提高,饱和吸附量逐渐减小。初始pH值为7时沸石吸附Cd2＋的去除率为100％。反应温度越高,沸石吸附Cd2＋达到平衡的时间越短。Linde type F（K）沸石对Cd2＋的吸附行为符合准二级反应动力学方程。     

竹炭对水溶液中苯酚的吸附作用

以高温下炭化的竹炭为原料,探讨了接触时间、起始浓度、温度等因素对竹炭吸附苯酚的影响。结果表明,随着温度的升高,竹炭对苯酚的吸附量呈现下降的趋势;随着苯酚起始浓度的增加,竹炭对苯酚的吸附量呈现不断上升的趋势,而吸附率呈现下降趋势;通过准一级和准二级速率方程对其吸附过程的动力学进行拟合,得知竹炭对苯酚的吸附符合准二级速率方程。     

桂花树干生物炭对水中亚甲基蓝的吸附性能研究

通过桂花树干制备生物炭，利用硝酸和高锰酸钾对桂花树干生物炭进行修饰(活化)处理，研究了其对水溶液中染料亚甲基蓝(MB)的吸附能力。研究了温度、pH值、吸附时间和初始浓度对生物炭染料吸附性能的影响。生物炭及改性生物炭准二级动力学拟合的判决系数均为0.999。准二级动力学模型模拟的平衡吸附量更符合实际值。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和紫外分析方法(UV-vis)对生物炭吸附剂改性前后进行了测试，研究表明：改性桂花树干生物炭可以作为合成染料的高效吸附剂。     

硅藻土对重金属离子Mn2+的吸附研究

以硅藻土为吸附剂,采用静态吸附试验考查了吸附剂浓度、离子初始浓度、吸附质溶液温度、吸附质溶液初始pH值、时间等因素对硅藻土吸附模拟废水中Mn2+的影响.研究表明,硅藻土对Mn2+的最大吸附量可达到4.0486 mg·g-1,效果较好,可被用于去除重金属锰.适当增加吸附剂用量、离子初始浓度、控制吸附温度(＜50)、pH值(＜6)、延长吸附时间都能提高硅藻土对Mn2+的吸附效果.Langmuir吸附等温式相比Freundlich吸附等温式能更好的描述硅藻土对Mn2+的吸附过程.硅藻土吸附M2+的吸附动力学则符合二级动力学方程.     

凹凸棒土对阳离子淀粉的吸附性能及其在纸浆中的应用

以滑石粉、碳酸钙等常用造纸填料为参照,研究了凹凸棒土对阳离子淀粉的吸附性能及其在纸浆中的应用。结果表明,凹凸棒土的平均粒径与滑石粉和碳酸钙差别不大,都在1.5～2.3μm之间,通过SEM观察发现,凹凸棒土颗粒由许多细长且形状均一的棒晶聚集而成。3种填料的比表面积相差很大,凹凸棒土的比表面积为143.023 m~2/g,是滑石粉比表面积的近40倍,是碳酸钙的近20倍。在淀粉质量分数0.4%时,凹凸棒土对阳离子淀粉的吸附量高达1 763 mg/g,而此时滑石粉对阳离子淀粉的吸附量仅为461 mg/g,碳酸钙为574 mg/g。在纸浆中添加凹凸棒土后对阳离子淀粉的吸附量明显高于添加滑石粉和碳酸钙的,在阳离子淀粉质量分数为0.1%时,添加凹凸棒土浆料对阳离子淀粉的吸附量比滑石粉的多19.32 mg/g,比碳酸钙的多6.84 mg/g。在漂白浆中添加凹凸棒土会使成纸的白度下降,但物理强度与添加滑石粉和碳酸钙的相近。在废旧瓦楞纸浆中添加凹凸棒土不仅可以增加对阳离子淀粉的吸附,对白度和强度都没有降低。因此,在淀粉吸附及废纸生产中凹凸棒土具有良好的应用前景。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。