大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌的分离与抗菌物质鉴定

从黄萎病发病棉田未发病棉株根际土样中分离芽孢杆菌,利用对峙培养法对大丽轮枝菌进行平板拮抗实验,筛选出6株对大丽轮枝菌有拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌,其中3株菌发酵代谢产物具有抗菌活性。S4-3菌株发酵液滤液经100℃、30min热处理丧失抗菌活性,发酵液氯仿抽提物不具有抗菌活性,发酵液硫酸铵沉淀物有抑菌活性,但经蛋白酶处理后活性丧失,认为S4-3菌株抑菌活性物质是蛋白质。而菌株S4-5发酵液经100℃热处理后还有较高的抗菌活性,发酵液氯仿抽提物也具有抗菌活性,但硫酸铵沉淀物对病原菌无抑制作用;S5-6菌株发酵液滤液经100℃热处理丧失抗菌活性,硫酸铵沉淀物也不具有抗菌活性,而发酵液氯仿抽提物有抗菌活性,因此认为S4-5和S5-6菌株产生的抑菌物质不是蛋白质类。     

棉花根部拮抗枯萎病菌或黄萎病菌的可培养内生细菌多样性分析

为解析棉花内生细菌的种群结构,更好地开发利用生防内生细菌,以棉花枯萎病菌、黄萎病菌为指示病原真菌,对常抗棉和泗棉3号根部分离获得的内生细菌进行拮抗活性筛选,获得87株至少对其中1个指示病原真菌具有拮抗作用的内生细菌。ARDRA分析(Amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis)和16S r DNA序列测定表明棉花根部可培养内生拮抗细菌可分为13个ARDRA类群,分属于芽孢杆菌属(Bacillus)、短芽孢杆菌属(Brevibacillus)、伯克霍尔德氏菌属(Burkholderia)、农杆菌属(Agrobacterium)、中华根瘤菌属(Sinorhizobium)、不动杆菌属(Acinetobacter)和假单孢菌属(Pseudomonas)7个属。其中常抗棉根部内生拮抗细菌分属于芽孢杆菌属、短芽孢杆菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属和农杆菌属,而泗棉3号根部内生拮抗细菌则分属于芽孢杆菌属、伯克霍尔德氏菌属、中华根瘤菌属、不动杆菌属和假单孢菌属,二者的优势种群都是芽孢杆菌属细菌。BOX-PCR分析显示这些内生拮抗细菌具有丰富的遗传多样性。通过测定这些内生拮抗细菌对棉花黄萎病菌和棉花枯萎病菌的拮抗力大小,以及是否具有产纤维素酶、几丁质酶、蛋白酶和嗜铁素的活性,表明这些内生拮抗细菌具有不同的生防作用机制。     

棉花黄萎病拮抗蛋白的分离与纯化

从棉花叶组织中分离到的类芽孢杆菌(Paenibacillus)LC105菌株对棉花黄萎病病原菌大丽轮枝菌具有明显的拮抗作用.该菌株发酵液分别用过滤、高压灭菌及有机溶剂处理,初步证明对大丽轮枝菌产生拮抗作用的物质为蛋白质.LC105菌株发酵液经硫酸铵沉淀、DEAE-Sephadex A-50离子交换层析及Sephacryl S-100凝胶层析分离纯化,得到了分子量为27 kDa的抗菌蛋白.     

黄瓜枯萎病生防芽孢杆菌的定向筛选及其抑菌活性物质特性分析

研究拟从北京郊区黄瓜根际土壤中定向筛选黄瓜枯萎病菌生防芽孢杆菌,并研究其抑菌活性物质的基本特性。采用热处理和形态观察结合平板对峙法定向筛选黄瓜枯萎病菌拮抗菌。从北京郊区黄瓜根际土壤中定向分离到63株产芽胞的菌株,从中筛选到2株对黄瓜枯萎病菌（Fusarium oxysporium f.sp.cucumarinum Owen.）具有较好拮抗作用的菌株,命名为j-28和j-50。拮抗菌j-28对黄瓜枯萎病菌的抑菌带达到11.0 mm。此外,拮抗菌j-28有较广的抑菌谱,对黄瓜灰霉病菌（Botrytis cinerea）、马铃薯干腐病菌（Fusarium sulphureum）和茄子黄萎病菌（Verticilllium albo-atrum）等具有很强的拮抗作用。经过形态观察、理化分析和分子鉴定,j-28和j-50鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）。研究还发现拮抗菌j-28的发酵液经过高温和强酸碱处理后抑菌效果会明显减弱,说明拮抗菌j-28产生的主要抑菌活性物质可能是蛋白类。笔者定向筛选到针对北京郊区多发的黄瓜枯萎病菌拮抗菌枯草芽孢杆菌j-28,具有潜在的应用价值,为今后北京郊区黄瓜枯萎病菌的防治提供新的生物防治资源。     

河北省又取得一批农药植保类科研成果

<正>(接上期)7.棉花黄萎病拮抗芽孢菌剂的研制单位名称:河北农业大学评价单位名称:保定市科技局项目组分离1株对棉花黄萎病病原菌大丽轮枝菌(Verticillium dahliae Kleb.)有较高拮抗的芽孢杆菌菌株,经鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis)。盆栽试验表明,Z-5菌株对棉花黄萎病的防治效果达到76.05%。采用抗利福平和抗     

棉花黄萎病生防内生芽孢杆菌LH-L3的分离鉴定

【目的】获得能够防治黄萎病菌的棉花内生芽孢杆菌。【方法】将棉株组织研磨液80℃加热后,采用涂板法分离内生菌,将对大丽轮枝菌强致病力菌株Vd084拮抗效果最好的菌株,依据菌体形态、生理生化特征、16S rRNA、gyrB和rpoB基因序列分析进行鉴定,并以盆栽试验确定其对棉花黄萎病的防效。【结果】分离到61株芽孢杆菌类似菌,其中17株能拮抗大丽轮枝菌。复筛得到1株拮抗活性较高、抑菌谱较广的菌株LH-L3。该菌株被鉴定为甲基营养型芽孢杆菌。与无菌水对照相比,用106 mL~(-1)的LH-L3菌液浇灌3次的棉花出苗率、株高、根长、地上以及地下部分鲜物质质量分别提高42.85%、10.24%、23.83%、10.05%、97.62%,对棉花黄萎病的防治效果达到85.24%。【结论】菌株LH-L3有较好的促生长和棉花黄萎病防治的效果,具有进一步开发应用潜力。     

一株大丽轮枝菌拮抗细菌7-47菌株的分离与鉴定

 从全国各地棉田采集土样,筛选对棉花黄萎病致病菌大丽轮枝菌（Verticillium dahliae Kleb.）具有拮抗作用的芽孢杆菌菌株。通过初筛得到具有拮抗作用的菌株68株,复筛选出1株拮抗活性较高的菌株7-47,并通过生理生化试验,形态特征的观察及16S rDNA的序列分析对其进行了鉴定,认为菌株7-47属于漠海威芽孢杆菌（Bacillus mojavensis）。     

生防细菌NCD-2突变体构建及抑菌功能基因的防病作用

生防细菌NCD-2是一株枯草芽孢杆菌菌株,该菌株通过分泌抑菌肽而对棉花黄萎病病原菌和棉花立枯病病原菌起到抑制作用。本研究着重通过原生质体法与诱导转座方法,建立了携带转座子Tn917质粒pTV1对枯草芽孢杆菌NCD-2野生菌株的转化体系与转座子突变技术,获得1500多个转座子插入突变子。通过测定这些突变子对大丽轮枝菌的抑制作用,筛选到2个抗生作用丧失的抑菌功能缺失的突变子。室内盆栽试验结果表明这2个抑菌功能缺失突变子对棉花立枯病的防效显著低于野生菌株,说明NCD-2野生菌株产生的抑菌肽在该菌株防治棉花立枯病中起到主要作用,进而说明编码该抑菌肽的基因在该菌株防治棉花立枯病中具有重要作用。     

金龟子绿僵菌对棉花枯萎病菌的拮抗作用研究

在实验室条件下,研究了虫生真菌金龟子绿僵菌(Metarhizium anisopliae)对棉花枯萎病菌尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporium f.sp.vasinfectum)的拮抗作用及其机制。对峙培养结果表明,金龟子绿僵菌的3个供试菌株对3株枯萎病菌均有抑制作用,其中以Ma55抑制效果最好。在培养基中加入Ma55不同浓度的孢子悬浮液,当浓度为3.25×106 cfu.mL-1时,5 d后,对3株枯萎病菌菌丝生长的抑制率均超过70%。Ma55液体振荡培养20 d获得的无菌发酵液对3个枯萎病菌菌株菌丝生长的抑制率分别达到59.86%、56.99%和57.09%,对它们的分生孢子产生及分生孢子萌发也都具有显著的抑制作用。显微镜观察未发现金龟子绿僵菌与棉花枯萎病菌菌丝间有重寄生现象。上述结果显示,金龟子绿僵菌对供试棉花枯萎病菌的拮抗机制主要是营养竞争、空间竞争及抗生作用。     

棉花黄萎病拮抗细菌LC-04菌株的抗菌蛋白产生条件研究

LC-04菌株是从棉花叶部组织中分离出的一株类芽孢杆菌,其发酵液上清液的硫酸铵沉淀物对大丽轮枝菌V-190菌株的生长具有明显的拮抗作用,实验证明发酵液中含有蛋白质类抗菌物质。LC-04菌株的适宜发酵条件为:在pH7的LBG培养基中于30℃,180 r.min-1摇床振荡培养48 h,用70%硫酸铵对LC-04菌株发酵液上清液进行盐析,可以沉淀最多的抗菌蛋白。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.