基于分段加湿法的待发芽糙米臭氧水预处理工艺优化

糙米吸湿发芽过程中微生物繁殖给发芽糙米带来安全隐患。为保障发芽糙米的安全性,研究基于分段加湿法的臭氧水灭菌预处理待发芽糙米工艺。以分段加湿后糙米为原料,研究糙米含水率、臭氧水初始质量浓度、臭氧水处理时间、臭氧水温度对灭菌率和发芽率的影响规律。采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计进行试验,建立了各因素对灭菌率和发芽率影响的数学模型。结果表明灭菌率、发芽率与各参数间回归方程极显著(P0.01),优化参数组合为糙米含水率27.5%、臭氧水初始质量浓度4.7 mg/L、臭氧水处理时间6.5 min、臭氧水温度29.5℃,该条件下灭菌率和发芽率分别为(97.49±0.11)%和(91.89±0.26)%。与分段加湿后无灭菌处理相比,臭氧水预处理后发芽糙米菌落菌体浓度降低约5.20 lg CFU/g,发芽率和γ-氨基丁酸含量分别提高约0.49%和1.23 mg/(100 g)。研究证实优化后的预处理工艺既可有效灭菌又有利于糙米发芽。     

逆流糙米加湿调质动力学模型及模拟软件开发

稻谷(或糙米)的安全贮存含水率在14%以下,低水分糙米硬度和脆性较大,在碾米加工过程中裂纹米多且碎米率较高,碾米加工能耗增加,大米表面光洁度也较低。为此,利用基于加湿理论的数学模拟方法,建立了薄层加湿动力学模型,并开发了糙米加湿调质模拟软件。     

糙米二次加湿调质工艺优化与试验

为解决干燥后储藏的低含水率稻谷碾米加工时存在整精米率低且能耗高以及单次加湿又无法满足加湿目标的问题,以糙米(含水率12%)为原料,研究二次加湿调质工艺中单次加湿量、润糙温度及润糙间隔时间对整精米率的影响规律.在单因素试验的基础上,采用二次旋转组合设计方法,用SAS软件处理试验数据,并进行验证试验.结果表明,在单次加湿量为1.56%、润糙温度为29.6℃、润糙间隔时间为64.6 min的条件下,整精米率提高15.42%,碾米能耗降低26.86%.     

新疆糙米加湿调质工艺试验研究

为提高新疆稻谷加工企业的生产效率和碾米质量,解决低含水率糙米碾米时整精米率低、能耗高的问题,以南疆长粒香稻谷(含水率为10%)为试验材料,研究其加湿调质工艺中单次加湿量、润糙间隔时间及润糙温度对整精米率的影响规律。采用响应面分析方法设计试验,利用SAS软件处理试验数据,并进行试验验证。结果表明:在单次加湿量为1.28%、润糙温度为30.2℃、润糙间隔时间为105 min的条件下,糙米碾米作业时整精米率提高13.08%,碾米能耗降低29.58%。     

糙米加湿调质最适宜加工水分含量研究

以含水量12.5%的糙米为原料,将糙米加湿调质到不同含水量,并取不同含水量的均质糙米样品做磨米加工试验,检测精米率、碎米率、精裂纹米率及功耗.研究证实,最适宜加工的糙米水分含量为15%～16%,可以避免加湿过程中产生的应力裂纹,而且可以降低磨米能耗、增加出米率和提高大米品质.     

糙米加湿调质均质时间的研究

以含水量12.5%的糙米为原料,将糙米加湿调质到不同含水量,并取不同均质时间糙米样品做磨米加工试验,检测精米率、碎米和精裂纹米率、功耗.研究证实,糙米加湿后完全均质时间在400min以后,且可以避免加湿过程中产生的应力裂纹,而且可以降低磨米能耗、增加出米率、提高大米品质.     

糙米加湿通风调质过程中吸湿率影响因素研究

试验材料由东北农业大学水稻研究所提供,试验品种为东农419。试验前筛选,去芒,脱壳获得糙米(水分12.8%),对低水分糙米吸湿过程中的吸湿率进行了研究。实验表明:糙米的吸湿率随风量的增加而增加但不与风量成正比,随着通风空气的湿度的增加而增加,湿空气的温度以27℃左右最为适宜,2h通风-1h静止方式最优。     

横流式糙米加湿调质机的设计

在稻谷加工过程中,为了减少大米的精裂纹、降低碎米率、提高出米率、降低能耗和增强企业的竞争实力,采用加湿调质设备.根据加湿调质碾米工艺研制出横流式糙米加湿调质机,采用旋转式落料盘使糙米雨状散落,实现了糙米下落的均匀;采用BSPT- 1/4 LNN3型微细雾化喷头与下落米流呈横向喷雾,实现了雾滴与糙米的均匀接触;采用搅拌仓即时将着水糙米进行搅拌,实现了着水糙米混合的均匀;在进料口处和搅拌仓顶部设有物流传感器,可以实现来料自动加湿,停料自动停机及卸料不畅时自动停机.该设备可以达到均匀、可控和高效的加湿调质目标,从而降低碾米电耗、降低碎米率、增加出米率、提高成品米质量.     

基于水分利用率与光合速率的温室作物需水模型研究

提出一种融合水分利用率（Water use efficiency, WUE）和光合速率的温室作物需水模型构建方法。在获取不同温度、光量子通量密度、CO2浓度和土壤含水率嵌套条件下番茄净光合速率和WUE的基础上,基于径向基神经网络（Radial basis function, RBF）构建光合速率和WUE预测模型;继而获取不同环境嵌套条件下的光合速率对土壤含水率的响应曲线,利用 U弦长曲率法获取光合速率约束下的土壤含水率调控适宜区间;在此区间内,基于WUE预测模型,以水分利用率最大为目标,利用粒子群算法(Particle swarm optimization, PSO)获取土壤含水率调控目标值;最后,利用支持向量机回归算法（Support vector regression, SVR）建立作物需水模型。结果表明,需水模型的训练精度为0.9969,测试精度为0.9788,均方根误差为0.23%,拟合效果良好。与单一考虑光合效率最优的模型相比,本模型WUE平均提高15.22%,土壤含水率平均下降12.76%,光合速率平均下降4.05%。说明融合WUE-光合速率的需水模型能兼顾作物需求和经济效益,可为温室土壤含水率的精准调控提供理论依据。     

挤压膨化后纤维降解对大豆水酶法提油率的影响

在单因素试验和挤压膨化机稳定工作基础上,采用响应曲面设计研究了挤压膨化工艺参数对水酶法提取大豆油脂得率与纤维降解率的影响.利用SAS软件建立了数学模型,并对各因素及交互作用进行了分析.结果表明:当模孔孔径为20 mm、物料含水率为14.5%、螺杆转速为105 r/min、套筒温度为90℃时,总油提取率最优值为93.02%±0.29%.当模孔孔径为18 mm、物料含水率为15%、螺杆转速为100 r/min、套筒温度为95℃时,纤维降解率最优值为40.28%±0.43%.挤压膨化过程中纤维降解程度对总油提取率影响很大.总油提取率并不完全取决于挤压膨化过程中纤维降解程度.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

车用发动机润滑油失效规律与更换周期研究

研究在正常使用条件下１０Ｗ／３０－ＱＣ级润滑油用于某型车用发动机时所表现的失效规律,确认期服从两参数Ｗｅｉｂｕｌｌ分布,并给出分布的尺度参数η和形状参数ｍ之最佳线性无偏估计（ＢＬＵＥ）同时,还为定量分析,计算车用发动机润滑油的使用可靠性和合理确定其更换周期提供了一套可供借鉴的方法,并给出了具体的计算实例。     

农村剩余劳动力就业问题的探讨

论述了我国农村剩余劳动力就业的意义,并针对我国农村剩余劳动力的现状,提出多渠道促进农村剩余劳动力就业的途径和办法。     

乡（镇）农业技术推广体系存在的问题及对策

乡（镇）农技推广体系是农业发展的关键。介绍朝阳市农业技术推广体系的现状,针对目前体制及运行机制、服务手段等方面存在的问题,提出适合朝阳市乡（镇）农技推广体系改革与发展的对策,以期对全省农技推广体系改革和发展起到一些借鉴作用。     

草莓的采收与贮藏

草莓果味酸甜爽口,营养价值高,为人们所喜爱的应市鲜果之一。由于草莓易受损伤和微生物侵染,因此其采收、贮藏过程极为重要。介绍草莓采收过程中的注意事项以及11种贮藏保鲜技术的实施步骤和操作方法,推介9种加工方式,为草莓产业化提供技术支持。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Quantifying the sustainability of agriculture

The rural sustainability index is a scientifically based tool to quantify the performance of agriculture. The sustainability of crop production is quantified from three perspectives; people, planet and profit. Within each perspective, one condition was selected that must be met to warrant agriculture. These are: No hazardous work should be used within the crop production chain; agricultural crops should not be grown on land allocated to nature by national law or regulations and, when a GM-crop is present or is introduced in a region, it should not harm development opportunities of other farmers. If these excluding conditions are met, the sustainability of agriculture is assessed through five performance indicators on school attendance, water use and consumption, fertilizer use, pesticide use, and farm income. For each of the five indicators, critical values and target values have been given that limit the transition range between non-sustainable and sustainable production. The five indicators are combined into a sustainability index. The index aims at improving the socio-economic position of farmers while protecting the environment.