黄花槐播种育苗试验初报

对黄花槐进行播种育苗试验，通过对黄花槐地径和苗高生长规律的观测并对经过幼苗移栽和未经幼苗移栽的黄花槐一年生苗的地径和苗高进行对比试验。结果表明，经过幼苗移栽的黄花槐苗木合格率优于未经幼苗移栽的黄花槐。     

台湾香水莲在郑州地区的引种及繁殖技术研究

台湾香水莲是一种花色丰富、香气浓郁、观赏效果好的大型热带睡莲,同时具有较高的经济效益。通过对引种栽植在紫荆山公园内的台湾香水莲的生长情况、开花情况及叶片胎生苗人工繁殖技术进行观察和研究,可知在郑州地区台湾香水莲自然状态下可做为1 a生水生植物种植应用,叶片胎生苗人工繁殖技术可作为主要繁殖方法在郑州地区进一步推广。     

北方城市秋季盛开黄花槐

为了弥补北京秋季缺少观赏花木的缺陷,我们将热带的观花灌木黄花槐引进北京,通过6年的引种栽培试验,收到了很好的效果。我们先将黄花槐引种到武汉和南京两个北亚热带城市,获得成功后,再引种到山东兖州、济南附近以及北京。多年重复试验证明,黄花槐虽然是热带植物,但在生长季完全能够适应北京的气候,可以正常生长和开花。       

北方寒冷地区黄花槐育苗技术

黄花槐(Cassia bicapsularis),又名黄花荚槐、金花槐,豆科,决明属.亚热带地区为常绿乔木,在北方生长为灌木状,其枝叶浓绿,花鲜黄色,北方8月底开花,直至霜降,花期长达2～3个月,开花盛期,满树黄花灿烂,犹如金蝶飞舞,有"聚宝黄金树"之美誉,填补了我国北方秋冬无观赏花木的空白,是城镇、街道较为理想的绿化树种.黄花槐在北方寒冷地区不能露地越冬,气温长时间低于0℃时整株冻死,作为绿化树种需年年栽植,所以应在受冻前根据第二年的绿化需要做好育苗准备.     

乌江峡谷瘠薄山地造林试验初报

在乌江峡谷瘠薄山地的典型地段设立了两个造林试验点,采用不同的种植穴土壤覆盖保水措施进行了夹竹桃、柏木、刺桐、黄葛树、黄花槐5个树种的植苗造林试验,结果表明:不同的种植穴覆盖措施对不同树种当年的植苗造林成活率及成活植株3年生时的保存率均产生显著影响,地膜覆盖的当年植苗成活率最高,而杂草覆盖保存率最高。种植穴经用杂草覆盖后,5个树种3年生幼树期的高生长都存在一定优势,不同覆盖措施对5个树种3年生幼树期的地径生长影响不大。试验结果表明:刺桐和黄花槐较适宜用作乌江峡谷瘠薄山地的造林树种。     

细叶美女樱栽培技术及应用研究

对细叶美女樱的形态特征、生活习性、物候期进行了观察，并进行了抗盐性、耐荫性、繁殖试验，总结了郑州地区栽培技术要点。同时就如何推广应用提出了具体意见     

郑州地区北美乔松的引种驯化研究

将北美乔松引种至郑州地区,对其适应性和生长特征因子进行测量与对比分析,结果显示:北美乔松在郑州地区引种初期进行保护栽植,表现出较强的越夏能力和抗病性,树高、胸径3 a平均生长量为0.29m和0.273 cm,树高和胸径均明显增长,定植3 a后的保存率为93%。     

南方红豆杉在惠州地区引种繁殖初报

1999年在惠州地区引种栽培南方红豆杉,并于2003~2006年进行了扦插繁殖试验。2006年对引种生长情况进行了调查。结果表明,南方红豆杉在惠州地区适应能力较强,6年生平均树高1.26 m,平均地径2.70 cm。根据试验林的生长情况,探讨了在惠州地区引种栽培和扦插繁殖南方红豆杉的关键技术。     

乌江峡谷瘠薄地造林整地试验研究

通过在乌江峡谷瘠薄地立地条件相似的两个试验点上进行的造林整地试验，对供试树种造林成活率及生长情况的调查分析表明：乌江峡谷瘠薄地造林整地以鱼鳞坑整地方式为首选。刺桐、柏木、黄花槐在乌江峡谷瘠薄地造林效果较好。     

银荆、黄花槐工厂化育苗技术研究

对银荆、黄花槐两树种进行工厂化育苗，从容器、基质、种子处理、营养调控、幼苗养护、温室控制等方面进行比较分析，提出适用于重庆地区工厂化生产银荆、黄花槐苗木的技术指标，为其它树种工厂化育苗提供借鉴。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Growth of Mixed Birch-Coniferous Stands in Relation to Pure Coniferous Stands at Similar Sites in South-eastern Norway

Mean age, mean and top heights and yield were studied in 20 mixed stands of birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth) and Picea abies (L.) Karst. and nine mixed stands of birch and Pinus sylvestris L. in south-eastern Norway. Each mixed stand and the adjacent pure coniferous stand (control) were growing under the same site conditions and had not been commercially thinned. There were no significant differences in mean age at breast height or in top heights between birch and conifers in the mixed stands, while mean height was significantly higher for birch than for spruce. A growth index was calculated based on total volume and age at breast height. For the spruce sites the growth in young mixed stands (birch < 17 m) was superior to that of pure spruce, while the difference was insignificant in older stands. The growth index correlated positively with the ratio between generatively and vegetatively regenerated birch trees, and negatively with the age of the oldest species in the mixture and with site quality. For the pine sites there was no significant difference in the growth index between mixed birch-pine and pure pine stands. A mixture effect of birch on the volume yield of spruce or pine could not be demonstrated.     

Defoliation by the Needle-shortening Pine Gall Midge,Thecodiplosis brachyntera,on Pines in Central Sweden

An outbreak of the needle-shortening pine gall midge, Thecodiplosis brachyntera , occurred on Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris (L.) and lodgepole pine, P. contorta (Dougl.) in central Sweden during 1995-1998. The larval feeding of T. brachyntera kills current-year needles and heavy infestation causes severe defoliation. A pattern of fluctuating defoliation among years and sites was found on both pine species. Defoliation was evenly distributed in the crown of P. sylvestris during years of high as well as low infestation; apical whorls had as much defoliation as basal whorls. In P. contorta , however, there was a tendency for defoliation to be concentrated on branches in the most apical whorls. Growth ring increments on P. sylvestris with high levels of defoliation (71%) did not differ from trees with moderate levels (26%) of defoliation. Shoot lengths were significantly shorter, however, on heavily infested trees the year after defoliation.