大麻雨露沤制技术研究

本文利用西双版纳种植的云麻1号进行大麻雨露沤制技术研究。选择直径为5-10mm的原茎做为试验材料,采用正交实验设计,本试验中以温度为25℃以上,降雨量在250mm以上,相对湿度为80%的条件为最好。在版纳地区最佳的沤麻时间为6-10月份,铺麻厚度为80-100mm,以有植被的场地最适合雨露沤麻。本文对铺麻后的翻晒、浇水及收麻做了详细的说明。     

提高雨露沤麻品质技术的研究

雨露沤麻是我所研究推广的一项工省效宏的亚麻沤制新技术 ,东北地区推广后取得很大效益。但由于受自然条件的影响而导致出麻率低和纤维品质劣的问题一直没能解决。本文探讨了在 5月 2 0日至 9月 1日适宜温度内铺麻 ,采用间隔 48小时人工喷水 4毫米的新技术 ,以弥补自然降水的不足 ,增加沤麻湿度 ,改善沤麻环境 ,缩短沤麻周期 ,提高长麻率 0 .9— 3.4个百分点 ,纤维号提高 2号。该项技术对指导雨露沤麻工作和雨露沤麻工厂化有一定指导意义。     

提高雨露沤麻品质技术的研究

雨露沤麻是我所研究推广的一项工省效宏的亚麻沤制新技术，东北地区推广后取得很大效益，但由于受自然条件的影响而导致出麻率低和纤维品质劣的问题一直没能解决。本文探讨了在５月２０日至９月１日适宜温度内铺麻，采用间隔４８小时人工喷水４毫米的新技术，以弥补自然降水的不足，增加沤麻湿度，改善沤麻环境，缩短沤麻周期，提高长麻率０．９－３．４个百分点，纤维号提高２号，该项技术对指导雨露沤麻工作和雨露沤麻工厂化有一定     

亚麻鲜茎雨露沤制技术的初步研究

雨露麻以其生产方式简单,成本低,不污染环境而被广泛应用,但传统的雨露麻采用人工收获,在多雨季节里原茎保存困难,常发生霉烂。给工农业均造成损失。鲜茎雨露沤麻技术的提出解决了这一问题,同时使沤麻时间提前10天左右,亚麻收获就开始沤制,充分利用了亚麻收获季节的高温和降雨。沤麻速度快,沤麻时间缩短,降低了生产成本,麻率相对提高0.5-1个百分点,纤维强度增加1.2—2.7kg。此项技术对我国雨露麻的发展具有一定的指导意义。     

提高雨露沤麻品质技术的研究

雨露沤麻是我所研究推广的一项工省效宏的亚麻沤制新技术,东北地区推广后取得很大效益.但由于受自然条件的影响而导致出麻率低和纤维品质劣的问题一直没能解决.本文探讨了在5月20日至9月1日适宜温度内铺麻,采用间隔48小时人工喷水4毫米的新技术,以弥补自然降水的不足,增加沤麻湿度,改善沤麻环境,缩短沤麻周期,提高长麻率0.9-3.4个百分点,纤维号提高2号.该项技术对指导雨露沤麻工作和雨露沤麻工厂化有一定指导意义.     

亚麻鲜茎雨露沤制技术的初步研究

雨露麻以其生产方式简单,成本低,不污染环境而被广泛应用,但传统的雨露麻采用人工收获,在多雨季节里原茎保存困难,常发生霉烂.给工农业均造成损失.鲜茎雨露沤麻技术的提出解决了这一问题,同时使沤麻时间提前10天左右,亚麻收获就开始沤制,充分利用了亚麻收获季节的高温和降雨.沤麻速度快,沤麻时间缩短,降低了生产成本,麻率相对提高0.5-1个百分点,纤维强度增加1.2-2.7kg.此项技术对我国雨露麻的发展具有一定的指导意义.     

亚麻雨露快速生物脱胶技术研究 Ⅰ．脱胶菌株的筛选

本实验为了解决雨露沤制过程中因温度和湿度的不足造成沤制不成功这一问题,采用生物快速脱胶,提高脱胶速度。本实验采用不同地区的12个样品,分离脱胶菌142株,其中以沤麻时间在15d左右的为多,获得率居首位(45.8%)。在脱胶终点的判定上首次采用蜗旋混合震荡仪法,在酶活力的测定上采用DNS法,实验结果更加准确;得到亚麻脱胶程度在4级的有3株,占所分离脱胶菌的10%;YL79和YL113两株脱胶菌尤为突出,亚麻脱胶程度均在4级;果胶酶活性均在800个单位以上;故均为微生物脱胶的优选菌株,为雨露沤麻生物制剂的研究打下良好的基础。     

亚麻雨露快速生物脱胶技术研究Ⅰ.脱胶菌株的筛选

本实验为了解决雨露沤制过程中因温度和湿度的不足造成沤制不成功这一问题,采用生物快速脱胶,提高脱胶速度.本实验采用不同地区的12个样品,分离脱胶菌142株,其中以沤麻时间在15d左右的为多,获得率居首位(45.8%).在脱胶终点的判定上首次采用蜗旋混合震荡仪法,在酶活力的测定上采用DNS法,实验结果更加准确;得到亚麻脱胶程度在4级的有3株,占所分离脱胶菌的10%;YL79和YL113两株脱胶菌尤为突出,亚麻脱胶程度均在4级;果胶酶活性均在800个单位以上;故均为微生物脱胶的优选菌株,为雨露沤麻生物制剂的研究打下良好的基础.     

果胶菌缩短大麻沤麻期——（Бондарева А.Г.等）《Лен и Конопля》

1973—74年全苏韧皮作物科学研究所研究了果胶菌剂对加速大麻沤麻的效果，果胶菌剂由全苏农业微生物科学研究所提供。沤麻槽每槽装大麻杆5吨，按原料重的0．05％计算加入果胶菌剂。装麻前沤麻槽中溶液的PH值为6．8—7．2。在沤麻过程中进行沤麻液中耗碱度(1毫升溶液中消耗0．01N NaOH毫升数)、     

亚麻脱胶微生物的筛选及应用研究

从亚麻雨露麻茎上分离筛选到两株高产碱性果胶酶和半纤维素酶的细菌,对其进行了鉴定及脱胶效果试验,优化了亚麻沤麻工艺。复合脱胶菌液对原茎脱胶,在保持湿度和15℃的室温条件下,可在190小时内完成脱胶过程。与对照相比,脱胶时间减少50%以上。生产试验结果表明,复合菌的使用,缩短了沤麻时间,由平均30-40天降到15天以内;提高了出麻率,长麻出麻率提高2个百分点,综合出麻率提高1个百分点以上。     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.