海南岛尾细桉人工林碳贮量及其分布

基于海南西部沿海台地区、北部平原区、东部沿海台地区和中部山地区共18个调查点54个尾细桉人工林样地调查数据,分析海南尾细桉人工林的生物量、碳贮量、固碳能力及其区域空间分布特征。结果表明:海南尾细桉人工林生物量平均为49.72t·hm-2,乔木层(85.10%)>凋落物层(8.08%)>林下植被层(6.82%);尾细桉人工林生态系统碳贮量平均为88.84t·hm-2,乔木层为20.55t·hm-2(23.13%),林下植被层为1.55t·hm-2(1.74%),凋落物层为1.93t·hm-2(2.17%),土壤层(0～100cm)为64.81t·hm-2(72.96%);尾细桉各器官碳贮量以树干最大,占乔木层碳贮量的52.81%;海南尾细桉人工林生态系统年净生产力平均为17.56t·hm-2a-1,年净碳固定量平均为8.43t·hm-2,折算成CO2量为30.91t·hm-2a-1;整个海南尾细桉人工林生态系统碳贮量为2958.37万t,年净碳固定量为280.97万t·a-1;从不同区域来看,中部山地区尾细桉人工林固碳能力达11.89t·hm-2a-1,远高于北部平原区(8.97t·hm-2a-1)、西部沿海台...     

重庆铁山坪马尾松林生态系统碳贮量及其分配特征

分析重庆铁山坪46年(42～51年)生马尾松次生林的生物量、碳贮量及其空间分布特征.结果表明:马尾松林生物量为142.06 t·hm-2,乔木层(89.91%)＞灌木层(5.61%)＞枯枝落叶层(2.98%)＞草本层(1.50%);马尾松林生态系统的总有机碳贮量为197.78 t·nn-2,乔木层为76.06 t·hm-2(38.45%),灌木层为3.55 t·hm-2(1.79%),草本层为0.88 t·hm-2(0.44%),现存凋落物层为2.34 t.hm-2(1.17%),土壤层为114.96 t·hm-2(58.13%);马尾松各器官的碳贮量与其生物量成正比,树干的碳贮量最高,占乔木层碳贮量的75.06%;马尾松林年净生物量增长量为9.01 t·hm-2a-2,年净固碳量为4.49 t·hm-2a-2,折合成CO2为16.46 t·Inn-2a-1.     

毛竹、杉木人工林生态系统碳平衡估算

采用CID-301PS光合测定仪,对湖南会同林区毛竹和杉木人工林土壤CO2排放动态进行观测,并结合现存生物量调查,对其生态系统碳平衡特征进行估算.结果表明:毛竹和杉木林生态系统碳贮量分别为144.3和152.52 t·hm-2,并且其碳贮量空间分布格局基本一致,土壤层是主要部分,其次为乔木层,凋落物层和林下植被层所占比例最小.毛竹林土壤层有机碳贮量占76.89%,乔木层占22.16%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占0.51%和0.41%;杉木林土壤层碳贮量占62.03%,乔木层占34.99%,凋落物和林下植被层分别占2.28%和0.70%.毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年固定CO2总量分别为38.87和26.95 t·hm-2a-1,但其每年以土壤异养呼吸和凋落物呼吸的形式排放CO2的量分别为24.35和15.75 t·hm-2a-1,毛竹林和杉木林生态系统年净固定CO2的量分别为14.52和11.21 t·hm-2a-1,折合成净碳量分别为3.96和3.07 t·hm-2a-1.     

桤木人工林的碳密度、碳库及碳吸存特征

对不同年龄阶段桤木人工林生态系统碳密度、碳库和碳吸存的研究结果表明:桤木各器官的碳密度算术平均值随年龄的增长而增加,5,8和14年生的分别为478.8,485.7和495.8g·kg-1,变异系数在0.25%～9.58%之间,不同器官碳密度由高至低排序大致为:树干树枝树叶树根树皮,林下植被各组分和死地被物的碳密度随着林龄的变化规律不明显,土壤层(0～60cm)平均碳密度也随着林龄的增长逐渐增加,且在垂直分布上随着土层深度的增加而逐渐下降。不同器官的碳贮量与其生物量成正比例关系,随着林龄增长,乔木层碳贮量的优势逐渐增强,从5年生的25.88t·hm-2增加到14年生的49.63t·hm-2。桤木人工林生态系统的碳库主要由植被层、死地被物层和土壤层组成,按其碳库大小顺序排列为:土壤层植被层死地被物层,5,8和14年生桤木林生态系统中的碳库分别为95.89,122.12和130.75t·hm-2,土壤碳贮量占整个生态系统碳库的59.42%以上,且随着林龄增长,地上部分与地下部分碳贮量之比有逐渐下降的趋势,5,8和14年生桤木年净固定碳量分别6.51,6.26和7.82t·hm-2a-1。湖南省现有桤木林植被碳库为2.8034×106t,为其潜在碳库的47.51%。     

长江滩地I-72杨人工林生物量和生产力研究

应用典型样地调查法和相对生长法,测定了长江滩地4种密度14年生I-72杨人工林的生物量与生产力.发现在密度250～370株·hm-2的范围内,I-72杨林分生物量从102.40 t·hm-2增加到147.20 t·hm-2,生产力从7.31 t·hm-2·a-1增加到10.52 t·hm-2·a-1.在所调查的林分中,地上部分生物量占总生物量的90％,其中干54％、枝28％、皮7％、叶1％;地下部分生物量仅占总生物量10％.在4种密度的林分中,I-72杨人工林生物量的径级分布表现为波浪形,随着林分密度的增大,生物量高峰出现时的径阶有减小的趋势.     

楠木人工林生态系统生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其分布

对32年生楠木人工林生物量、碳含量、碳贮量及其空间分布进行测定.结果表明;楠木林分平均生物量为174.33 t·hm-2,其中乔木层为166.73 t·hm-2,占林分生物量的95.6%;楠木林分生态系统各组分碳含量为树干0.576 9 gC·8-1,树皮0.465 4 gC·g-1,树枝0.523 2 gC·g-1,树叶0.495 8 gC·g-1,树根0.493 1 gC·g-1,灌木层0.498 9gC·g-1,草本层0.473 3 gC·g-1,苔藓层0.414 3 gC·g-1,枯落物层0.388 2 gC·g-1;土壤碳含量平均值为0.013 9gC·g-1,随土层深度增加各层次土壤碳含量逐渐减少;楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量为227.59 t·hm-2,其中乔木层91.33 t·hm-1,占楠木林分生态系统总碳贮量的40.13%,灌木层0.38 t·hm-2,只占0.17%,草本层1.71 t·hm-2,占0.76%,苔藓层0.63 t·hm-2,占0.28%,枯落物层0.66 t·hm-2,占0.29%,林地土壤(0～80 cm)碳贮量为 132.88t·hm-2,占58.40%;其碳库空间分布序列为土壤(0～80 cm)＞乔木层＞草本层＞枯落物层＞苔藓层＞灌木层;楠木林分净生产量为8.570 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层净生产量为6.669 1 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的77.82%.楠木林分碳素年固定量4.253 6 t·hm-2a-1,其中乔木层碳素年固定量3.573 6 t·hm-2a-1,占林分总量的84.01%.     

岷江上游干旱河谷区人工幼林生物量与生产力研究

通过对岷江上游干旱河谷区人工林单株和林分生物量的测定,研究了人工林地上生物量、根系生物量积累及其分配,对不同树种生产力进行了比较研究.结果表明:(1)岷江柏(Cupressus chengiana)Ⅰ、岷江柏Ⅱ、刺槐(Robinia pseudoacacia)、榆树(Ulmus pumila)和辐射松(Pinus radiata)的单株生物量分别为240.3707 g、82.2402 g、37.7339 g、34.2295 g、26.6739 g,林分总生物量分别为769.186 kg·hm-2、272.215 ks·hm-2、72.297 kg·hm-2、68.87 kg·hm-3 和56.016 kg·hm-2.(2)岷江柏Ⅰ、岷江柏Ⅱ、榆树、刺槐和辐射松的根桩、粗根、中根和小根(Φ>2 mm)的根系生物量总和占单株根系生物量的百分比分别为82.87%、58.99%、76.8%、83.0%和35.79%,不同树种细根生物量(Φ<2 mm)占根系生物量的百分比大小顺序为辐射松(64.2%)>岷江柏Ⅱ(41.0%)>榆树(23.2%)>岷江柏Ⅰ(17.1%)>刺槐(17.0%).(3)林木地下部分与地上部分关系密切,回归分析表明林分根系生物量与地上生物量符合线性关系.(4)不同林分乔木层年平均净生产力大小顺序为岷江柏Ⅰ>岷江柏Ⅱ>刺槐>榆树>辐射松,岷江柏Ⅰ生产力最高,林分年平均净生产力达128.20 ke/hm-2·a-1,辐射松生产力水平最低,林分年平均净生产力只有14.00 kg·hm-2·a-1,仅为岷江柏Ⅰ的10.9%.     

湖南会同毛竹林土壤碳循环特征

测定和分析湖南会同毛竹林土壤的碳贮量和各组分呼吸量.结果表明:毛竹林土壤有机碳贮量为115.558 t·hm-2,矿质土壤层、凋落物层和根系分别占96.01%,0.64%和3.34%;毛竹林地土壤年呼吸排放碳总量为9.257 t·hm-2a-1,异养呼吸、自养呼吸和凋落物年呼吸最分别占59.49%,28.27%和12.24%;毛竹林细根年生长量为6.895 t·hm-2a-1,年分解量为0.312 t·hm-2a-1,细根年周转率为0.93次·a-1;毛竹林年凋落物进入土壤的碳总量为2.245 t·hm-2a-1,地上和地下凋落物分别占78.5%和21.5%.     

三种不同植被恢复模式地上生物量及其营养元素含量研究

在广西忻城县喀斯特石山区对三种不同植被恢复模式 (任豆间种竹子模式、金银花模式、竹子模式 )地上部分生物量进行测定 .结果表明 :① 3种不同植被恢复模式的净生物量 ,显示出金银花(1 19t·hm-2 ·a-1) >竹子 (1 0 4t·hm-2 ·a-1) >任豆间种竹子 (1 0 1t·hm-2 ·a-1) ;②各种模式地上部分生物量的主要营养 (N ,P ,K)含量 ,显示出任豆间种竹子 (75 0 9kg·hm-2 ) >竹子 (33 4 0kg·hm-2 ) >金银花(2 2 95kg·hm-2 ) ;③各种模式地上部分生物量的主要营养含量的分配 ,均显示出N >K >P的规律。     

速生阶段杉木人工林碳素密度、贮量和分布

利用定位观测取得的数据 ,对速生阶段杉木人工林的碳素密度、贮量及其空间分布特征进行了研究。结果表明 :杉木不同器官中碳素密度变化范围在 0 4 5 5 8gC·g- 1 ～ 0 5 0 0 3gC·g- 1 之间 ,各器官碳素密度的排列顺序为 :树皮 >树叶 >树干 >树根 >球果 >树枝 ,多年生枝、叶的碳素密度比其他年龄的枝、叶要高 ;灌木层、草本层的碳素密度分别为 0 4 344gC·g- 1 、0 4 0 0 9gC·g- 1 ,死地被物层碳素密度为 0 4 341gC·g- 1 ,土壤中各层次碳素密度分布不均 ,表土层的碳素密度略低于亚表土层 ;碳贮量在杉木不同器官中的分配 ,基本与各器官的生物量成正比例关系 ,树干生物量占林分生物量的 4 7 7% ,其碳贮量占林分碳素贮量的 4 7 5 % ,枝、叶、皮、根等当中的碳贮量占 5 2 5 % ;在速生阶段杉木林生态系统中 ,碳库的总贮量为 12 7 88tC·hm- 2 ,其中植被层中碳总贮量为 35 883tC·hm- 2 ,土壤层 (包括死地被物层 )的碳总贮量为 91 997tC·hm- 2 ;速生阶段杉木林年净生产力为 7 35 1t·hm- 2 a- 1 ,有机碳年净固定量为 3 4 89tC·hm- 2 a- 1 。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Decomposition and nutrient loss from prunings of different contour hedgerow species in tea plantations in the sloping highlands of Sri Lanka

Contour hedgerows of multipurpose tree species in the sloping tea lands of Sri Lanka are expected to reduce soil erosion and also add significant amounts of plant nutrients to the soil via periodic prunings. The objective of this experiment was to characterize the biomass decomposition pattern and quantify the amount of nutrients added through prunings of six tree species (Calliandra calothyrsus, Senna spectabilis, Euphatorium innulifolium, Flemingia congesta, Gliricidia sepium and Tithonia diversifolia) currently being used in hedgerows associated with tea. Withered leaf and stem prunings (50 g) were enclosed in 2-mm litter bags, placed at 5-cm depth and retrieved after one, three, six, nine and 12 weeks. Loss of initial dry weight, N, P and K was measured. Single exponential decay function adequately described both dry weight and nutrient loss. Tree species differed significantly in their rate of breakdown with decomposition constants (k) varying from 0.0299 to 0.2006 week⁻¹ for leaves and from 0.0225 to 0.0633 week⁻¹ for stems. Gliricidia showed the highest k for leaves with the rest in the following descending order: Senna > Tithonia ≥ Euphatorium > Calliandra > Flemingia. A similar pattern was observed for loss of all nutrients with Calliandra and Flemingia always having lower k values than the rest. Although N immobilization was not observed, immobilization of P and K was observed during the first week of incubation in some species, particularly in stem prunings. Annual biomass of prunings differed significantly between tree species in the following descending order: Calliandra > Senna > Flemingia > Tithonia > Gliricidia > Euphatorium. Calliandra added the greatest amount of nutrients annually to the soil with Euphatorium adding the least. Calliandra prunings provided the annual total K requirement and 49% of the N requirement of mature tea. However, none of the species provided more than 5% of the P requirement. It is concluded that among the tree species tested, Calliandra and Flemingia are the most suitable for contour hedgerows in tea plantations of this agroclimatic region because of their higher soil nutrient enrichment capacity and slower decomposition rates which would minimize leaching losses. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Growth of Phlebiopsis gigantea in wood of seven conifer species

Heterobasidion parviporum and Heterobasidion annosum are widely distributed root‐rot fungi that infect conifers throughout Europe. Infection of conifer stumps by spores of these pathogens can be controlled by treating fresh stumps with a competing non‐pathogenic fungus, Phlebiopsis gigantea. In this study, growth of three Latvian strains of P. gigantea and the biological control agent ‘Rotstop’ strain was evaluated in stem pieces of Norway spruce, Scots pine, lodgepole pine, Douglas‐fir, Weymouth pine, Siberian larch and Sitka spruce. The growth rates of one H. parviporum and one H. annosum isolate were also measured in the same stem pieces. The growth rate of P. gigantea varied greatly in wood of different conifer species. It was higher in the three pine species, lower in Norway spruce and lowest in Sitka spruce and Siberian larch, and in Douglas‐fir, this fungus did not grow. The largest area of wood occupied by P. gigantea was in lodgepole pine. Growth of Latvian isolates of P. gigantea in the wood of Pinus and Picea species was comparable to that of the Rotstop isolate. Consequently, stump treatment with local P. gigantea isolates should be recommended. However, our results suggest that Douglas‐fir stump treatment against Heterobasidion by P. gigantea may be ineffective and other stump treatment methods should be considered.     

Effects of Seed Weight and Seed Type on Early Seedling Growth of Pinus sylvestris under Harsh and Optimal Conditions

The effects of seed weight and seed type on seedling growth of Pinus sylvestris (L.) were studied by seeding individually weighed orchard and stand seed in different mixtures under harsh (direct seeding in field) and optimal (seeding in nursery) conditions. In the nursery experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased the seedling height by 10-27% and total weight by 27-113%, and decreased the height/diameter ratio by 5-6% after 2 yrs. With elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 2% taller than stand seedlings in year 2. Without elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller. In the field experiment an increase in the seed weight from 3 to 7 mg increased seedling height by 18-65%, stem volume by 81-274% and the number of top-buds by 23-34% in year 5. After elimination of seed weight effects, orchard seedlings were 7-13% taller than stand seedlings and without elimination of seed weight effects 20-21% taller after 5 yrs. Even after elimination of both seed weight and genetic effects orchard seedlings were 3-9% larger than stand seedlings in the field experiment. In conclusion, the influence of seed weight and seed type on growth traits and slenderness is highly significant and the influence seems to be greater in harsh conditions.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Potential to harness superior nutritional qualities of exotic baobabs if local adaptation can be conferred through grafting

Baobab leaves form an important part of the local diet in Sahel countries and elsewhere in Africa. Existing leaf nutritional data and agroforestry performance information are based solely on Adansonia digitata L., the baobab of continental Africa. The introduction potential of Adansonia species from the center of diversity in Madagascar and from Australia remains untapped. To assess this potential, the mineral contents and B₁ and B₂ vitamin levels of dried baobab leaves were determined for five-year old trees of A. digitata, A. gibbosa (A. Cunn.) Guymer ex D. Baum, A. rubrostipa Jum. & H. Perrier (syn. A. fony Baill.), A. perrieri Capuron and A. za Baill. grown in an introduction trial in Mali. Nutritional data were evaluated against survival and vigor to identify promising germplasm. Leaf vitamin and crude protein contents were highest in the Madagascar species, especially A. rubrostipa (B₁ 88 mg 100 g⁻¹, B₂ 187 mg 100 g⁻¹, protein 20.7% dry weight). However, the local species far outperformed the introductions in survival, tree height, basal diameter and resistance to termites. We suggest grafting as a way of harnessing the vigor of well-adapted local baobab varieties to the superior nutritional profiles of A. rubrostipa and others. Cross-species grafting tests in Adansonia were successful, thus creating new agroforestry possibilities with different scion/rootstock combinations.     

Modelling of adequate pretwist for obtaining straight timber

Abstract

Wood in general and wooden studs in particular are often distorted owing to uneven shrinkage during the drying process in the sawmill. Twist is often the most detrimental of all types of distortion, and it is caused by spiral grain in combination with variations in moisture content. For sawmills, the objective is to produce dried, straight boards, and one method of dealing with boards with excessive spiral grain is to sort them out and then dry them in a pretwisted position to obtain straight boards after drying. A model using the finite element (FE) method for the simulation of drying twist distortions was first calibrated against laboratory experiments in which boards were dried with and without restraints and pretwists. After the calibration, the FE results were compared with industrial test results for boards that were dried without restraints or with restraints with zero pretwist, i.e. straight restraints. The FE model used an elastic–ideally plastic material model to obtain permanent deformations. The calibration was to set the yield stresses so that there was a good match between FE results and results from the laboratory experiments. The comparison between the industrial test results and the FE results showed that the FE model is capable of realistic simulations of drying boards with and without restraints and presumably also pretwists.