鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒VP3蛋白的原核表达及其B细胞抗原表位鉴定

为鉴定鸡传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)VP3蛋白中的B细胞抗原表位,本研究将IBDV的VP3基因亚克隆于pET-28a中,构建了表达重组质粒pETVP3,经IPTG诱导在E.coli BL21(DE3)中表达了重组蛋白(rVP3).Western blot鉴定表明,rVP3能被IBDV抗血清特异性识别.同时,根据IBDV VP3的氨基酸序列,合成覆盖VP3全序列的重叠多肽,并与载体蛋白BSA藕联制备多肽人工结合抗原.Peptide-ELISA和Dot-ELISA检测结果表明VP3中有2个线性表位可以被已制备的单克隆抗体(MAb)识别,即~(728)PRDWDRLPYLNL~(739)和~(982)PKPKPKPNAPTQ~(993);Dot-ELISA结果显示,在VP3中还存在另外4个线性多克隆抗体识别位点:~(818)SLANAPQAGSKSQRA~(831),~(851)QREKD TIUSKKMETMGIYFATP~(872),~(876)ALNGHRGPSPGQLKYWQNTREI~(897)和~(961)QMKDLLLTAMEMK~(973).这些抗原表位的鉴定为开发IBD表位疫苗奠定了基础.     

Protective immune responses of recombinant VP2 subunit antigen of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens

Infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) is the causative agent of Gumboro disease and poses a huge threat to poultry industry. The risks associated with conventional attenuated viral vaccines make it indispensable to probe into the development of novel and rationally designed subunit vaccines which are safer as well as effective. VP2 is the major host-protective antigen found in IBDV capsid. It encompasses different independent epitopes responsible for the induction of neutralizing antibody. Here, we report the efficacy of the immunodominant fragment of VP2 which induces both humoral and cellular immunity against infectious bursal disease. A 366bp fragment (52-417bp) of the VP2 gene from an IBDV field isolate was amplified and expressed in Escherichia coli as a 21kDa recombinant protein. The efficacy of rVP2(52-417) antigen was compared with two commercial IBDV whole virus vaccine strains. The rVP2(52-417) induced significantly high antibody titres in chicken compared to commercial vaccines and the anti-rVP2(52-417) sera showed reactivity with viral antigens from both commercial strains (P<0.0001) and field isolates. Also, the chicken splenocytes from rVP2(52-417) immunized group showed a significantly high proliferation (P<0.01) compared to other groups, which implies that the rVP2(52-417) fragment contains immunogenic epitopes capable of eliciting both B and T cell responses. Further, rVP2(52-417) conferred 100% protection against vIBDV challenge in the immunized chickens which was significantly higher (P<0.001) compared to 55-60% protection by commercial vaccine strains. Hence, the study confirms the efficacy of the immunodominant VP2 fragment that could be used as a potent vaccine against IBDV infection in chicken.     

传染性法氏囊病病毒VP2单克隆抗体夹心ELISA检测试剂盒的研制

为研制传染性法氏囊病病毒（IBDV）快速检测试剂盒,用重组IBDV-VP2蛋白免疫BALB/c小鼠,制备免疫脾细胞,与SP2/0骨髓瘤细胞触合,获得3株稳定分泌抗VP2蛋白单克隆抗体（mAb）的杂交瘤细胞株,分别命名为1D11、2G8和2E5,抗体亚类分别为IgG1κ、IgG2bκ和IgG1κ。间接免疫荧光试验（IFA）证明,3株单抗均与VP2发生特异性反应。相加ELISA证明3株mAb识别VP2不同的抗原表位。在病毒中和试验中,1D11和2G8腹水对IBDV的中和效价分别为104和103,而2E5无中和活性。用亲和层析方法纯化1D11和2E5,分别作为包被抗体和标记抗体,建立了IBDV夹心ELISA检测方法,优化了试验条件,测定了其主要性能指标,对IBDV的最低检出量为102 TCID50/mL。用夹心ELISA、AGP和RT-PCR 3种方法同步检测8种试验样品,夹心ELISA与RT-PCR的检测结果一致,显著高于AGP方法。组装成的试剂盒,置于37℃保存7d、4℃保存6个月和-20℃保存24个月,其检测结果没有显著差异（P〉0.05）。     

Baculovirus virions displaying infectious bursal disease virus VP2 protein protect chickens against infectious bursal disease virus infection

Infectious bursal disease (IBD) is an acute and contagious viral infection of young chickens caused by IBD virus (IBDV). The VP2 protein of IBDV is the only antigen for inducing neutralizing antibodies and protective immunity in the natural host. In the current study, we have succeeded in construction of one recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 expressing His6-tagged VP2 with the baculovirus envelope protein gp64 transmembrane domain (TM) and cytoplasmic domain (CTD). The His6-tagged recombinant VP2 was expressed and anchored on the plasma membrane of Sf-9 cells, as examined by western blot and confocal microscopy. Immunogold electron microscopy demonstrated that the VP2 protein of IBDV was successfully displayed on the viral surface. Vaccination of chickens with the VP2-pseudotyped baculovirus vaccine (BacSC-VP2) elicited significantly higher levels of VP2-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay antibodies and neutralizing antibodies than the control groups. IBDV-specific proliferation of lymphocytes was observed in chickens immunized with the recombinant BacSC-VP2. An in vivo challenge study of the recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 showed effective protection against a very virulent (vv) IBDV infection in chickens. In addition, mortality and gross and histopathological findings in the bursa demonstrated the efficacy of the vaccine in reducing virulence of the disease. These results indicate that the recombinant baculovirus BacSC-VP2 can be a potential vaccine against IBDV infections.     

Study on the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus I. production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies against VP1

Monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reported here were produced against the porcinophilic foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) that caused the devastating swine disease on 1997 in Taiwan. A panel (25) of MAbs were found to react with VP1 of O/Taiwan/97 (O/97) by ELISA with various potencies. The biological identities of these VP1 reacting MAbs, such as neutralization activity, isotype and capability to distinguish between two serotype O FMDVs, O/97 and O/Taiwan/KM1/99 (O/99), were further analyzed. Eleven out of the total eighteen O/97 neutralizing MAbs were able to neutralize heterologous O/99. Eight O/97 neutralizing and five non-neutralizing MAbs could differentiate two serotype O FMDVs by immunofluorescence assay (IFA) implied that these thirteen MAbs recognized O/97 specific epitope(s). Furthermore, reactivities of the VP1 reacting MAbs with a 29 amino acids synthetic peptide (P29) representing the betaG-betaH loop of VP1 were analyzed by ELISA and fourteen were found positive. MAb clone Q10E-3 reacting strongest with VP1 and P29, neutralizing both but not differentiating two serotype O viruses suggested that the antibody binding site might involve the RGD motif and its C terminal conserved region on betaG-betaH loop. MAbs with diverse characters presented in this study were the first raised against porcinophilic FMDV. The complete set of MAbs may be used for further studies of vaccine, diagnostic methods, prophylaxis, etiological and immunological researches on FMDV.     

Failure of viral protein 3 of infectious bursal disease virus produced in prokaryotic and eukaryotic expression systems to protect chickens against the disease

In recent years, infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) has become a serious economic problem as a result of the emergence of new and very virulent strains. Most of the antibodies produced against IBDV are for the structural proteins viral protein (VP) 2 (VP2) and VP3. The purpose of this study was to test the potential of recombinant VP3 to induce protective antibodies. The gene for VP3 was isolated from a virulent strain of the virus and cloned into prokaryotic (Escherichia coli) and eukaryotic (baculovirus) expression systems. The protein expressed by both systems was of the expected size (32 kD) and was detected by anti-IBDV antibodies. Following partial purification, the polypeptides were injected into intact birds and induced the production of high levels of anti-IBDV antibodies, as detected by immunoblot and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay tests. These antibodies did not prevent changes in the bursa and mortality when birds were challenged with a virulent IBDV strain after vaccination with the recombinant VP3. The results show that VP3 polypeptide cannot be used as a subunit vaccine against IBDV and raise questions concerning the nature of the neutralizing epitope on this structural protein.     

Diagnostic methods for African horsesickness virus using monoclonal antibodies to structural and non-structural proteins.

A panel of 32 hybridoma cell lines secreting monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) reactive with African horsesickness virus serotype 4 (AHSV-4) has been developed. Four of the MAbs recognized the major core antigen VP7, twenty recognized the outer capsid protein VP2 and eight reacted with the non-structural protein NS1. With the VP7-specific MAbs a rapid and sensitive double antibody sandwich immunoassay has been developed to detect viral antigen in infected Vero cells and in spleen tissue from AHSV-infected horses. The sensitivity of the assay is 10 ng viral antigen per 100 microliters. The NS1-specific MAbs allowed visualization by immunofluorescence of tubule-like structures in the cytoplasm of infected Vero cells. This can be very useful as a confirmatory diagnostic procedure. The antigenic map of the outer capsid VP2 protein with MAbs is also reported.     

Evaluation of modified vaccinia virus Ankara expressing VP2 protein of infectious bursal disease virus as an immunogen in chickens

A recombinant modified vaccinia Ankara (MVA) virus expressing mature viral protein 2 (VP2) of the infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) was constructed to develop MVA-based vaccines for poultry. We demonstrated that this recombinant virus was able to induce a specific immune response by observing the production of anti-IBDV-seroneutralizing antibodies in specific pathogen-free chickens. Besides, as the epitopes of VP2 responsible to induce IBDV-neutralizing antibodies are discontinuous, our results suggest that VP2 protein expressed from MVA-VP2 maintained the correct conformational structure. To our knowledge, this is the first report on the usefulness of MVA-based vectors for developing recombinant vaccines for poultry.     

抗传染性法氏囊病病毒单克隆抗体的研究Ⅰ．抗传染性法氏囊病病毒（CJ801株）单克隆抗体杂交瘤细胞株的建立

应用杂交瘤技术获得了３株抗传染性法氏囊病病毒（ＣＪ８０１株）的单克隆抗体。３株单抗与鸡新城疫病毒、鸡传染性支气管炎病毒、鸡传染性喉气管炎病毒、鸡马立克氏病病毒均无交叉反应。ＣｏｍｐｅｔｉｔｉｖｅＥＬＩＳＡ表明、３株单抗所对应的抗原位点互不重叠。Ｗｅｓｔｅｒｎｂｌｏｔｔｉｎｇ试验表明、３株单抗所对应的抗原位点都位于ＶＰ２ｂ上。     

Variation amongst the neutralizing epitopes of bluetongue viruses isolated in the United States in 1979-1981.

Neutralizing epitopes present on field isolates of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes 10, 11, 13 and 17 were evaluated with a panel of polyclonal and neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). A total of 91 field isolates were evaluated, including 15 isolates of BTV-10, 29 isolates of BTV-11, 26 isolates of BTV-13, and 21 isolates of BTV-17. The viruses were isolated from cattle, goats, sheep, elk and deer in Idaho, Louisiana, Nebraska and, predominantly, California, in the years 1979, 1980 and 1981. The isolates were analyzed and compared using a panel of neutralizing MAbs which included five MAbs raised against BTV-2, seven against BTV-10, five against BTV-13, and six against BTV-17. Neutralization patterns obtained with the MAb panel and individual field isolates were compared to those obtained with prototype viruses of each serotype. All field isolates were neutralized by at least some of the MAbs raised against the prototype virus of the same serotype. All field isolates of BTV-10 were neutralized by the seven MAbs raised to BTV-10, whereas the field isolates of BTV-11, BTV-13 and BTV-17 were not consistently neutralized by all of the MAbs raised against the prototype virus of the same serotype. Variation in neutralizing epitopes recognized by the MAb panel was most pronounced amongst the field isolates of BTV-17. A one-way cross neutralization was evident between BTV-10 and BTV-17 as all field isolates of BTV-17 were neutralized by four of the MAbs raised against BTV-10. In contrast, no BTV-10 isolates were neutralized by the MAbs raised against BTV-17. Differences in the MAb neutralization patterns of field isolates of BTV-11, BTV-13 and BTV-17 suggest that the immunogenic domain responsible for their neutralization is plastic, such that individual epitopes within the domain may vary in their significance to the neutralization of different viruses, even of the same serotype. The apparent conservation of neutralizing epitopes on field isolates of BTV-10 suggests that the field isolates may be derived from the modified-live vaccine strain of BTV-10.     

Specific antibody responses and generation of antigenic variants in chickens immunized against a virulent avian influenza virus.

To examine the specificity of the antibody response to the influenza hemagglutinin and the generation of antigenic variants, chickens were immunized against the highly virulent H5 virus A/Ty/Ont/7732/66 (H5N9) and then challenged with a lethal dose of the virus. The antibody responses of these chickens to the hemagglutinin (HA) were examined with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in which their sera were titrated for the ability to block the binding of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to five distinct neutralizing epitopes on the viral HA. Based on the ELISA results, a majority (5/6) of the chickens produced antibodies to three of the five neutralizing epitopes on the viral HA. After challenge, two of six immunized chickens shed virus and died; antigenic comparisons of isolates from these two chickens indicated the presence of an antigenic variant; i.e., there was a change in one neutralizing epitope on the HA of virus shed by one chicken. None of the chickens had produced antibodies to this particular epitope on the viral HA. Inoculation of chickens with this variant resulted in 100% mortality, demonstrating that a change in this particular epitope did not alter the virulence of the virus. These studies indicate that chickens immunized against highly virulent influenza viruses may excrete virulent variants following challenge with live virus.     

Antigenic relationships of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia-1 isolates demonstrated by monoclonal antibodies.

A panel (26) of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was elicited against three distinct isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) serotype Asia-1. Each MAb was characterized according to the location of its epitope: Class I, restricted to the intact virion (140S); Class II, restricted to 140S and the virion protein subunit (12Sps); Class III, available on 140S, 12Sps and virus protein 1; Class IV, restricted to 12Sps. In addition, the MAbs were further categorized by isotype, neutralization of viral infectivity, capacity to bind in radioimmunoassay and precipitation in the Ouchterlony reaction. Neutralization of FMDV infectivity by a MAb of the IgA isotype is reported for the first time. A minimum of seven distinct neutralization epitopes were described on FMDV Asia-1. Some of the neutralizing MAbs bound FMDVs in addition to those that they neutralized. The MAbs defined epitopes common to FMDV serotypes Asia-1, A, O1 and C but neutralizing capacity was restricted to serotype Asia-1. Class IV MAbs defined epitopes highly conserved throughout the FMDV serotypes. Identification of FMDV neutralization epitopes makes possible the direct selection of optimal FMDV strains for vaccine fabrication. In addition, these data are crucial to the design of future synthetic vaccines.     

Effect of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies on Hantaan virus infection of the macrophage P388D1 cell line.

The effect of neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (N MAbs) on Hantaan virus infection of macrophages was investigated using P388D1 cells, a murine macrophage cell line. MAbs to the G1 protein (G1b) and the G2 protein (G2a and G2c) neutralized viral infectivity in P388D1 cells. N MAbs to G1b showed much higher neutralizing potency than those to G2a and G2c. With each N MAbs, two distinct effects were observed: neutralization of viral infectivity occurring at high concentrations and enhancement of that at low concentrations. Non-neutralizing MAbs, on the other hand, showed only enhancement of viral infectivity even at high concentrations without any inhibitory effects. The Fab fragments of N MAbs showed neither neutralizing nor enhancing activities. However, when the virus-Fab complexes were reacted with the anti-Fab antibodies, both neutralization and enhancement of viral infectivity were restored depending on the dose of Fab fragments. These results indicate that Hantaan virus infection of P388D1 cells is mediated by the Fc portion of the antibodies and neutralization is dependent on the concentration of N antibodies bound bivalently to the neutralization site on the virion.     

Anti-idiotypic antibodies mimic bovine viral diarrhea virus antigen.

Polyclonal rabbit anti-idiotypic antibodies (anti-ids) against two neutralizing murine monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) specific to a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) glycoprotein, 53 kDa, were produced, purified, and characterized. Each anti-id inhibited the binding of its respective mAb to BVDV antigen in a competitive ELISA and blocked the immunoprecipitation of the 53 kDa protein by the mAb. The anti-ids also inhibited the virus-neutralizing activity of their homologous mAbs. These results suggest that the anti-ids bear an internal image of a BVDV antigen and mimic neutralizing epitopes on the 53 kDa protein. Treatment of MDBK cells with the anti-ids inhibited BVDV infection, indicating that they block a cellular component, such as a virus receptor, required for virus adsorption or entry. Inhibition of the homologous mAb and lack of inhibition of the heterologous mAb indicate that the anti-ids are specific for the unique antigen-binding sites on the mAbs.     

Isolation of monoclonal antibodies that inhibit the binding of infectious bursal disease virus to LSCC-BK3 cells

Three hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against LSCC-BK3 cells which are susceptible to infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) infection were produced and characterized. The MAbs, designated T7, Q11 and Q13, inhibited the attachment of IBDV to LSCC-BK3 cells. Furthermore, these MAbs bound to LSCC-BK3 but not to nonpermissive cells in flow cytometry. MAb T7 detected a 110-kDa membrane protein of LSCC-BK3 cells, whereas Q11 and Q13 reacted with membrane proteins of molecular weights 58-, 85-, 90- and 110-kDa. These observations imply that the 110-kDa protein recognized by all the MAbs is associated with IBDV binding. The MAbs established in this study are useful for studying the interaction between IBDV and its target cell.     

猪脑心肌炎病毒VP2蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及其识别表位分析

为获得针对猪源EMCV结构蛋白VP2的特异性单克隆抗体,本试验以EMCV结构蛋白VP2为对象,将EMCVBJC3株VP2基因定向插入穿梭质粒中,构建重组腺病毒AdV—VP2,免疫BALB／c小鼠制备单克隆抗体,利用Pepscan技术对单抗识别的抗原位点进行分析。结果显示,间接ELISA及间接免疫荧光法筛选获得了2个阳性细胞克隆株,命名为C11和G8。经检测杂交瘤细胞培养上清抗体效价为1：1600,腹水效价分别为1：2．56×106和1：1.28×106,中和试验鉴定均无中和活性。Western—blot鉴定表明获得的2株单抗均能识别原核表达的重组VP2蛋白。亚类鉴定结果显示2株单抗均为IgG2b亚类,轻链均为κ型。Pepscan分析结果显示,这2株单抗可分别识别EMCVVP2蛋白上的2个B细胞线性表位。本研究获得的蛋白十分接近于其天然构象,很大程度上保证了病毒表面抗原位点的结构和功能。     

A peptide of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype Asia1 generating a neutralizing antibody response, and an immunostimulatory peptide

The epitopes of the capsid of foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) play important roles in the construction of highly immunogenic subunit vaccines. However few epitopes have been found for FMDV serotype Asia1. In this study we screened for epitopes of the VP1 and VP2 proteins of FMDV serotype Asia1 isolate, YNBS/58. Fragments consisting of amino acids 133-163 of VP1 and amino acids 1-33 of VP2 contained epitopes, and both induced lymphoproliferation in guinea pigs. Only the VP1 fragment induced neutralizing antibodies but the VP2 peptide dramatically increased the neutralizing antibody response induced by the VP1 peptide.     

基因Ⅶ型新城疫病毒HN蛋白单克隆抗体的制备及特性研究

为制备基因Ⅶ型新城疫病毒(NDV)血凝素-神经氨酸酶蛋白(HN)的单克隆抗体(MAb),本研究利用JS/17病毒株的HN重组蛋白和活病毒分别免疫BALB/c小鼠,取其脾细胞与骨髓瘤细胞(SP2/0)融合,并通过ELISA、间接免疫荧光和western blot方法筛选,制备了3株特异性识别HN蛋白的单克隆抗体(MAb)。其中,MAb1D4和4D9具有病毒中和活性(VN)及血凝抑制作用(HI),可以识别多种基因型的Ⅱ类NDV,但与Ⅰ类NDV病毒株无反应。MAb 2G8识别线性表位131DYIGGIGKE139,该表位在各病毒株中高度保守。获得的3株MAb可以用于NDV的鉴定及HN蛋白的功能研究。