云斑粉蝶颗粒体病毒病初步观察

云斑粉蝶(Pontia daplidice Linnaeus)又称“朝鲜斑粉蝶”、“花粉蝶”,属鳞翅目粉蝶科(Pieridae)。在泰安地区主要危害甘蓝、花椰菜等十字花科蔬菜。1980年9月,在泰安县泰山公社南关大队的花椰菜上发现自然患病死亡的云斑粉蝶幼虫,经采     

南宁市碟类群落结构及其多样性的初步研究

本文报道南宁市区蝶类有９科，９０种和３４亚种。群落中科的结构组成大小依次为粉蝶科＞蛱蝶科＞灰蝶科＞眼蝶科，种的组成大小依次为东方粉蝶＞酢浆灰蝶＞菜粉蝶＞宽边黄粉蝶＞黄钧蛱蝶＞暮眼蝶。全年群落种类多样性和丰富度皆以１１月最高。文中提示了市蝶群落结构特点及其季节变化原因。     

南宁市蝶类群落结构及其多样性的初步研究

本文报道南宁市区蝶类有 9科 ,90种和 34亚种。群落中科的结构组成大小依次为粉蝶科 >蛱蝶科 >灰蝶科 >眼蝶科 ,种的组成大小依次为东方粉蝶 >酢浆灰蝶 >菜粉蝶 >宽边黄粉蝶 >黄钧蛱蝶 >暮眼蝶。全年群落种类多样性和丰富度皆以 11月最高。文中揭示了市区蝶类群落结构特点及其季节变化原因     

广西蝴蝶的国家保护种以及珍稀种、可开发种雏议

蝴蝶以其绚丽的色彩 ,优美的姿态 ,为大自然增色 ,招人喜爱。又以为植物传授花粉 ,使植物繁衍 ,维持生态平衡 ,而泽惠人类。近些年 ,人们发现蝴蝶的另一大功用 ,即具有商业价值 ,用蝴蝶制成工艺品 ,如书签、蝶翅画等 ,有利可图 ,而使许多人摇身变成蝶商。特别是蝴蝶收藏家、鉴赏家极力搜寻各种稀、奇、珍贵名蝶、并将其分级为极品蝶、珍品蝶、精品蝶、中档品蝶等。有些灰蝶种类是益虫 ,能捕食蚜虫 ,如竹蚜灰蝶 ( Taraka liamada )幼虫取食竹蚜。蝴蝶还具有科学研究的价值、药用价值、仿生学上的价值。当然 ,蝴蝶中也有些是害虫 ,其幼虫为害…     

宁夏六盘山国家级自然保护区蝴蝶多样性调查

为明确宁夏六盘山国家自然保护区蝴蝶群落结构的多样性及其与季节变化特征的关系,采用样线法于2017年4—9月对该保护区内3种不同生境中的蝴蝶群落结构及其多样性时间动态进行调查,并对蝴蝶群落的多样性指数、丰富度指数、均匀度指数及优势度指数的变化进行分析。结果显示,在该保护区内共记录蝴蝶标本1 030号,隶属7科38属54种。在不同生境中,眼蝶科Satyridae为优势类群,相对多度为31.55%,绢蝶科Parnassiidae为稀有类群,相对多度为0.10%;蛱蝶科Nymphalidae蝴蝶群落的多样性指数、丰富度指数和均匀度指数均最高,分别为1.52、3.53和0.96;凤蝶科Papilionidae蝴蝶群落的优势度指数最高,为0.67;绢蝶科蝴蝶群落的丰富度指数、优势度指数和均匀度指数最低,均为0。在不同调查时间内,粉蝶科Pieridae蝴蝶群落的优势度指数和多样性指数均最高,分别为0.80和2.30;蛱蝶科蝴蝶群落的丰富度指数最高,为3.53;绢蝶科蝴蝶群落的均匀度指数最高,为1.00,但多样性指数、丰富度指数和优势度指数均最低,为0。6月记录到的蝴蝶个体数最多,为384只,9月记录到的个体数最少,仅21只。在物种的时间相似性方面,9月与其它各月的相似性最低,相似系数仅为0.13,处于极不相似水平;6月和7月的相似性最高,相似系数为0.57,处于中等相似水平,其它调查时间的相似性均处于中等不相似水平。表明不同生境和季节的蝴蝶优势种可以作为对生境状况进行评估的指示类群,生境差异性和干扰与蝴蝶群落的物种多样性密切相关,保护六盘山国家自然保护区植被的生境异质性和维持适度干扰是保护蝴蝶多样性的关键。     

生态蝴蝶园的类型与建设

蝴蝶园作为可持续性利用的生态产业在世界范围内广为营建,尤其在发达国家。人们在工作之余来到生态环境优美的蝴蝶园,可以愉悦心情、享受自然,感悟人与自然和谐的美妙。我国生态蝴蝶园的产业属起步阶段,在温带地区的冬天、初春和秋末气温低,宜建封闭式温室型蝴蝶园,人为(电脑)控制室内的温度、湿度;在热带、南亚热带地区,全年大多数时间有蝴蝶活动,宜建开放式和封闭式网型蝴蝶园。本研究依据蝴蝶生态学的原理,首次提出了复式蝴蝶园的概念并在实践中获得良好的效果。复式蝴蝶园必须有森林生态的环境条件,地理位置处于原始林、次生林边缘的地方可以营建复式蝴蝶园,其类型是在开放式蝴蝶园中,建特定蝶种的封闭式网型蝴蝶园,选定的特定蝶种应属于大型、美丽和飞翔较缓慢的类群,以供人们观蝶和赏蝶;在出入封闭式网型蝴蝶园的人行道两旁种植上蜜源植物,在远离人行道的地方种植原生态蝶种的寄主植物,形成蜜源植物、寄主植物和封闭式网型蝴蝶园内蝶类发出的性信息素的三种引诱作用,吸引自然界中的蝴蝶在蜜源植物处群集,从而形成封闭式网型蝴蝶园外的开放式蝴蝶园。复式蝴蝶园兼有开放式和封闭式网型蝴蝶园的功能,是蝴蝶生态产业的新发展,它提升了蝶园的生动性、可看性与生态效益。     

江西凤蝶科名蝶

位于亚热带的江西,森林覆盖率高达60.05%,拥有丰富的生物多样性,昆虫有6000多种,蝴蝶有416种其中珍稀名蝶有42种之多,占10%,蝴蝶又是环境优佳的指示物种,这是过去人们所不熟悉认知的。为此,本文就江西珍稀名蝶的名称、习性、人与蝶的关系等作一简述,以飨读者。     

广西姑婆山国家森林公园蝴蝶物种多样性初步研究

2008年7月对广西贺州姑婆山国家森林公园的蝴蝶进行了调查,共记录蝴蝶55种,隶属9科32属。其中中国特有种3种,占总数的14．1％;国家保护种3种,占我国2次颁布的保护物种名录中83种蝴蝶的12．0％。在物种丰富度上蛱蝶科占优势,而在数量上风蝶科占优势。姑婆山国家森林公园是一个良好的蝴蝶生息地,应予以保护。     

江西蔬菜上三种粉蝶的识别及发生为害特点

江西为害十字花粉蔬菜的粉蝶有菜粉蝶Artog。arap。L。en。，黑脉粉蝶ArtoqetameleteMenetnes和东方粉蝶Artogetacan讨la即arrrnan三种。这三种粉蝶常混合发生，形态上又很相似，容易混淆，因此笔者先后对这三种粉蝶作过较详细的饲养和观察，现将这三种粉蝶的区别特征和发生为害特点综合如下。一、三种粉蝶的形态特征识别三种粉蝶的形态特征简要区别如下：1．成虫菜粉蝶前翅正面项角有黑色斑呈三角形，翅面有2块黑斑（雄虫不明显），后翅前线有一黑斑雄虫常消失。（图la）黑脉粉蝶雌虫沿翅脉两侧形成条状黑带，雄虫翅脉为黑色。（图Za）…     

广西蝴蝶种类多样性及其区系分析(二)

蝴蝶是对自然环境变化最敏感的物种之一,是环境变化的重要指示生物。弄清广西境内蝴蝶的种类、寄主、分布及其区系,对开展其资源保护与利用等方面具有重要意义。鉴于此,笔者基于文献分析法,统计了1983—2018年发表的以广西境内蝴蝶为研究对象的文献资料,发现广西境内分布的蝴蝶种类数达11科232属608种,其中弄蝶科的属数最多,达59属,占总属数的25.43%。而蛱蝶科的种类数最多,达150种,占总种类数的24.67%。广西境内分布的蝴蝶以东洋种占比最高,达72.37%,其次为广布种,占15.13%。建议下一步应加强蝴蝶多样性保护和利用、蝴蝶与气候、环境变化间的关系及蝴蝶生态保护区建设方面的研究。     

Dermestid beetles in ‘evolution Canyon’, lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, including new records for Israel

Fifteen species of dermestid beetles were recorded at ‘Evolution Canyon’ (EC), Lower Nahal Oren, Mt. Carmel, Israel. They represent ~35% of known Israeli dermestid species. The following three species were recorded for the first time in Israel:Trogoderma svriaca Dalla Torre, 1911;Ctesias svriaca Ganglbauer, 1904; andAnthrenus (s.str.) jordaniens Pic, 1934. Adults of 13 species were collected on the more solar radiated, warmer and climatically more fluctuating south-facing slope (SFS); ten species were collected on the opposite, north-facing slope (NFS), which was cooler and climatically more stable. The abundance of adult dermestid beetles was 1.9 times higher on the SFS than on the NFS (86 and 47, respectively). Species richness and abundance distribution at EC (three collecting stations on each slope and one at the valley bottom) were significantly negatively correlated with the plant cover that consisted of trees and bushes (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.007 and 0.039, respectively) and perennials (Spearmanr _s ,P=0.039 and 0.077, respectively), indicating that non-woody plants were preferred by adult dermestid beetles.     

Hymenopteran Parasitoids on Fruit-infesting Tephritidae (Diptera) in Latin America and the Southern United States: Diversity, Distribution, Taxonomic Status and their use in Fruit Fly Biological Control

We first discuss the diversity of fruit fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) parasitoids (Hymenoptera) of the Neotropics. Even though the emphasis is on Anastrepha parasitoids, we also review all the information available on parasitoids attacking flies in the genera Ceratitis, Rhagoletis, Rhagoletotrypeta, Toxotrypana and Zonosemata. We center our analysis in parasitoid guilds, parasitoid assemblage size and fly host profiles. We also discuss distribution patterns and the taxonomic status of all known Anastrepha parasitoids. We follow by providing a historical overview of biological control of pestiferous tephritids in Latin American and Florida (U.S.A.) and by analyzing the success or failure of classical and augmentative biological control programs implemented to date in these regions. We also discuss the lack of success of introductions of exotic fruit fly parasitoids in various Latin American countries. We finish by discussing the most pressing needs related to fruit fly biological control (classical, augmentative, and conservation modalities) in areas of the Neotropics where fruit fly populations severely restrict the development of commercial fruit growing. We also address the need for much more intensive research on the bioecology of native fruit fly parasitoids.     

Epidemiology of Toxigenic Fungi and their Associated Mycotoxins for Some Mediterranean Crops

Recent data on the epidemiology of the common mycotoxigenic species of Fusarium, Alternaria, Aspergillus and Penicillium in infected or colonized plants, and in stored or processed plant products from the Mediterranean area are reviewed. Emphasis is placed on the toxigenicity of the causal fungal species and the natural occurrence of well known mycotoxins (aflatoxins, ochratoxins, fumonisins, trichothecenes, zearalenone, patulin, Alternaria-toxins and moniliformin), as well as some more recently described compounds (fusaproliferin, beauvericin) whose toxigenic potential is not yet well understood. Several Fusarium species reported from throughout the Mediterranean area are responsible of the formation of mycotoxins in infected plants and in plant products, including: Fusarium graminearum, F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. avenaceum, F. sporotrichioides and F. poae, which produce deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, fusarenone, zearalenone, moniliformin, and T-2 toxin derivatives in wheat and other small grains affected by head blight or scab, and in maize affected by red ear rot. Moreover, strains of F. verticillioides, F. proliferatum, and F. subglutinans, that form fumonisins, beauvericin, fusaproliferin, and moniliformin, are commonly associated with maize affected by ear rot. Fumonisins, were also associated with Fusarium crown and root rot of asparagus and Fusarium endosepsis of figs, caused primarily by F. proliferatum. Toxigenic A. alternata strains and associated tenuazonic acid and alternariols were commonly found in black mould of tomato, black rot of olive and citrus, black point of small cereals, and black mould of several vegetables. Toxigenic strains of A. carbonarius and ochratoxin A were often found associated with black rot of grapes, whereas toxigenic strains of A. flavus and/or P. verrucosum, forming aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, respectively, were found in moulded plant products from small cereals, peanuts, figs, pea, oilseed rape, sunflower seeds, sesame seeds, pistachios, and almonds. Finally, toxigenic strains of P. expansum and patulin were frequently found in apple, pear and other fresh fruits affected by blue mould rot, as well as in derived juices and jams.     

Brief Guide for Authors

正Journal of Arid Land(JAL)is an international journal(ISSN 1674-6767;CN 65-1278/K)for the natural sciences,sponsored by the Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography,Chinese Academy of Sciences and Science Press.It is published by Science Press and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg bimonthly.JAL publishes original,innovative,and integrative research from arid and semiarid regions,ad     

A survey of the genera of<Emphasis Type="Italic">Microgaster</Emphasis> latreille and<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hygroplitis</Emphasis> thomson (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Microgastrinae) from China

The genera ofMicrogaster Latreille 1804 andHygroplitis Thomson 1895 from China are presented systematically in this paper. Thirty-two species ofMicrogaster and three species ofHygroplitis are known in China. Diagnosis, character variation, distribution and host of each species among the two genera are presented, including its host and distribution. Keys to the species ofMicrogaster andHygroplitis are given. http://www.phytoparasitica.org posting Dec. 19, 2006.     

Plant Viruses Transmitted by Whiteflies

One-hundred and fourteen virus species are transmitted by whiteflies (family Aleyrodidae). Bemisia tabaci transmits 111 of these species while Trialeurodes vaporariorum and T. abutilonia transmit three species each. B. tabaci and T. vaporariorum are present in the European–Mediterranean region, though the former is restricted in its distribution. Of the whitefly-transmitted virus species, 90% belong to the Begomovirus genus, 6% to the Crinivirus genus and the remaining 4% are in the Closterovirus, Ipomovirus or Carlavirus genera. Other named, whitefly-transmitted viruses that have not yet been ranked as species are also documented. The names, abbreviations and synonyms of the whitefly-transmitted viruses are presented in tabulated form together with details of their whitefly vectors, natural hosts and distribution. Entries are also annotated with references. Whitefly-transmitted viruses affecting plants in the European–Mediterranean region have been highlighted in the text.     

The parasitoid complex ofLiriomyza cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum)

Liriomyza cicerina (Diptera: Agromyzidae) is an important pest on chickpea in Turkey. The objective of this study was to determine the parasitoids and rates of parasitism ofL. cicerina on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) during the 2005 and 2006 seasons in ?anl?urfa province, Turkey. Leaves with mines were sampled weekly and kept in the laboratory to observe and count emerging leafminer and parasitoid adults. Eight parasitoid species were collected: the braconidsOpius monilicornis Fischer andOpius tersus Foerster and the eulophidsDiaulinopsis arenaria (Erdös) andNeochrysocharis formosa (Westwood), which occurred in both the winter and summer seasons;Diglyphus crassinervis Erdös,Neochrysocharis ambitiosa Hansson,Neochrysocharis sericea (Erdös) andPediobius metallicus (Nees), which occurred only in the summer growing areas.Diaulinopsis arenaria was the predominant parasitoid with 4–7.7% parasitism rate whileN. ambitiosa andO. monilicornis were the second and third most predominant species. The results of these trials show that sinceDia. arenaria occurred throughout every season, it could potentially be used for control of the leafminerL. cicerina.     

Plant–herbivore asynchrony necessitates augmentative releases of the exotic beetle,Zygogramma bicolorata,to enhance the biological control of P arthenium hysterophorus

Systematic information on the quantitative impact of Z ygogramma bicolorata on the biology of P arthenium hysterophorus is crucial as the seeds of this weed continue to germinate from the accumulated soil seed bank throughout the year in the form of different germinating flushes, while the activity of the beetle ceases during winter as it enters diapause. Therefore, plant–herbivore interactions need to be explored to develop predictions of the overall impact of the introduced beetle on the weed. The findings revealed that defoliation by Z . bicolorata had a significant impact on the plant height, density and flower production in flushes F ₃, F ₄ and F ₅, but not in F ₁ and F ₂ that exhibited longer periodicity, profuse branching, a longer flowering period and maximum flower production and contributed mostly to the existing seed soil bank. Therefore, total depletion of the existing soil seed bank was not possible. Consequently, the effect of augmentative field releases of laboratory‐reared beetles was explored on F ₁ and F ₂ in February for three consecutive years (2011–2013). Before initiating the trial, random soil samples were taken from the plots that were assigned to the paired treatments (i.e. with the beetle and without the beetle [insecticide‐treated]) and it was found that the seed bank in those samples did not differ. The single release of Z . bicolorata adults at five per plant at the six‐leaf stage significantly reduced the soil seed bank, compared to without the biocontrol agent, irrespective of the flushes at the end of the season.     

Broad bean mottle virus in Morocco; curculionid vectors,and natural occurrence in food legumes other than faba bean (Vicia faba)

Broad bean mottle virus (BBMV) was transmitted from infected to healthy faba-bean plants by the curculionid weevilsApion radiolus Kirby,Hypera variabilis Herbst,Pachytychius strumarius Gyll,Smicronyx cyaneus Gyll, andSitona lineatus L. The latter appeared to be an efficient vector: acquisition and inoculation occurred at the first bite, the rate of transmission was c. 41%, and virus retention lasted for at least seven days.S. lineatus transmitted the virus from faba bean to lentil and pea, but not to the three genotypes of chickpea tested. This is the first report on the generaHypera, Pachytychius, andSmicronyx as virus vectors, and onA. radiolus, H. variabilis, P. strumarius, andS. cyaneus as vectors of BBMV.Out of 351 samples of food legumes with symptoms suggestive of virus infection, 16, 11, 19, and 17% of the samples of chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean, respectively, were found infected when tested for BBMV in DAS-ELISA. This is the first report on the natural occurrence of BBMV in chickpea, lentil, pea, and common bean. The virus should be regarded as a food-legume virus rather than a faba-bean virus solely, and is considered an actual threat to food legume improvement programmes.